HX00053228 


$#* 


Columbia  SUttitarsttp 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2010  with  funding  from 

Open  Knowledge  Commons 


http://www.archive.org/details/onehundredyearsoOOgold 


JOHN  T.   HODGEX. 


ONE   HUNDRED  YEARS 


-OF- 


Medicine  and  Surgery 

IN  MISSOURI 

HISTORICAL  AND  BIOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW 
OF  THE  CAREERS 

OF  THE 

PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS 

OF 

THE  STATE  OF  MISSOURI 

AND   SKETCHES  OF  SOME  OF  ITS  NOTABLE 
MEDICAL    INSTITUTIONS. 


PUBLISHED  BY 

ST.  LOUIS  STAR 

1900 


Copyrig-ht,    1900,    by 
THE  STAR   PUBLISHING   COMPANY. 


All  Rights  Reserved. 


LIST  OF 
CONTRIBUTORS  AND  COLLABORATORS 


The  thanks  of  the  publishers  are   due  the  following  well-known  members 
of  the  profession  for  services  rendered  in  the  preparation  of  this  volume: 


T.  M.  ALLEN,  Liberty. 
F.   J.   LTJTZ. 
LE    GRAND   ATWOOD. 
KEATING  BAUDUT. 
C.  L.   CARTER. 

F.   GRISWOLD  COMSTOCK. 
WALTER  B.  DORSETT. 
S.    C.    DELAP,   Sedalia. 

E.    C.    EVANS,    Sedalia. 

JACOB   GEIGER,    St.    Joseph. 
C.  H.  HUGHES. 

E.   H.   GREGORY 

J.  D.  GRIFFITH,  Kansas  City. 
H.  W.  LOEB. 

J.     B.    JOHNSON. 

WILLIAM  JOHNSTON. 
E.  W.  SCHAUFFLER,  Kansas  City. 


GEORGE  E.  M'NEIL,  Sedalia. 
I.  N.  LOVE. 

WM.    M.    M'PHEETERS. 
ALBERT  MERRELL. 
A.  B.  MILLER,  Macon  City. 

A.  E.  NEUMEISTER,  Kansas  City. 
JAMES  C.  NIDELET. 
W.  B.  OUTTEN. 

SIMON   POLLAK. 

WILLIAM  PORTER. 
JACOB  FRIEDMAN. 

M.   C.    STARKLOFF. 

H.  H.  VINKE,  St  Charles. 
H.   M.   WHELPLEY. 
W.    A.    'WILCOX. 

WILLIS    YOUNG. 
I.  N.  RIDGE,   Kansas  City. 


M.   A.   GOLDSTEIN,   Editor. 


PEEFACE. 

In  the  production  of  this  work;  issued  under  the  auspices  of  the  St. 
Louis  Star,  the  publishers  claim  the  honor  of  presenting  the  first  compre- 
hensive history  of  the  origin,  development  and  progress  of  the  medical  and 
surgical  sciences  in  the  State  of  Missouri.  With  the  united  co-operation 
of  a  carefully  selected  staff  of  contributors  and  the  painstaking  efforts  of 
the  compilers,  data,  events  and  reminiscences  have  been  collected  and  ar- 
ranged with  special  regard  to  their  chronological  sequence,  embracing  the 
development  of  these  fields  of  science  from  their  earliest  periods  in  the  his- 
tory of  this  good  State  and  tracing  them  through  the  nineteenth  century  to 
the  present  day. 

To  include  in  one  volume  the  many  scattered  facts  relating  to  the 
physicians  of  Missouri,  biographical  points  of  interest,  landmarks  of  med- 
ical institutions  in  the  early  days  of  Missouri's  development,  has  involved 
the  exploration  of  untrodden  ground.  There  have  been  no  works  of  pred- 
ecessors in  this  field  of  medical  chronology  to  consult,  and  the  editor  and 
publishers  realized  the  difficulties  of  their  task. 

As  a  source  of  information  we  have  drawn  freely  from  the  records  of 
the  State,  from  the  pages  of  the  early  newspapers  and  medical  periodicals, 
writings  of  illustrious  physicians,  now  dead,  and  the  reminiscences  and  rec- 
ollections of  some  of  our  old  and  much  esteemed  living  medical  confreres. 

We  are  cognizant  of  the  many  shortcomings  which  this  first  collection 
of  historical  data  of  medical  and  surgical  importance  to  the  State  of  Mis- 
souri must  present,  and  we  most  respectfully  ask  the  indulgence  of  the 
reader. 

Whatever  credit  may  attach  to  this  work  is  clue  largely  to  the  con- 
scientious work  and  hearty  co-operation  of  the  selected  staff  of  contributors, 
a  list  of  whom  appears  on  another  page.  The  publishers  extend  to  these 
gentlemen  a  grateful  appreciation  of  their  valued  work. 

To  the  generous  criticism  and  the  appreciation  of  the  physicians  and 
surgeons  of  Missouri,  and  to  the  interested  laity,  we  commend  this  work. 

THE  EDITOR. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 
Early  History 9-28 

Introduction— Autobiography  of  Dr.  Antoine  Francis  SaugTain— Sketch 
of  the  Life  and  Character  of  the  late  Bernard  G.  Farrar— List  of 
Physicians  in  Paxton's  Directory — Second  Epoch  in  the  History 
of  the  Profession   in    St.    Louis — Miscellaneous   Sketches. 

CHAPTER  IT. 
The  Old  Guard 29-5* 

(1)  Reminiscences  of  Dr.  J.  B.  Johnson — (2)  Reminiscences  of  Dr. 
Elisha  H.  Gregory—  (3)  Reminiscences  of  Dr.  Simon  Pollak— 
(4)  Reminiscences  of  Dr.  William  Johnson — (5)  Reminiscences  of 
Dr.  Charle9  L.  Carter,  Warrensburg — (6)  Reminiscences  of  Dr. 
Joseph  Nash  McDowell,  by  Dr.  Le  Grand  Atwood — (7)  Reminis- 
cences of  Dr.  H.  H.  Vinke,  St.  Charles— Physicians'  Fee  Bill  in 
1829 — Charges    for    Medicine. 

CHAPTER  III. 
Dr.  Beaumont's  Experiments 55-62' 

Experiments  and  Observations  on  the  Gastric  Juice  and  the  Physiology 
of  Digestion,   by  William  Beaumont,   M.   D. 

CHAPTER  IV. 
The  Cholera  Epidemics 63-81 

History  of  Epidemic  Cholera  in  St.  Louis  in  1849.  by  Dr.  William  M.  t 

MoPheeters— Cholera  Epidemic  in  St.  Louis  in  1866,  by  Robert 
Moore,  C.  E.— Table  of  Cholera  Mortality  in  St.  Louis  From  1849 
to  1873. 

CHAPTER  Y. 

Yellow  Fever  in  St.  Louis  in  1878  and  1879 82-84 

Review  of  the  Great  Epidemics,  by  Dr.  Walter  B.  Dorsett— Table 
Showing  Cases  and  Deaths  of  Contagious  Diseases  for  Forty-nine 
Tears. 

CHAPTER  AH. 
The  Last  Half  Century 85-1 01 

Matters  and  Things  Medical  in  General,  a  Brief  Retrospect  by  Dr. 
W.  M.  McPheeters— The  Medical  Profession  of  St.  Louis  from  1860 
to  1900,   by  Dr.   I.   N.   Love. 

CHAPTER  VII. 
In  Western  Missouri 102-110 

Sketches  of  Well-Known  Physicians  and  Surgeons — Medical  Institu- 
tions of  Kansas  City— Medical  Notes  From  Pettis  County,  by  Dr. 
George   H,    McNeil,    Sedalia. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  (CONTINUED). 

CHAPTER  VIII. 
Id  the  Civil  War 111-126 

Report  of  the  Surgeon-Genera1,  of  the  State— Roster  of  Missouri  Army 
Surgeons  and  Assistants  During  the  Civil  War,  arranged  by  Dr. 
William  A.   Wilcox. 

CHAPTER  IX. 
The  Medical  Association  of  the  State  of  Missouri 127-132 

History  of  the  'State  Medical  Association,  by  Dr.  Frank  J.  Lutz — 
Presidents  of  the  Association  Prom  1S50  to  the  Present  Time — "List 
of  Medical  Societies  of  the  State. 

CHAPTER  X. 
Homeopathy  and  Eclecticism 133-144 

Homeopathy  in  Missouri,  by  Dr.  S.  Griswold  Comstock — Noted  Prac- 
titioners—(Missouri  Institute  of  Homeopathy— The  Eclectic  School 
of  Medicine,  by  Dr.  Edwin  Younkin — Eclectic  Medical  Writers 
of   the   State. 

CHAPTER  XI. 
State  Board  of  Health 145-154 

Statutes  Creating  the  Board  and  Defining  Its  Powers — History  of  the 
Board,  by  Dr.  Albert  Merrell— Organization  of  the  Board  since 
1883. 

CHAPTER  XII. 
The  St.  Louis  Board  of  Health 155-158 

History  of  the  St.  Louis  Board,  by  Dr.  M.  >C.  Starkloff,  Health  Com- 
missioner— Mortality   Table   Since   1850. 

CHAPTER  XIII. 
Hospitals  of  Missouri 159-175 

Introduction— Brief  Sketches  of  Leading  State  and  Public  Hospitals. 

CHAPTER  XIV. 
Medical  Colleges  of  Missouri 176-197 

Introduction— Sketches  of  Most  Important  Colleges^McDowell's 
Prophetic   Oration. 

CHAPTER  XV. 
Medical  Journals  of  the  State 198-207 

Brief  Historical  Review  of  the  Medic  al   Press. 

CHAPTER'  XVI. 
Biographical    208-360 

Portraits  and  sketches  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons — Portraits  of  ex- 
Presidents  of  the  State  Medical  As  sociation—THistorical  Reference 
to  Individual  Physicians  and  Surgeons   Dead  and  Living. 


INTRODUCTORY  REMARKS.* 

The  progress  of  Missouri  in  matters  medical  may  truly  be  said  to 
have  kept  pace  with  her  marvelous  advance — financial,  manufacturing  and 
commercial.  Her  two  principal  commercial  centers,  St.  Louis  and  Kansas 
City,  present  an  array  of  medical  ability  and  enterprise  comparing  well 
with  the  seaboard  States  for  professional  talent,  college  equipment  and 
hospital  provision. 

The  medical  profession  of  Missouri,  from  its  earliest  history  to  the 
present  time,  has  been  noted  for  high  professional,  moral  and  personal 
character. 

In  St.  Louis  the  McCalls,  Merrys,  McCabes,  Perrys,  Whites,  Howes, 
Maloneys,  Trodeaus  and  Holmeses  were  medical  men  of  mark  in  the  long 
lime  ago.  During  that  memorable  decade  in  the  history  of  St.  Louis,  from 
1840  to  1850,  when  the  then  young  city  was  attracting  world-wide  at- 
tention as  the  coming  commercial  center  of  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  and 
•of  the  great  and  growing  West;  the  decade  of  the  great  lire;  of  the  laying 
of  the  first  rail  of  the  great  transcontinental  railway  to  the  Pacific;  of  the 
founding  of  the  first  medical  journal  west  of  the  Mississippi,  when  her 
medical  schools  first  began  to  attract  attention,  a  galaxy  of  intellectual 
stars  appeared  in  her  medical  firmament. 

The  urbane  and  polished  Farrar,  senior  and  junior;  the  cultivated 
Linton  and  McPheeters,  who  founded  the  St.  Louis  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal;  Pailen,  the  eloquent;  Prather,  Rayburn,  Alleyne,  the  amiable; 
John  B.  Johnson  and  Fourgeau;  the  talented,  and  accomplished  Pope;  the 
gifted  and  eccentric  McDowell,  founders  of  the  respective  schools  which 
subsequently  bore  their  names;  the  gifted  Beaumont,  then  an  army  sur- 
geon, who  gave  to  the  world  the  most  advanced  knowledge  at  that  time  on 
the  physiology  of  digestion;  the  senior  Farrar5  s  talented  pupil,  Merideth 
Martin;  B.  J.  Waiters,  the  physiologist  who  attained  a  cosmopolitan  fame; 
Smith,  fresh  from  a  chair  in  Jefferson  Medical  College,  who  went  from  St. 
Louis  to  the  Southland  and  introduced  the  refrigerative  methods  in  the 
treatment  of  yellow  fever;  Lawton,  Xewman,  Tiffin,  Oliphant,  Carr  Lane, 
McMurray,  Montgomery,  S.  G.  Moses,  George  Johnson  and  J.  J.  Clark. 
George  Johnson,  William  McPheeters,  J.  J.  Clark,  Charles  A.  Pope  and 
John  B.  Johnson  founded  the  first  free  public  dispensary  west  of  the 
Mississippi,  while  Lemoine,  John  B.  and  George  Johnson  and  J.  J.  Clark 
founded  St.  Luke's  Hospital  for  the  medical  profession. 

In  1845  came  Simon  Pollak,  at  this  writing  the  oldest  physician  liv- 
ing in  St.  Louis.  Pollak  founded  the  first  eye  clinic,  in  connection  with 
the  Mullanphy  Hospital;  and  set  on  foot  the  project,  and  was  early  ^nd 
long  a  director  of  the  Missouri  State  Institution  for  the  Blind. 

This  epoch  also  gave  us  Drs.  John  S.  Moore,  Algernon  Barnes,  Thomas 
McMartin,  A.  M.  Litton,  the  chemist;  and  towards  its  close,  or  a  little 
later,  Charles  W.  Stevens,  Wm.  Johnston,  John  T.  Hodgen,  whose  swinging 
fracture  splint  has  found  favor  with  the  world's  greatest  surgeons;  B.  F. 

*Oharles  Hamilton    Hughes. 


8  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

Shumard  of  the  Missouri  Medical  College,  who  later  became  State  Geol- 
ogist of  Texas;  Boisliniere,  the  accomplished  accoucher;  Papin,  the  amiable 
and  resourceful  gynecologist;  and  those  combative  geniuses  of  the  scalpel, 
Adam  Hammer  and  Louis  Bauer.  Hodgen  had  a  worthy  successor  in  his 
nephew  and  pupil,  H.  H.  Mudd,  who  died  recently  in  the  midst  of  a  glo- 
rious professional  career. 

Among  the  living  links  that  bind  the  present  professional  history  of 
St.  Louis  with  its  remoter  and  memorable  past  as  one  of  medical  learn- 
ing and  skill  are:  John  B.  Johnson,  William  Johnson,  E.  S.  Lemoine,  Thos. 
E.  Eumbold,  the  first  specialist  in  diseases  of  the  nose,  throat  and  ear  in 
the  West;  Simon  Pollak,  the  colleague  of  Pope,  and  Elisha  H.  Gregory, 
the  latter's  pupil  and  successor  in  the  Chair  of  Surgery;  William  M.  Me* 
Pheeters,  A.  S.  Barnes  and  Thomas  O'Reilly.  Upon  their  comely  visages 
age  still  "sits  with  decent  grace"'  and  "worthily  becomes  their  silver 
locks/'  They  still  abide  with  us,  shining  examples  of  probity  of  char- 
acter, industry  and  professional  devotion. 

Another  generation  of  medical  men  whose  faithful  works  are  speak- 
ing for  them  follow  closely  after  the  preceding.  Their  names  and  deeds- 
are  recorded  herein,  while  a  generation  is  still  following  these,  and  they 
are  by  their  work  speaking  for  themselves  and  for  their  profession,  a 
profession  which  is  second  to  no  calling  in  scientific,  philanthropic  and 
courageous  devotion  to  the  welfare  of  mankind.  Their  names,  too,  have 
in  this  volume  the  conspicuous  places  they  deserve  "for  their  attainments, 
their  heroism  and  their  devotion.  From  the  records  of  their  character 
and  work  "in  humanity's  cause,"  past  and  present,  Missouri  has  full 
warrant  for  the  pride  she  takes  in  her  physicians. 

In  her  medical  schools  and  colleges  St.  Louis  simply  shows  the  de- 
velopment of  modern  times  in  becoming  one  of  the  great  educational  cen- 
ters of  the  world.  Like  London,  Edinburgh,  Paris,  Berlin,  Vienna,  Xew 
York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  Chicago,  !New  Orleans,  Louisville,  Detroit,. 
Minneapolis,  St.  Paul  and  Kansas  City,  the  Missouri  metropolis  is  not 
only  a  central  point  of  commanding  importance  in  respect  to  trade  and 
finance,  but  her  schools  and  colleges  attract  the  attention  of  the  civilized 
world,  and  the  student  turns  to  her  institutions  of  literary  learning  and 
her  medical  colleges  with  the  assurance  of  deriving  the  same  light  and  train- 
ing offered  in  any  other  educational  center. 

The  old  institutions — the  St.  Louis  Medical  and  the  Missouri  Medi- 
cal Colleges — now  merged  into  the  medical  department  of  Washington 
University;  the  younger  institutions — Beaumont,  Marion-Sims,  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  and  Barnes  Colleges — are  vigorous  and  well 
equipped.  There  are  private  offices  and  hospitals  which  also  attract  the 
attention  of  scientific  men.  The  attendance  of  students  at  all  of  them 
is  large  ancb  marks  St.  Louis  as  an  important  center  of  medical  education. 

What  has  been  said  in  these  remarks  of  St.  Louis  can  truly  be  said, 
relatively,  of  Kansas  City  and  the  State  generally.  Each  section  will  be 
given  the  treatment  in  justice  due  by  able  writers  in  the  pages  which 
follow.  *  »>. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


CHAPTER  I.— EARLY  HISTORY 


As  St.  Louis  was  first  settled  by  the  French,  it  naturally  follows 
that  its  earliest  physicians  were  men  of  that  nationality.  It  is" recorded 
in  early  histories  that  the  first  scientific  practitioners  who  favored  the 
pioneer  settlers  with  evidences  of  their  skill  were  army  surgeons  who 
were  stationed  at  the  military  posts  under  the  French  and  Spanish  re- 
gimes. In  many  instances  these  surgeons  settled  in  the  community  and 
identified  themselves  with  its  interests  and  life.  As  they  were  in  most  in- 
stances gentlemen  of  superior  education,  they  laid  the  foundation  of  a 
standard  medical  practice  and  of  a  code  of  medical  ethics,  which  has 
since  caused  the  profession  in  Missouri  to  occupy  a  responsible  position 
in  the-  world  of  medicine. 

According  to  "Billon's  Annals,"  the  first  of  the  French  post  sur- 
geons to  become  a  permanent  resident  was  Dr.  Andre  Augtiste  Conde, 
who  was  stationed  at  Fort  Chartres  prior  to  its  cession  to  England,  and 
crossed  the  river  with  a  few  soldiers  brought  here  by  Capt.  St.  Ange  de 
Belleviere.     The  date  of  arrival  is  given  as  October  20,  1765. 

Jane  2,  1766,  Dr.  Conde  received  from  Gov.  St.  Ange  a  concession 
of  two  lots  in  the  village,  described  as  fronting  on  Second  street,  and 
being  the  east  half  of  the  block  south  of  the  Catholic  Church  block.  On 
this  ground  he  built  for  his  residence  a  house  of  upright  posts.  He  lived 
in  this  house  until  his  death,  which  occurred  November  28,  1776. 

Dr.  Conde  was  a  gentleman  of  fine  educational  attainments.  He 
wrote  a  beautiful  hand.  He  had  an  extensive  practice  on  both  sides  of 
the  river,  being  for  a  time  alone  in  his  profession  at  this  point.  He  was 
a  prominent  man  in  the  village  in  his  day.  An  inventory  of  his  estate, 
taken  a  few  days  after  his  death,  included  the  names  of  233  residents  who 
were  indebted  to  the  doctor  for  professional  services.  This  list  comprised 
nearly  all  of  the  residents  of  both  banks  of  the  Mississippi  in  this  lo- 
cality and  might  have  served  for  a  directory  of  the  two  villages. 

The  second  medical  arrival  was  that  of  Dr.  Jean  Baptiste  Yalleau, 
a  native  of  France,  but  a  surgeon  in  the  Spanish  service.  He  was  one  of  a 
company  under  command  of  a  Capt.  Rios,  which  arrived  from  New  Orleans- 
late  in  the  year  1767.  He  died  November  21,  1768,  having  made  his 
will  while  on  his  death  bed.  This  was  the  first  will  to  be  executed  in  St. 
Louis.  Agreeable  to  the  terms  of  this  will,  Dr.  Yallearfs  executor  sold 
at  public  sale  a  village  lot  of  210  feet  frontage  oil  Second  street,  from 
Chestnut  to  Pine.  The  lot  brought  251  livres,  or  about  $50.  Dr.  ^7alleau 
died  when  a  young  man,  surviving  but  one  year  after  his  advent  in  the 
village. 

Dr.  Antoine  Reynal  appears  to  have  been  the  third  surgeon  to  prac- 
tice in  St.  Louis,  his  residence  and  professional  career  dating  from  1776. 
He  lived  here  for  over  twenty-three  years,  removing  at  the  end  of  that 
period  to  St.  Charles,  where  he  subsequently  died. 

The  first  post-mortem  inquest  in  St.  Louis  was  held  by  Dr.  Bernard 
Gibkins,  who  practiced  here  in  1779  and  1780.  The  inquest  referred  to 
was  held  over  the  body  of  Domingo  de  Bargas,  a  young  Spanish  merchant, 
who  died  suddenly  on  the  night  of  July  IS,  1779.     After  examining  wit- 


10  ONE    HUNDRED   YEARS    OF 

nesses,  Dr.  Gibkins  made  his  report:  That  De  Bargas  had  died  from  apo- 
plexy, superinduced  by  the  excessive  heal.  Deceased  was  38  years  of  age. 
But  little  more  is  known  of  Dr.  Gibkins  than  his  connection  with  this 
incident. 

Dr.  Clauvio  Mercier.  another  native  of  France,  became  a  resident  of 
St.  Louis  in  1784.  He  died  here  January  20,  1787.  Dr.  Philip  Joachim 
Gingembre  came  to  this  place  in  1792.  He  lived  for  some  time  in  a  small 
stone  house  located  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Olive  and  Second  streets, 
but  subsequently  went  to  France.  It  does  not  appear  that  either  Mercier 
or  Gingembre  practiced  in  St.  Louis. 

I)r.  Antoine  Francois  Saugrain  came  to  St.  Louis  from  Gallipolis,  0., 
in  the  year  1800.  His  life's  history  prior  to  his  advent  here  is  given  in 
Dr.  Saugrain's  autobiography,  here  inserted: 

AUTOBIOGRAPHY  OF  DR.  ANTOINE  FRANCOIS  SAUGRAIN. 

Born  in  the  center  of  Paris,  called  "Isle  de  la  Cite/'  in  February, 
1763,  his  paternal  ancestors  were  librarians  for  nearly  two  centuries.  The 
subject  of  this  sketch  was  a  chemist  and  mineralogist,  and  when  a  young 
man  (about  1784-5)  he  entered  the  service  of  the  King  of  Spain  to  ex- 
amine the  mines  and  mineral  productions  of  Xew  Mexico.  This  service 
completed,  he  returned  to  France,  1785.  In  1786  he  made  a  trip  to 
Mexico,  returning  to  France  in  the  same  year. 

In  1787  he  came  to  the  United  States,  accompanied  by  two  Parisian 
friends,  M.  Pique,  a  botanist,  and  M.  Raguet.  Young  Saugrain  carried  a 
letter  of  introduction  to  Dr.  Franklin  from  M.  le  Yillard,  an  old  friend 
of  the  doctor's.  The  great  American  philosopher  and  patriot  must  have 
been  favorably  impressed  with  M.  Saugrain's  appearance,  for  he  indited 
the  following  reply : 

PHILADELPHIA,    February  IT.   1788. 
To    M.    le    Yillard: 

My  Dear  Friend — I  received  your  kind  letter  of  June  23  by  M.  Saugrain, 
and  it  is  the  last  of  yours  that  has  come  to  my  hands.  I  find  M.  Saugrain  an- 
swers well  to  the  good  character  you  gave  him  and  shall  with  pleasure  render 
him  any  services  in  my  power.  He  is  now  gone  down  the  Ohio  to  reconnoiter 
that  country,  etc..  etc.  BENJAMIN   FRANKLIN. 

After  remaining  for  a  time  in  Philadelphia,  he  in  the  winter  of  1787- 
88,  being  then  24  vears  of  age,  proceeded  with  his  two  French  companions, 
Messrs.  Pique  and  Raguet,  to  Pittsburg.  Early  in  the  spring  of  1788,  hav- 
ing been  joined  there  by  an  American,  a  Mr.  Pierce,  the  four  left  Pitts- 
burg on  a  flat  boat  or  a  broad  horn,  then  so-called,  with  their  horses  and 
baggage,  to  descend  to  the  falls  of  the  Ohio,  now  Louisville. 

"We  got  along  well  for  some  days,  but  on  March  24,  when  opposite 
the  Big  Miami  River  (near  the  present  town  of  Lawrenceburg.  Ind. — Ed.) 
we  were  suddenly  fired  upon  by  a  party  of  Indians  hidden  behind  an  old 
flat  boat  that  lav  aground  on  the  north  shore.  The  first  discharge  wounded 
M.  Pique  severely  in  the  head,  killed  one  of  our  horses  and  wounded  an- 
other, which  in  falling  fell  upon  M.  Saugrain's  hand,  crushing  his  fore- 
finger. The  Indians  yelled  to  us  to  land,  but  hoping  to  escape  them  we 
continued  our  course,  pursued  by  the  savages  in  their  canoes.  Seeing 
that  we  must  be  overtaken  we  jumped  overboard,  hoping  to  reach  the 
Kentucky  shore  and  escape  to  the  woods.  M.  Pique,  badly  wounded,  was 
drowned  in  the  attempt.  M.  Raguet,  on  reaching  the  shore,  encountered 
two  Indians  who  were  on  the  watch  for  us.  and  who  soon  dispatched  and 
scalped  him.     Mr.  Pierce  and  myself  escaped  to  land,  but  were  pursued 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  li 

and  captured  by  the  two  Indians  who  had  killed  M.  Raguet.     They  hound 
our  hands  and  started  after  our  boat,  which  the  others  had  taken. 

"During  the  next  night,  while  our  captors  were  sound  asleep,  I  con- 
trived to  loosen  my  hands  and  liberate  my  fellow  prisoner.  We  stole 
quietly  away,  keeping  in  the  woods,  down  the  river,  in  hopes  of  being  over- 
taken by  a  descending  boat.  After  three  days'  terrible  suffering,  nearly 
famished,  feet  bare  and  frost-bitten,  my  left  hand  disabled  and  bleeding 
from  a  slight  gunshot  wound  in  the  neck,  we  were,  on  the  27th,  to  our 
great  delight,  overtaken  by  two  boats. 

"Some  of  their  crews  came  ashore  and  carried  us  to  the  boats  and  did 
all  they  could  to  relieve  our  sufferings.  Two  days  later,  in  the  evening 
of  the  29th,  we  landed  at  Louisville. 

"On  the  following  day  1  was  taken  across  the  river  to  the  American 
fort  at  Clarksville  for  better  care.  There  I  was  cordially  welcomed  by  Maj. 
Willis  and  the  officers  of  the  garrison  and  placed  in  care  of  the  post  surgeon. 
I  remained  there  until  May  11,  by  which  time  I  was  pretty  well  restored, 
except  my  disabled  finger  and  one  of  my  feet,  small  portions  of  which  had 
been  amputated,  from  the  effects  of  the  frost." 

In  the  summer  of  1788  Saugrain  returned  to  Philadelphia  and  thence 
to  France,  and  remained  in  his  native  country  during  the  eventful  year 
of  1789.  In  April  of  1790  he  again  sailed  for  the  United  States  on  the 
same  vessel  with  a  number  of  French  emigrants, 'destined  for  the  new 
settlement  of  Gallipolis,  in  Gallia  County.  Ohio.  They  lauded  at  Alexan- 
dria, on  the  Potomac,  on  the  6th  of  July,  and  came  by  Winchester,  Va.,  and 
Red  Stone  (Brownsville)  to  the  Monongahela,  and  descended  that  river 
and  the  Ohio  to  their  destination,  where  they  arrived  in  the  fall. 

Dr.  Saugrain  resided  for  six  years  in  Gallipolis  and  Avas  there  mar- 
ried in  1793. 

Dr.  Saugrain  was  a  highly  educated,  polished  gentleman  and  a  suc- 
cessful practitioner  of  the  old  school.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest  advo- 
cates of  vaccination  in  this  section,  and  in  the  summer  of  1809  announced 
in  the  Missouri  Gazette  that  he  had  secured  some  of  the  vaccine  matter, 
or  infection — the  first  genuine  brought  to  St.  Louis.  He  successfully  com- 
municated that  inestimable  preventive  of  smallpox  to  a  number  of  the 
inhabitants  of  St.  Louis  and  adjacent  villages,  and  further  announced 
that  "he  would,  with  much  pleasure,  on  application,  furnish  physicians 
and  other  intelligent  persons  residing  beyond  the  limits  of  his  accustomed 
practice,  with  the  vaccine  infection." 

Dr.  Saugrain  continued  in  the  practice  of  his  profession  until  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  St.  Louis  May  19,  1820. 


The  first  American  born  physician  to  establish  himself  permanently 
west  of  the  Mississippi  River  was  Dr.  Bernard  Gaines  Farrar,  who  has 
been  mentioned  in  medical  annals  as  the  "Father  of  the  profession  in  St. 
Louis."  His  life  and  deeds  are  best  described  in  the  following,  which  is 
taken  from  an  1850  file  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal: 

SKETCH  OP  THE  LIFE  AND  CHARACTER  OF  THE  LATE  BERNARD  G.  FARRAR,  M.  D. 

—By  Charles  A.  Pope,  M.  D.— 
Prepared  at  the  Request  Of,  and  Read  Before,  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society. 

Gentlemen — Your  partiality  has  assigned  me  the  task  of  giving  to  the 
society  a  sketch  of  the  life  and  character  of  the  late  Bernard  G.  Farrar, 


12  ONE    HUNDRED   YEARS    OF 

M.  I).,  the  venerated  first  president  of  this  body.  I  am  sensible  that  the 
choice  resulted  rather  from  my  connection  with  the  deceased  than  from 
any  peculiar  fitness  or  ability  on  my  part.  Yon  will,  therefore,  readily 
excuse  the  regret  that  I  express  at  the  selection  not  having  fallen  on 
some  older  member,  who,  to  superior  qualifications,  could  have  boasted 
the  additional  large  or  long  friendship  and  professional  intercourse  with 
the  subject  of  our  notice. 

I  shall,  nevertheless,  with  your  indulgence  for  the  difficulties  under 
which  I  have  labored,  attempt",  as  far  as  possible,  to  do  even  slight  justice 
to  the  memory  of  our  departed  friend  and  brother,  and  to  present  before 
you  a  portrait  which  T  hope  will  not  be  altogether  unrecognizable  by  many 
here  present.  For  the  materials  which  have  aided  me  in  this  sketch  T 
am  indebted  to  my  own  recollections,  as  well  as  to  the  immediate  family 
and  friends  of  the  deceased,  and  to  his  few  remaining  professional  friends, 
who.  like  him,  were  among  the  medical  pioneers  of  the  West.  Before, 
however,  entering  on  my  subject,  I  may  be  allowed  briefly  to  allude  to 
the  intention  of  the  present  memoir.  It  is  both  right  and  proper,  and 
due  alike  to  the  dead  and  ourselves,  that  we  should  thus  regard  the  worth 
and  virtues  of  our  departed  brethren.  The  dead  are  honored  thereby 
and  the  living  may  be  profited.  Besides,  the  life  of  him  of  whom  we  now 
consider  forms  an  important  link  in  the  medical  history  of  this  region, 
and  as  such  deserves  more  than  a  passing  notice.  If  in  aught  that  shall 
be  said  any  interesting  facts  be  preserved,  if  any  younger  aspirant  for 
professional  honor  and  success  amongst  us  may  be  stimulated  to  emulate 
the  example  here  held  forth,  and  by  patient  and  persevering  effort,  directed 
by  honest  purpose  of  head  and  heart,  overcome  the  many  obstacles  that  may 
beset  his  early  path  and  clog  his  future  progress,  my  object  will  have 
been  attained.  I  will  not  confine  myself  to  the  merely  professional  ca- 
reer of  the  deceased,  for,  having  lived  nearly  half  a  century  in  St.  Louis* 
he  was  thus  connected  with  its  early  village  existence;  and  it  will,  therefore, 
be  excusable  to  speak  of  him  as  the  citizen  and  as  exercising  that  in- 
fluence on  the  community  which  at  so  early  a  period  an  enlightened  phy- 
sician was  likely  to  exert. 

Dr.  Bernard  G-.  Farrar  was  born  in  Goochland,  Va.,  on  the  fourth  day 
of  July,  1TS5.  His  father,  Joseph  B.oyal  Farrar,  extensively  known  and 
beloved  for  his  social  and  hospitable  character,  removed  to  Kentucky  in 
the  fall  of  the  same  year,  the  doctor  being  then  only  a  few  weeks  old.  He 
settled  within  a  few  miles  of  Lexington,  where  most  of  the  doctor's  youthful 
days  were  passed.  His  father  was  four  times  married,  as  was  his  mother 
also.  As  all  of  these  unions  were  fruitful,  there  were  seven  different  sets 
of  children  united  in  the  same  family.  This  host  of  offspring  caused 
the  patrimony  of  each  child  to  be  small.  The  doctor  entered  life  with  lim- 
ited means.  -  His  early  education  was  entrusted  to  the  supervision  of  one 
Parson  Stubbs,  a  well  qualified  and  worthy  man.  At  this  period,  as  I 
am  informed  by  one  who  knew  him  well,  the  doctor  was  more  distinguished 
for  his  love  of  boyish  and  playful  mischief  than  devotion  to  his  studies. 
His  teacher  was  a  very  pious  man,  and  in  allusion  to  Barney's  (as  he  was 
familiarly  designated)  mischievous,  but  always  laughable  tricks,  often 
expressed  his  deep  commiseration  for  his  poor  mother.  He  was  sadly 
afraid,  he  said,  that  Barney  would  one  day  or  another  be  certainly  hung. 
This  was  a  subject  of  much  amusement  in  the  school,  at  the  good  old 
teacher's  expense,  it  being  obvious  that  he  did  not  properly  discriminate 
between  real  wickedness  of  heart  and  the  mere  love  of  fun. 


BERNARD  G.  FARRAR. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  13 

The  death  of  his  father  took  place  in  179.6.  From  this  period  until 
maturity  he  was  sustained  and  guided  by  the  unremitting  vigilance  and 
counsel  of  his  affectionate  mother,  whose  memory  he  cherished  most  de- 
voutly through  life.  He  was  now  entered  as  a  regular  student  in  the  lit- 
erary department  of  Transylvania  University,  where  he  remained  for  three 
years.  In.  the  spring  of  1800  lie  commenced  the  study  of  medicine  with 
Dr.  Selmon  of  Cincinnati,  0.,  with  whom  he  continued  a  twelve  month. 
He  was  then  placed  under  the  tuition  of  Prof.  Samuel  Brown  of  Lexing- 
ton, Ky.,  at  that  period  the  most  eminent  in  the  profession  in  the  West. 
He  remained  with  him  for  three  years,  during  which  time  he  was  an  as- 
siduous student.  In  1804  he  repaired  to  Philadelphia  and  attended  a  course 
of  medical  lectures  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  By  his  previous 
study  and  application  he  was  well  fitted  to  listen  with  profit  to  the  teach- 
ings of  Bush  and  Physich,  those  fathers  of  American  medicine  and  sur- 
gery. After  the  close  of  the  season  he  returned  to  Lexington,  and  at 
the  following  commencement  received  a  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine 
from  the  medical  department  of  Transylvania  University. 

Immediately  on  his  graduation  Dr.  Farrar  removed  to  Frankfort, 
Ky.,  but  a  few  miles  from  Lexington,  where  he  formed  a  co-partnership 
in  practice  with  Dr.  Scott,  a  gentleman  who  stood  at  the  head  of  the  pro- 
fession in  that  place.  Dr.  Farrar  did  not  long  remain  in  Frankfort, 
chiefly  for  the  reason  that  it  was  so  near  his  home,  for  the  doctor  was 
one  of  those  who  thought  that  a  prophet  was  without  honor  in  his  own 
country,  and  that  a  physician,  especially,  was  less  likely  to  succeed  among 
his  own  family  friends  than  amidst  strangers.  He  used  often  to  say 
that  the  community  should  not  know  how  a  doctor  was  made.  His  views 
on  this  point  are  further  illustrated  by  an  anecdote  he  was  in  the  habit 
of  relating.  Whilst  still  at  Frankfort  an  old  schoolmate  met  him  ac- 
cidentally on  the  street,  and,  being  delighted  to  see  him,  gently  touched 
him  on  the  shoulder  and  accosted  him  most  familiarly  with  "How  do  you 
do,  Barney?"  This  was  but  little  in  accordance  with  the  doctor's  ideas 
of  professional  respect  and  dignity,  and  so,  seizing  the  gentleman  by  the 
collar,  and  assuming  a  rather  belligerent  attitude,  he  said:  "Sir,  no  Bar- 
ney any  longer.  I  am  Dr.  Farrar,  if  you  please,  and  never  shall  you 
or  any  one  else  call  me  otherwise." 

Notwithstanding  the  influence  of  Dr.  Scott  in  his  behalf,  his  success 
did  not  equal  his  expectations,  for,  like  most  young  men,  he  was  ambi- 
tious, and  deemed  his  thorough  course  of  study  and  preparation  deserving 
of  a  more  rapid  and  greater  success.  The  place,  he  said,  was  too  near 
home,  and  all  had  known  him  as  Barney  Farrar  and  had  he  even  lived 
there  until  his  death  he  would  probably  have  been  known  as  Barney  still. 
He  therefore  turned  his  thoughts  to  a  distant  home  in  the  then  far  West 
for  a  better  theater  in  which  to  try  his  fortune. 

Fortunately  about  this  time  he  had  heard  much  of  the  prosperity  of 
St.  Louis  and  its  peculiar  advantages  for  a  physician.  On  the  earnest- 
advice  of  Judge  Colburn,  one  of  the  Territorial  Judges  for  Missouri,  a 
brother-in-law  of  the  doctor,  he  accordingly,  in  the  fall  of  the  year  1806, 
embarked  at  Louisville  on  a  keel  boat,  the  only  mode  of  water  convey- 
ance at  that  early  period.  The  boat  was  propelled  by  the  tardy  process  of 
the  time,  called  cordelling,  and  after  a  tedious  voyage  of  many  weeks, 
rendered  exciting  by  the  variety  of  accidents,  owing  to  the  then  great  dif- 
ficulties of  navigation,  he  reached  St.  Louis.     Pleased  with  the  appearance 


14  ONE   HUNDRED   YEARS   OF 

of  the  place  and  its  peculiar  fitness  for'  one  of  his  profession,  he  at  once 
determined  to  settle. 

Although  preceded  by  one  or  two  of  the  profession,  Dr.  Farrar  was  the 
first  American  physician  who  permanently  established  himself  west  of 
the  Mississippi.  .From  these  circumstances,  in  conjunction  with  the  high 
character  he  afterwards  sustained,  he  is  justly  entitled  to  the  appellation 
of  "Father  of  the  profession  in  St.  Louis."  This  region  of  the  country 
was  then  called  Upper  Louisiana,  and  had  but  a  short  time  before  been  pur- 
chased from  Xapoleon  by  Mr.  Jefferson.  "The  doctor  soon  received  such 
flattering  marks  of  encouragement  from  the  French  inhabitants  of  the 
-village  as  to  render  certain  his  success,  and,  indeed,  to  betoken  the  high 
degree  of  future  prosperity  and  professional  reputation. 

He  found  on  his  arrival  here  no  other  established  physician  than  Dr. 
Antoine  'Saugrain,  who  had,  some  years  before  the  change  of  govern- 
ment, emigrated  from  Europe  to  Gallipolis,  0.,  then  the  Northwestern 
Territory,  from  thence  to  St.  Louis.  Dr.  Saugrain  was  educated  in  Paris 
for  the  vocation  of  chemist,  but  subsequently  turned  his  attention  to  the 
healing  art  generally.  He  left  behind  him  the  reputation  of  a  good  phy- 
sician and  gentleman.  His  practice  was  principally  on  the  vegetable  sys- 
tem, as  he  abhorred  calomel  and  relied  much  on  ptisanes.  At  all  events 
his  treatment  of  the  disease  of  the  country  differed  materially  from  that 
of  Dr.  Farrar.  For  such  was  the  marked  success  of  the  latter  that  it  struck 
the  attention  of  even  the  non-professional,  and  rapidly  acquired  for  him  an 
extensive  practice  and  the  reputation  for  eminence  in  his  profession.  His 
name  soon  reached  beyond  the  narrow  limits  of  the  village,  and  he  was 
often  sent  for  from  hundreds  of  miles  around.  As  a  skillful  physician  his 
fame  continued  to  increase,  not  only  from  the  force  of  his  genius  and 
talents,  but  also  from  his  kindness  of  manner  and  devoted  attention 
to  his  patients.  Such,  indeed,  was  the  humanity  of  his  heart  that  it  was- 
with  difficulty  he  could  witness  the  sufferings  of  his  fellow  creatures  in 
mind  or  bod}r,  and  yet  in  the  hour  of  danger,  when  necessity  called  forth 
his  best  energies  in  behalf  of  his  patient,  a  firmer  spirit  never  existed.  He 
excelled  particularly  in  tact,  and  in  his  progress  he  is  said  seldom  to  have 
failed.  For  boldness  and  decision  of  character  and  promptitude  in  action 
when  occasion  required  it,  he  was  rarely  equaled. 

The  doctor  was  once  summoned  to  see  a  female  who  for  some  time 
had  been,  sick  of  a  fever,  and  was  regarded  as  dead,  both  by  her  physician 
and  friends.  Indeed,  her  shroud  was  being  made,  and  the  corpse  had 
been  laid  out  when  the  doctor  entered.  The  mirror  and  usual  tests  of 
vitality  were  applied,  but  with  only  negative  results.  The  idea  now 
struck  the  doctor  to  apply  a  redhot  smoothing  iron  to  the  soles  of  her  feet. 
This  Avas  soon  done,  whereupon  the  woman  stood  erect  and  cried  aloud. 
The  story  js  literally  true.  A  gentleman  who  saw  the  patient  laid  out 
— as  he  thought,  a  corpse — left  a  few  minutes  afterwards  for  Pittsburg, 
and  without  any  knowledge  of  her  resurrection,  met  her  on  his  return  in 
perfect  health.  He  stated  that  the  occurrence  gave  him  greater  terror 
and  astonishment  than  did  the  terrible  convulsions  of  nature  which  he 
experienced  near  Xew  Madrid  in  1811.  whilst  in  a  keel  boat  on  the  Miss- 
issippi, whose  tide  was  rolled  tumultuously  in  a  reverted  direction  for 
many  miles  and  the  earth  was  rent  in  many  places.  From  the  circum- 
stances above  related,  as  well  as  his  general  reputation  for  professional 
skill,  he  was  supposed  by  people  capable  of  raising  the  dead. 

In  the  obstetric  art  he  enjoyed  a  large  practice  and  shone  pre-eminent. 


MEDICINE   AND    SURGERY.  15 

From  contemporary  testimony  it  is  doubted  whether  any  man  ever  practiced 
more  dexterously  and  skillfully  the  various  operations  of  turning  and  the 
application  of  instruments. 

I  have  said  that  Dr.  Farrar  was  eminently  successful  in  his  general 
practice,  but  as  a  surgeon  also  he  claimed  an  enviable  distinction.  From 
his  own  account  he  was  always  loath  to  use  the  knife  except  when  the  life  of 
the  patient  demanded  it  at  his  hands.  Tlis  reluctance  to  operate  sprungj  am 
sure,  from  his  unwillingness  to  witness  or  inflict  pain  on  his  fellowmen. 
As  an  operator  he  was  skillful  and  rapid,  but  when,  as  in  the  oblation 
of  different  tumors,  the  dissection  required  care,  he  was  extremely  cau- 
tious, using,  as  he  was  wont  to  tell  me,  more  the  handle  than  the  point 
of  his  scalpel.  One  of  his  first  operations  was  the  amputation  of  a  thigh, 
performed  on  a  man  by  the  name  of  Shannon,  who,  when  a  youth,  ac- 
companied Lewis  and  Clark  on  their  expedition  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  In 
1807  he  undertook  a  second  expedition  under  the  auspices  of  the  general 
government  to  ascertain  the  sources  of  the  Missouri  River.  At  a  point 
1,800  miles  up  that  river  he  was  attacked  by  the  Blackfeet  Indians  and 
wounded  by  a  ball  in  the  knee.  He  was  brought  down  to  St.  Louis  and 
successfully  operated  on  by  Dr.  Farrar.  In  those  times  the  case  was 
considered  as  an  evidence  of  great  skill,  in  view  of  the  distance  the  pa- 
tient had  traveled  and  the  low  state  to  which  his  constitution  had  been 
reduced  by  the  accident.  This  same  gentleman  afterwards  received  an 
education  in  Kentucky  and  became  one  of  her  best  jurists.  He  was  sub- 
sequently elevated  to  the  bench.  Judge  Shannon  often  said,  and  even 
declared  on  his  deathbed,  that  he  owed  both  his  life  and  his  honors  to 
the  skill  of  Dr.  Farrar. 

There  was  one  operation  to  which  I  must  make  special  reference — 
a  patient,  a  young  man,  affected  with  stone  in  the  bladder,  where  the  calcu- 
lus had  become  fixed  in  its  fundus,  and  could  be  easily  felt  in  the  rectum. 
The  doctor  conceived  and  executed  the  recto-vesical  section.  This  was 
done  several  years  previous  to  the  same  operation  by  Sansom,  but  the 
latter,  however,  by  publishing,  has  the  universal  acknowledgment  of  pri- 
ority. It  is  unfortunate  on  all  accounts  that  any  neglect  should  have  oc- 
curred in  this  particularity,  notwithstanding  the  recto-vesical  operation  is 
now  too  very  exceptionally  resorted  to. 

During  the  war  with  Great  Britain,  in  1812-11,  Dr.  Farrar  served 
both  as  surgeon  and  soldier  in  defending  Missouri  from  the  Indian  depre- 
dations. His  reputation  had  now  increased  to  the  extent  of  being  known 
and  acknowledged  abroad.  In  proof  of  this  he  was  offered  a  chair  in 
his  Alma  Mater,  the  medical  department  of  Transylvania  University,  then 
the  first  and  only  school  of  medicine  west  of  the  Alleghenies.  Xothing 
could  have  been,  more  gratifying  to  his  feelings,  more  calculated  to  excite 
in  his  mind  emotions  of  heartfelt  pride  and  satisfaction,  than  the  pro- 
posed honor.  He,  however,  declined  the  situation,  preferring  the  more 
substantial  benefits  of  a  lucrative,  though  laborious  practice,  to  the  uncer- 
tain renown  of  professorship.  From  his  own  acknowledgment,  I  am 
assured  that  his  declination  arose  more  from  real  modesty  and  his  long  sup- 
posed incompetency  than  from  any  other  cause. 

As  a  man  and  citizen  Dr.  Farrar  occupied  in  this  community  a  high 
position.  Such  was  the  popularity  and  confidence  reposed  in  him  that 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  first  Legislature  that  was  assembled  under 
the  territorial  form  of  government.  He,  however,  continued  as  a  repre- 
sentative during;  a  single  season  only.     His  re-election  was  much  desired 


IC  ONE   HUNDRED    YEARS   OF 

and  could  easily  have  been  effected,  Imt  tie  perceived  that  it  would  with- 
draw him  too  much  from  his  profession,  a  theater  he  thought  of  more 
useful  action  on  his  part  towards  the  country.  He  ever  afterwards  re- 
fused to  engage  in  polities,  assigning  very  properly  as  a  reason  that  few 
men  arrive  at  eminence  or  great  usefulness,  except  in  a  single  pursuit,  and 
of  all  others  the  medical  profession  was  jealous  of  exclusiveness  and  re- 
quired a  strict  adherence  to  this  maxim.  In  connection  with  his  politics, 
it  may  perhaps,  without  offense  he  stated  that  he  was  an  unsvrerving 
Whig  through  life.  His  political,  as  well  as  religious  tenets,  never  con- 
travened his  personal  friendships — he  was  alike  the  physician  of  all 
parties  and  denominations.  His. love  of  country,  its  constitution  and  the 
memory  of  its  early  patriots,  was  ardent  and  enthusiastic. 

In  the  discharge  of  his  professional  duties  Dr.  Farrar  was  both  phy- 
sician and  friend.  No  company  or  amusement  could  make  him  neglect 
his  professional  engagements,  and  he  was  ever  ready  at  the  call  of  the 
poor.  Indeed,  with  respect  to  remuneration  for  his  services,  it  was  in 
most  cases  optional  whether  payment  was  made  at  all.  The  convenience 
of  all  was  the  rule  that  governed  him.  Instances  frequently  occurred 
where  he  had  attended  families  for  years  whose  views  led  them  to  remove 
to  a  distance,  when  some  friend  would  suggest  with  propriety  the  sending 
of  his  bill.  His  answer  was,  Let  them  go;  if  they  could  do  without  him, 
he  could  do  without  them.  In  other  cases  men  would  call  to  pay  bills 
when  he  would  inquire  what  length  of  time  he  had  attended  them  or 
their  families  (for  he  never  made  regular  charges  in  books),  and  generally 
ended  by  saying  that  they  must  make  the  fee  such  as  they  were  able  to 
bear  or  might  think  proper.  He  was  always  generous  and  disinterested, 
nor  can  history  produce  an  instance  in  which  a  life  of  such  intense  de- 
votion in  relieving  the  diseases  incident  to  his  fellowmen  has  been  less  re- 
warded by  pecuniary  emolument.  Tins  utter  want  of  selfishness  and  ex- 
treme pecuniary  carelessness  formed,  perhaps,  one  of  the  most  distinctive 
traits  of  his  character.  But  Providence  seems  to  have  been  mindful  of  the 
doctor's  care  for  suffering  men.  Some  real  estate  in  St.  Louis  and  its 
vicinity  was  secured  to  his  family,  which,  by  its  increased  value,  enabled 
him  to  spend  his  latter  days  with  all  the  comforts  around  him  which  a 
generous  soul  enjoys  and  dispenses  to  others  and  the  means  of  gratifying 
every  rational  desire  of  life. 

Many  anecdotes  illustrative  of  the  peculiarities  of  the  doctor  are 
told  by  his  old  acquaintances,  one  or  two  of  which  I  will  relate.  Having 
occasion  to  visit  Louisville,  he  went  on  horseback,  and  liberally  supplied 
himself  with  funds,  all  in  the  shape  of  silver  half-dollars.  This  arrange- 
ment, he  supposed  would  prove  convenient  for  change  at  the  houses 
where  he  might  stop.  The  whole  amount  was  pretty  well  distributed  and 
thrown  carelessly  loose  in  his  great  coat  pockets.  Off  he  started  in  his 
usual  trot  upon  his  journey,  and  after  traveling  some  thirty  to  forty 
miles  he  halted  to  rest  for  the  night,  when,  lo !  on  looking  for  his  treasure 
he  found  to  his  surprise  that  it  had  all  disappeared. 

The  holes  in  his  pocket  explained  the  mystery  of  its  escape,  thus  be- 
sprinkling the  road  from  one  end  to  the  other,  much  to  the  satisfaction  of 
some  Vide  Poche  teamster,  who  happened  to  follow  him.  The  doctor 
informed  the  landlord  of  his  misfortune,  told  him  who  he  was  and  re- 
quested entertainment  for  the  night  on  credit.  The  worthy  farmer  dis- 
believed the  whole  story  and  called  him  an  impostor  and  refused  to  af- 
ford him  lodging,  saying,  that  although  he  had  never  seen,  he  had  heard 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  ^ 

of  old  Dr.  Farrar  as  long  as  he  had  lived  there,  and  that  the  person  before 
him  was  entirely  too  young  to  be  the  same.  JSTow  it  happened  from  the 
early  and  great  baldness  of  the  doctor  that  he  was  thought  much  older 
than  he  really  Avas,  and  on  this  account  he  was  generally  called  old  Dr. 
Farrar.  The  doctor  at  once  pulled  off  his  hat,  made  the  necessary  ex~ 
planations  and  was  not  only  admitted  to  a  quiet  night's  repose,  but  treated 
with  the  best  hospitalities  of  the  landlord. 

There  once  lived  hard  by  the  doctor's  borne  a  man  with  no  very 
honest  views  of  the  rights  of  property,  who,  whenever  there  happened  a 
deficiency  (which  was  no  infrequent  case)  in  his  own  supply  of  wood,  was 
accustomed  to  replenish  his  stock  by  an  occasional  stick,  taken  under  cover 
at  night,  from  an  ample  store  that  lay  piled  up  in  the  doctor's  yard. 
These  petty  depredations  had  been  carried  on  for  a  considerable  time, 
a,nd  not  without  the  doctor's  knowledge.  But,  although  he  knew  full  well 
the  thief,  he  had  never  caught  him  in  the  very  act.  To  effect  a  certain  de- 
tection he  caused  a  fine,  fat  looking  and  tempting  back  log  to  be  heavily 
charged  with  powder.  It  accomplished  his  purpose,  for  that  very  night, 
on  going  out  quite  late,  he  found  it  to  have  disappeared.  It  was  only  then 
that  the  possibly  fearful  consequences  of  what  he  had  done  came  upon 
him  with  the  fullest  force  and  brought  him  seriously  to  reflect,  that  al- 
though the  thief  might  meet  his  just  reward,  the  wife  and  many  little 
children  would  also  pay  the  penalty  of  his  guilt.  So,  rushing  hurriedly 
to  the  house,  he  saw  the  very  self -same  back  log  upon  the  fire  with  the 
inmates  gathered  in  a  family  group  around  it.  There  was  yet  time — the 
lire  had  not  yet  reached  the  powder.  Telling  all  to  save  themselves  for 
their  lives,  he  seized  the  burning  stick  and  carried  it  safely  from  the  house 
before  it  had  exploded. 

From  an  early  period  of  his  youth  Dr.  Farrar  Avas  esteemed  by  his 
companions  for  his  love  of  truth,  honor  and  justice,  and  he  fearlessly 
maintained  among  men  tbose  principles  through  life  without  meriting  re- 
proach. In  his  friendships  he  Avas  Avarm,  constant  and  true,  ever  slow  to 
give  credence  to  the  reputed  errors  of  those  he  esteemed.  Kind  and 
amiable,  as  well  as  open,  frank,  brave  and  undesigning  in  his  feelings  and 
principles,  it  was  painful  to  him  to  witness  any  deviation  from  propriety  in 
others.  Least  of  all.  would  he  forgive  any  dereliction  in  a  physician. 
He  of  all  others,  he  thought,  should  be  above  suspicion  and 
reproach.  What  in  other  men  he  might  overlook,  in  a  physician  he  Avould 
never  forgive. 

As  a  Christian  he  Avas  mild  and  tolerant,  believing  that  all  intem- 
perate discussions  of  its  benevolent  principles  Avere  uncalled  for.  He 
was  tAvice  married.  As  a  husband  and  father  he  Avas  uniformly  affection- 
ate, kind  and  indulgent.  In  domestic  life  Avere  centered  his  chief  and 
highest  enjoyments,  and  no  man  felt  or  accorded  to  female  worth  a  higher 
estimate.  The  experience  of  a  long  life  of  observation  as  a  professional 
man  of  the  sex  called  forth  on  all  occasions  his  best  feelings  and  sympa- 
thies in  their  behalf. 

There  are  tAVO  circumstances  in  the  life  of  Dr.  Farrar  as  involving  pro- 
fessional considerations  to  which  I  will  allude.  In  a  duel  in  which  he 
figured,  the  doctor's  ball  struck  his  antagonist.  The  wound  Avas  attempted 
to  be  closed,  and  from  such  injudicious  practice  the  symptoms  became 
much  aggravated.  The  patient  was  then  advised  to  send,  for  Dr.  Farrar. 
This  he  did,  and  the  doctor  visited  his  enemy   as  he  would  have  done 


18  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS   OF 

any  one  else.  He  immediately  laid  open  the  tract  of  the  wound,  according 
to  the  practice  of  the  time.  The  pain  ceased  at  once  and  the  gentleman 
rapidly  recovered.  The  doctor  and  his  patient  were  ever  after  true  and 
fast  friends. 

The  other  circumstance  to  which  allusion  has  been  made  was  a  diffi- 
culty which  arose  between  the  doctor  and  one  of  It  is  own  profession.  The 
physician  was  in  the  habit,  on  all  occasions,  of  speaking  of  Dr.  Farrar 
in  the  most  disrespectful  manner,  and  resorted  to  every  low  expedient  to 
prejudice  and  injure  the  doctor  among  his  patients  and  friends.  By 
abusing  Dr.  Farrar  he  vainly  hoped  to  advance  himself,  but  as  is  inva- 
riably the  case,  he  only  succeeded  in  injuring  himself.  For  this  reason 
the  doctor  never  once  reviled,  but  bore  his  abuse  with  becoming  silence. 
His  accuser  wrongly  interpreted  the  doctor's  forbearance,  and  in  conse- 
quence grew  more  bold  in  his  denunciation. 

At  last  suspicions  were  raised  concerning  the  doctor's  honor  and 
courage.  He  could  bear  it  no  longer.  On  meeting  his  traducer  he  fell 
upon  him  with  a  stick  and  inflicted  upon  him  the  most  summary  chas- 
tisement. Unluckily,  the  man  died  in  a  month  or  two  afterwards,  and 
his  former  friends  attributed  his  death  to  the  blows  inflicted  by  Dr.  Farrar. 
There  was  not  the  least  show  of  reason  to  sustain  the  charge,  for  he  had 
entirely  recovered  from  the  effects  of  his  injuries,  and  died  in  conse- 
quence of  a  pleurisy. 

As  a  class,  Dr.  Farrar  felt  the  liveliest  interest  in  the  medical  faculty. 
Their  honor  and  the  advancement  of  the  science  in  knowledge  and  use- 
fulness was  to  him  a  theme  both  of  hope  and  joy.  In  the  history  of  our 
race  he  believed  there  were  fewer  aberrations  from  moral  rectitude  among 
medical  men  than  any  other  class  of  the  community.  Society,  he  said, 
had  a  just  right  to  expect  this  distinction,  as  the  very  nature  of  their 
profession  made  physicians  the  confidential  friends  of  every  family. 

Among  his  professional  brethren  Dr.  Farrar  was  universally  be- 
loved and  esteemed.  He  was  a  gentleman  in  the  highest  sense  of  the 
term,  and  well  deserved  their  respect  and  consideration.  His  acknowledged 
professional  skill,  his  goodness  of  heart,  his  polished  urbanity,  his  high 
sense  of  honor  and  noble  generosity  of  nature  endeared  him  to  all.  In 
his  intercourse  with  other  professional  gentlemen  his  conduct  was  marked 
by  the  most  scrupulous  regard  of  the  rights  and  feelings  of  others.  His. 
estimate  of  the  character  of  the  profession  was  indeed  exalted.  It  con- 
stituted the  very  essence  of  honor,  dignity,  benevolence  and  usefulness,  and 
in  his  own  dealings  he  exalted  a  living  exemplification  of  his  views.  He- 
was  in  truth  a  very  model  of  professional  etiquette — not  in  its  letter  only, 
but  in  its  purest  spirit.  He  went  further  than  the  mere  acquirements 
of  the  ethical  code.  He  was  always  anxious,  not  merely  to  act  honorably 
to  a  professional  brother,  hut  also  to  serve  him  if  he  could  by  advancing 
his  interests  and  increasing  his  claims  to  public  estimation  and  confidence. 
In  the  language  of  the  lamented  Lane,  he  was  so  constituted  that  it  was 
impossible  for  him  to  be  guilty  of  dishonorable  rivalry  towards  his  fellow- 
practitioners.  He  scorned  the  tricks  of  the  profession  and  those  wiio- 
practiced  them.  To  the  junior  members  of  the  faculty  he  was  particu- 
larly kind  and  generous.  They  were  at  once  made  to  feel  that  he  was 
one  in  whom  they  could  wholly  confide,  and  in  consequence  of  his  win- 
ning kindness  of  heart  and  manner  and  the  real  interest  he  always  man- 
ifested in  their  success,  he  was  almost  regarded  bv  them  as  a  father.     It 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  19 

is  in  this  light  that  I  love  to  contemplate  the  memory  of  the  departed. 
Search  the  wide  world  over  and  in  all  that  was  generous  and  nohle  in  his 
conduct  towards  his  'brother  practitioners,  we  shall  not,  perhaps,  find  a 
brighter,  more  perfect  model.  It  was  my  fortune  to  become  acquainted 
with  Dr.  Farrar  only  after  he  had  long  retired  from  the  practice  of  the 
profession.  To  those  who  had  known  him  in  his  earlier,  palmy  days,  he 
appeared,  I  am  told,  but  as  the  wreck  of  his  former  self.  Still  there  re- 
mained about  him  that  which  stamped  him  as  a  man  of  extraordinary 
character.  Many  a  pleasant  hour  have  I  spent  in  instructive  conversation 
with  him,  and  heard  him  relate  his  early  adventures  and  trials.  In  his 
retirement  he  was  often  visited  by  his  old  French  patients  and  their  fam- 
ilies, and  he  would  frequently  say  that  he  felt  towards  them  as  his  own 
children.  He. loved  to  expatiate  on  the  growth  and  prosperity  of  St.  Louis. 
On  his  arrival  he  found  it  a  village  containing  but  a  few  hundred  inhabi- 
tants. Since  then  churches,  colleges,  halls  of  science,  marts  of  busi- 
ness, splendid  mansions  have  risen  almost  by  the  power  of  magic,  while 
an  hundred  thousand  human  beings  are  enabled  to  dwell  in  comfort  and 
enjoy  the  blessings  of  civil,  religious  and  political  liberty. 

Dr.  Farrar  fell  a  victim  of  the  dreadful  scourge  that  spared  neither 
the  good  nor  the  great,  the  bad  nor  the  lowly,  and  which  carried  woe  and 
desolation  to  so  many  hearts  during  the  awful  visitation  of  our  city  in  the 
summer  of  1849.  He  was  attacked  by  cholera,  but  survived  its  onset,  and 
for  ten  days  we  supposed  him  rapidly  convalescing.  He  walked  about  his 
chamber  and  conversed  with  his  friends  with  more  than  his  usual  gaiety 
on  the  very  afternoon  precedirig  his  death.  About  10  o'clock  p.  m.  he 
complained  of  feeling  cold,  and  called  his  wife's  attention  to  the  circum- 
stance. She  became  alarmed  and  summoned  assistance.  The  fatal  col- 
lapse had  only  been  extraordinarily  deferred.  In  less  than  two  hours  Dr. 
Farrar  was  no  more.  He  died  on  the  1st  day  of  July  and  within  three 
days  of  being  61  years  of  age. 

Had  his  death  occurred  at  any  other  time  than  during  an  unusually 
fatal  epidemic,  when  such  extraordinary  demands  were  made  upon  the 
living,  his  demise  would  have  called  forth  high  funeral  honors.  But 
what  recked  he  of  the  pomp  and  pageantry  of  sorrow!  He  sleeps  quietly 
now  in  his  grave,  and  may  flowers  bloom  about  it  until  the  awakening  an- 
gePs  trumpet  shall  on  the  resurrection  morn  call  him  to  his  reward  in 
Heaven. 

But  little  remains  to  be  added  to  the  foregoing  sketch.  We  note  that 
m  January,  1812,  Dr.  Farrar  was  associated  in  the  drug  and  medicine 
business  with  Joseph  Charless,  Sr.,  of  the  Missouri  Gazette.  This  part- 
nership was  dissolved  May  10,  in  the  same  year.  In  August  (1812)  he 
formed  an  association  in  business  and  practice  with  Dr.  David  B.  Walker, 
who  had  just  come  to  St.  Louis.  Drs.  Farrar  and  Walker  subsequently 
became  brothers-in-law,  their  wives  being  daughters  of  Major  Christy. 
Their  co-partnership  continued  until  dissolved  by  the  death  of  Dr.  Walker, 
Avhich  occurred  after  a  period  of  twelve  years.  *  *****  rpjie 
anecdote  of  Dr.  Farrar's  loss  of  his  Spanish  coin  while  en  route  to  Louis- 
ville is  told  to-  this  day  by  the  older  physicians  of  the  State  with  great 
unction,  the  "pith"  or  "cream"  of  it  laying  in  the  fact  that  the  doctor 
was  on  his  way  to  be  married  in  Louisville  to  his  second  wife,  who  was  Ann 
Clark  Thurston. 

The  files  of  the  "Louisiana  (later  Missouri)  Gazette"  of  this  period 


20  ONE    HUNDRED    TEARS    OF 

furnish  many  interesting  exhibits  to  the  searcher  for  data  of  the  pro- 
fession in  Missouri.     "We  give  place  to  some  examples: 

DR.  FARRAR 

Will  practice  medicine  and  surgery   in  St.   Louis.     His   office  is  in  Mr.   Robi- 
doux's  house,  Second  street.     (May  16,  1809.) 


VACCINATION. 

Dr.  Saugrain  gives  notice  of  the  first  vaccine  matter  brought  to  St.  Louis. 
Indigent  persons  vaccinated  gratuitously.     (May  26.    1809.) 


DR.  J.   M.   READ, 

From  Baltimore,  is  in  the  north  end  of  Mad'e  Dubreuil's  house,  next  to  Maj. 
Penrose's.     (December  21,  1S11.) 


FARRAR   &   CHARLESS, 

Apothecary  shop,  adjoining  the  printing  office,  have  on  hand  genuine  medi- 
cines, and  will  receive  in  the  spring  an  additional  supply  fresh  from  Philadel- 
phia. 

DR.  BERNARD  G.  FARRAR 

Has  opened  a  drug  and  medicine  store  in  St.   Louis.     He  has  for  sale  a  va- 
riety of  spices,  paints  and  stationery.     (June   27,   1812.) 


DR.   SIMPSON 

"Will  practice  medicine  and  surgery  in  town  and  vicinity  of  St.   Louis.     Office 
lately  occupied  by  Fergus  Morehead  in  Manuel  Lisas'  house.     (June  25,   1812.) 


B.  G.  FARRAR  AND  JOSEPH  CHARLESS. 

Dissolved  their  partnership  in  the  drug  business  on  the  10th  day  of  May  last 
by  mutual  consent.     (July  6,  1812.) 

DRS.   FARRAR   AND   WALKER 

Have  entered  into  a  partnership  for  the  practice  of  medicine,  surgery  and 
midwifery.  They  have  opened  a  drug  and  medicine  store  on  Main  street, 
below  Maj.  Christv's  tavern,  adjoining  Dugen's  silversmith  shop.  (August 
?9,  1812.) 

THE  POSTOFFICE 
Is  removed  to  Dr.  Simpson's   drug  store.     (October  1,   1812.) 


DR.   SIMPSON 

Has  removed  his  drug  store  to  the  former  stand  of  Farrar  &  Walker.     (Au- 
gust 28,    1813.) 

DRS.    FARRAR    AND    WALKER 

Have  removed  their  new  medicine  shoo  to  Main  street,   opposite   Rene  Paul's 
new  stone  building.     (September  26,   1815.) 


DRS.  ROBERT  SIMPSON  AND  PRIOR  QUARLES. 

Have  formed  a  connection  in  the  drug  and  medicine  business  at  the  old  stand 
of  Dr.  Simpson.     (October  1.  1815.) 


DR.  PRIOR   QUARLES 

Will  practice  medicine  and  surgery.     His  office  is  opposite  Mr.   Patrick  Lee's, 
Main  street.     (September  2,  1815.) 


MEDICINE   AND    SURGERY.  21 


DR.  ROBERT    SIMPSON 


Is  hard  run  for  cash  to  pay  his  debts,  and  will  sell  a  number  of  notes  and  ac- 
counts on  reasonable  terms,  especially  to  those  interested.     (October  12,   1815.) 


DR.  ED  S.   GANTT 

Offers  his  professional  services  to  the  citizens  of  St.  Louis  and  vicinity  at  the 
house  lately  occupied  by  Mad'e  Lebeau,  South  Main  street.  (November  1, 
1816.) 


DR.  ARTHUR  NELSON'S 
Professional  Card.     (April   24,   1818.) 


DR.  A.   NELSON 
Has  lately  purchased  the  drug  business  of  Simpson  &  Quarles.   (June  18,  1818.) 


DR.  RICHARD   MASON, 
From    Philadelphia,    in   Bosseron's    brick    house.      (February    2,    1820.) 

In  December,  1810,  the  Louisiana  Gazette,  alludes  briefly  to  an  affair 
of  honor  that  took  place  a  few  days  before,  but  elves  no  particulars  of  it 
nor  the  names  of  the  parties. 

Dr.  Eobert  Simpson,  here  at  the  time  and  familiar  with  the  facts, 
long  afterwards  gives  this  account  of  it: 

:<The  first  duel  on  Blood)-  Island  was  in  18J0,  between  Dr.  Farrar 
and  James  A.  Graham.  Farrar  was  the  bearer  of  a  challenge  to  Graham 
(he  does  not  say  from  whom);  Graham  declined  to  accept  it,  on  the  plea 
that  the  challenger  was  not  a  gentleman.  According  to  the  estab- 
lished code  in  such  cases  Farrar  became  the  principal.  Graham  was  se- 
verelv  wounded  and  went  on  crutches  for  about  a  year,  and  died  while 
on  his  way  East." 

Through  the  courtesy  of  the  Missouri  Historical  Society  the  names 
and  addresses  of  nine  physicians  and  one  medical  student  residing  in  St. 
Louis  in  1821  are  given  here: 

LIST  OF  PHYSICIANS  IN  PAXTON'S  DIRECTORY  OF  ST.  LOUIS— 1821. 

Beck,  Lewis  C,  s.  e.  cor.  South  A  and  Church. 

Carter,  Edward  C,  32  Xorth  Main. 

*Farrar,  B.  G.,  68  North  Main,  d.  h.  8  Forth  Church. 

Fenn,  Zeno^  39  Xorth  "Main,  above  Xorth  A. 

*Lane,  William  Carr,  98  South  Main,  d.  h.  127  South  Main. 

Mason,  Bichard,  37  Xorth  Main,  below  B. 

*Merry,  Samuel,  98  South  Main,  n.  w.  cor.  South  D. 

^Walker,  David  Y.,  office  68  ^'orth  Main,  d.  h.  on  the  hill,  opposite  the 
Bastian. 

Williams,  Joseph,  Xorth  B,  above  Main. 

Pendleton,  Joseph,  student  of  medicine,  s.  w.  cor.  Third  and  South  D. 

The  directory  referred  to  in  the  Historical  Society  rooms  is  the  only 
one  of  that  time  known  to  be  in  existence. 


Dr.   Hamilton   Bobinson,   who   vr&s   born  in   Augusta    County,   Vir- 
ginia. January  24,  1782,  came  to  St.  Louis  very  shortly  after  the  transfer 


*Farrar  &  Walker  and  Lane  &  Merry   are   also  given   as   partnerships. 


22  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

of  the  Territory  (Louisiana)  to  the  United  State-,  and  entered  upon  the 
practice  of  his  profession,  in  which  he  continued  for  years,  at  intervals, 

but  did  not  become  a  permanent  resident.  He  died  at  Natchez.  September 
19,  1819. 

Other  early  physicians  of  St.  Louis  wen-  Dr.  Win.  Reynolds,  who  lived 
in  Cahokia.  but  practiced  on  the  Missouri  side  of  the  river  for  some 
years,  dating  from  1810;  Dr.  Wilkinson,  who  arrived  here  in  1811,  and 
Drs.  Read,  Walker.  Simpson  and  Quarles. 

Dr.  Robert  Simpson  was  born  in  Charles  County.  Man-laud,  November 
1,  1785.  He  studied  medicine  in  Philadelphia.  In  3809  he  was  ap- 
pointed an  assistant  surgeon  in  the  United  States  Army  and  ordered  to 
St.  Louis.  He  accompanied  the  troops  that  established  Fort  Madison. 
on  the  Upper  Mississippi,  in  1810,  and  remained  there  one  year,  re- 
turning at  the  end  of  that  period  to  St.  Louis.  In  1812  he  opened  a 
drug  .-tore,  and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed  postmaster  of  the  town. 
In  1823  he  was  appointed  collector,  and  in  1826  was  elected  Sheriff  of 
St.  Louis  County,  serving  two  terms  in  the  latter-named  office. 

From  1840  to  184G  inclusive  Dr.  Simpson  filled  the  office  of  City 
Comptroller.  In  private  business  life  he  was  for  many  years  cashier  of 
the  Boatmen's  Savings  Bank.  Dr.  Simpson  died  May  2.  1873,  in  the  88th 
year  of  his  age. 

Dr.  David  V.  Walker  came  to  St.  Loins  in  August,  1612.  formed  a 
partnership  with  Dr.  B.  G.  Farrar  in  the  practice  of  medicine,  and  con- 
tinued in  this  connection  until  his  death,  which  occurred  April  16,  1824. 

Dr.  Prior  Quarles  came  from  Richmond  County,  Virginia,  in  Septem- 
ber. 1815,  being  the  fifth  American  to  engage  in  the  practice  of  medicine 
in  St.  Louis.     He  died  here  in  October.  1822. 

Dr.  Hermann  Laidley  Hoffman  came  from  Xew  York  State,  arriv- 
ing here  in  the  fall  of  1819,  opened  a  drug  store  and  began  the  practice  of 
medicine.  In  the  "50s  he  moved  out  "of  the  State,  but  returned  to  St.  Louis 
as  a  resident  in  1874.     He  died  November  5,  1878,  at  the  age  of  82. 

Dr.  Edward  S.  Gantt,  a  United  States  Army  surgeon,  practiced  in 
St.  Louis  for  some  year.-  after  the  war  of  1812-15. 

Dr.  Samuel  Merry  became  a  resident  physician  in  1820,  and  in  May 
of  the  following-  year  associated  himself  in  the  practice  of  his  profession 
with  Dr.  W.  Carr  Lane.  In  1829  he  was  appointed  by  President  Andrew 
Jackson  to  the  position  of  "Receiver  of  Public  Moneys  for  the  Land  Dis- 
trict of  St.  Louis,"  and  continued  in  the  office  until  the  end  of  President 
Tan  Bureus  term.  He  resided  for  some  years  in  St.  Louis  County,  and 
subsequently  removed  to  Muscatine.  la.,  where  he  died  at  an  advanced 
age,  about  the  close  of  the  year  1864. 


Dr.  William  Carr  Lane,  first  Mayor  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  and 
elected  nine  times  to  that  office,  was  born  in  Fayette  County,  Pa.,  Dec.  1, 
1789.  In  1802.  when  but  13  years  old,  he  was  sent  to  Jefferson  Col- 
lege, and  remained  in  that  institution  two  years.  Later  he  spent  a  year 
in  the  office  of  his  elder  brother,  who  was  the  prothonotary  of  Fayette 
County.  Here  he  acquired  that  familiarity  with  legal  matters  which 
served  him  greatly  in  later  years.  When  he  attained  majority  he  entered 
Dickinson  College.  Carlisle,  and  graduated  therefrom  after  a  two  years' 
course,  with  high  honors. 

His   father   died   in    1811,   and   his   mother   removed   her   family   to 


WILLIAM  CARR  LANE. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  23 

;"Shelbyville,  Ivy.,  in  the  fall  of  the  same  year.  At  about  this  time  young- 
Lane  commenced  the  study  of  medicine  under  the  direction  of  Dr. 
Collins,  then  a  noted  physician  of  Louisville.  In  1813  he  was  appointed 
post  surgeon  at  Port  Harrison,  sixty  miles  north  of  Yineennes,  on  the 
Wabash  Elver.  He  arrived  there  with  the  Kentucky  Volunteers,  under 
the  command  of  Col.  Russell,  TJ.  S.  A. 

After  the  war  he  spent  the  winter  of  1815-1G  attending  the  medi- 
cal course  of  the  University  in  Philadelphia.  Later  in  1816  he  ob- 
tained an  appointment  in  the  regular  army,  and  served  three  years  as 
post  surgeon,  being  stationed'at  Belief ontaine,  on  the  Upper  Mississippi. 

Dr.  Lane  resigned  from  the  service  in  May,  1819,  and  took  up  his 
permanent  residence  in  St.  Louis  in  the  same  month.  He  was  then  in 
his  30th  year. 

In  April,  1823,  after  the  incorporation  of  St.  Louis,  Dr.  Lane  was 
■■elected  the  first  Mayor  of  the  city,  and  was  annually  re-elected  for  six 
•consecutive  years.  In  1829  he  declined  a  re-election,  as  it  interfered  too 
jnuch  with  his  practice.  But  in  1838  and  1839  he  was  again  induced  to 
.accept  the  office,  and  served  these  two  years,  making  eight  years  in  the 
office  of  Mayor. 

In  1852  President  Fillmore  appointed  him  Territorial  Governor  of 
New  Mexico,  and  he  continued  as  such  until  the  close  of  the  Fillmore 
•administration.  At  other  periods  of  his  career  as  a  Missourian  he  was, 
in  chronological  order,  an  aide-de-camp  to  Gov.  McKair,  Quartermaster- 
General  and  a  member  of  the  House  of  Representatives.  As  a  physician 
he  was  well  and  favorably  known  throughout  Missouri  and  the  "West.  Dr. 
Oarr  Lane  had  a  cousin,  Dr.  Hardage  Lane,  who  practiced  in  St.  Louis  for 
more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century,  and  was  a  remarkably  successful 
physician  of  his  time. 

Dr.  Clayton  Tiffin,  a  brother  of  Edwin  Tiffin,  first  Governor  of 
Ohio,  settled  in  St.  Louis  after  the  war  of  1812,  in  which  he  served  as 
nn  army  surgeon.  He  built  up  the  largest  practice  of  any  physi- 
cian of  his  da}',  and  became  wealthy. 

He  left  Missouri  for  the  West  in  the  '40s.  He  finally  ended  his 
travels  at  Kew  Orleans,  and  died  there  in  1856. 

Dr.  Tiffin  had  a  reputation  for  considerable  skill  as  a  surgeon,  and 
is  said  to  have  performed  the  first  Caesarian  operation  in  the  Mississippi 
Valley. 

Dr.  Arthur  Kelson's  professional  card  appeared  in  the  Gazette 
of  April  24,  1818.  In  June  of  that  year  he  purchased  the  stock  o'f  drugs 
and  medicines  of  Simpson  &  Quarles,  and  continued  the  business  until 
February  19,  1819,  when  he  associated  himself  in  practice  with  Dr.  Hoff- 
man. 

Dr.  Paul  Malo  Gebert,  a  native  of  France,  came  to  St.  Louis  in  1818, 
iind  commenced  practice  in  the  following  year,  attending  chiefly  the 
French  population.     He  died  here  Kovember  2u,  1826,  aged  32  years. 

DrfLewis  C.  Buck  came  to  St.  Louis  in  1819  from  Albany,  K.  Y.,  and 
traveled  about  the  State  for  a  period  of  about  two  years  in  the  interest  of 
a  projected  gaezetteer  of  Missouri  and  Illinois.  He  did  not  become  a  res- 
ident. 

Dr.  Richard  Mason  was  a  resident  of  Philadelphia  prior  to  tve  time 
of  his   arrival  in   St.   Louis,   February,   1820.     His  gentlemanly   manner 


24  ONE    HUNDRED   YEARS    OF 

soon  procured  him  an  extensive  practice,  which,  however,  he  did  not 
live  long  to  enjoy.  He  died  April  11,  1821,  aged  about  forty  years.  Dr. 
Mason  was  the  first  person  to  he  interred  in  the  Masonic  burying  ground, 
purchased  about  that  time  and  located  on  what  is  now  St.  Charles 
street,  Washington  avenue,  Tenth  and  Eleventh  streets.  At  that  period 
this  locality  was  far  out  in  the  country. 

Dr.  Nathaniel  Atwood,  who  died  here  in  March.  I860,  at  the  age  of 
64,  was  horn  in  Xewberryport,  Mass.,  in  November,  1796.  He  came  to 
St.  Louis  from  Philadelphia  in  the  winter  of  1S19-20.  Besides  prac- 
ticing his  profession  he  was  engaged  in  the' drug  business  in  various  lo- 
cations. 

Historical  research  reveals  the  noticeable  fact  that  the  earliest  prac- 
titioners of  medicine  in  St.  Louis  were  not  only  gentlemen  of  superior 
professional  attainments,  but  accomplished  men  of  affairs,  and  not  a 
few  of  these  achieved  local  distinction  in  public  life. 


We  now  come  to  the  second  epoch  in  the  history  of  the  profession  in 
St.  Louis.  A  new  generation  appears  in  the  field,  and  the  number  of 
resident  practitioners  is  much  greater,  to  meet  the  demands  of  the  rap- 
idly increasing  population.  Advanced  ideas  in  the  practice  of  medicine 
and  surgery  are  the  order  of  the  day.  Of  the  personnel  of  the  new- 
comers— we  note  that  while  of  a  necessit}',  few  or  none  of  these  physicians 
were  native  Missourians,  yet  most  of  them  were  of  American  birth  and 
parentage. 

Conspicuous  among  them  were:  Drs.  Stephen  W.  Adreon,  Edwin 
Bathurst  Smith,  Meredith  Martin,  E.  H.  McCabe,  Alexander  Marshall, 
Henry  Van  Studdiford,  Josejm  Nash  McDowell,  John  S.  Moore,  Charles 

A.  Pope,  S.  G.  Moses,  John  Laughton,  J.  B.  Johnson,  George  Johnson, 
J.  J.  Clark,  Charles  W.  Stevens,  Thomas  Barbour,  B.  E.  Edwards,  William 
McPheeters,  William  Johnston,  Simon  Pollak,  Elisha  H.  Gregory.  The 
years  1840-45  brought  a  large  influx  of  professional  men,  and  these  phy- 
sicians made  what  may  be  called  the  "anti-war"  medical  history  of  St. 
Louis. 

Dr.  Meredith  Martin,  president  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  in 
the  years   1840,   1842,   1845,   commenced  the   study   of  medicine  in   Dr. 

B.  G.  Farrar's  office.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  student  of  medi- 
cine west  of  the  Mississippi.  Dr.  E.  II.  McCabe  came  to  St.  Louis  in  183-5 
and  engaged  in  the  practice  of  medicine,  but  he  was  compelled  to  retire 
from  active  professional  work  on  account  of  failing  health.  He  died 
June  4,  1855. 

Many  of  the  physicians  of  this  period  won  more  than  local  renown, 
their  labors  reflecting  credit  upon  their  profession  generally,  as  well  as 
themselves*.  More  extended  sketches  of  the  more  prominent  of  these  ap- 
pear elsewhere  in  this  work. 

Dr.  William  Beaumont,  who  died  in  St.  Louis  April  25,  1853.  in  the 
68th  year  of  his  age,  attained  a  world-wide  fame  as  a  result  of  his  observa- 
tions and  writings  on  gastric  digestion.  Alexis  St.  Martin,  a  Canadian 
boatman,  came  to  Dr.  Beaumont  for  treatment  of  a  gunshot  wound  in 
the  abdomen.  The  wound  healed,  leaving  a  fistulous  opening.  Through 
this  opening  Dr.  Beaumont  was  enabled  to  obtain  samples  of  the  gastric 
juices  and  experiment  thereon.  The  result  of  these  observations  and  ex- 
periments was   a   most  valuable  work  to  the   profession.     It  was  titled 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  25 

"Physiology  of  Digestion  and  Experiments  on  Gastric  Juice,"  and  was 
published  to  the  world  from  Boston  in  1834. 

Dr.  George  Englemann  achieved  celebrity  throughout  this  country 
and  Europe  as  a  botanist.  Drs.  Adolphus  Wislizenus  and  Benjamin  F. 
Sehumard  won  enviable  distinction  as  scientists. 

The  first  free  medical  dispensary  west  of  the  Mississippi  was  or- 
ganized in  1842,  with  Dr.  S.  Gratz  Moses  as  president. 

Dr.  Moses  filled  the  office  of  Health  Commissioner  at  the  time  Hon. 
Luther  M.  Kennett  was  Mayor  of  St.  Louis.  He  assisted  in  organizing 
the  sewer  system  of  the  city  and  many  other  important  sanitary  meas- 
ures are  placed  to  his  credit. 

Dr.  Joseph  X.  McDowell  and  Dr.  Charles  A.  Pope  were  the  re- 
spective founders  of  the  Missouri  Medical  and  the  St.  Louis  Medical,  the 
pioneer  medical  colleges  of  Missouri. 

*  Joseph  Nash  McDowell  Avas  born  in  1805.  He  died  in  St.  Louis 
in  1S68.  He  came  here  in  1810  from  Cincinnati,  where  he  had  been 
associated  in  medical  college  work  with  Drs.  Drake,  Gross  and  other 
surgeons  of  national  prominence.  He  was  a  man  of  great  force  of  char- 
acter, a  iiuent  and  elocpaenc  speaker,  but,  withal,  as  eccentric  as  he  was 
able.  Many  stories  of  his  idiosyncrasies  are  still  current  among  the  older 
of  the  profession  in  St.  Louis.  Some  of  them  are  told  elsewhere  in  this 
history. 

Dr.  McDowell's  first  work  in  St.  Louis  Avas  the  founding  of  what  was 
lat.er  knoAVti  as  the  Missouri  Medical  College.  It  was  first  the  "Medical 
Department  of  Kemper  College"  and  familiarly  called  "McDowell's  Col- 
lege." At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  discovered  an  enthusiastic 
preference  for  the  Southern  side  of  the  dispute,  which  attracted  the  at- 
tention of  the  Federal  authorities  to  himself  and  caused  his  effects  to  be 
confiscated  and  his  college  used  as  a  military  prison.  Several  of  Dr. 
McDowell's  professional  associates  were  arrested,  but  he  escaped  into  the 
Confederate  lines  and  served  as  a  surgeon  and  medical  director  in  the 
Confederate  Army  under  different  commands  at  various  points.  At  the 
close  of  the  Avar  he  returned  to  St.  Louis  and  practiced  medicine  there 
until  his  death.  The  college  Avas  reorganized.  Dr.  MeDoAvell  had  great 
ability  as  a  physician  and  was  a  most  skillful  surgeon. 

Charles  Alexander  Pope  AATas  born  in  Huntsville,  Ala.,  March  15,  1818. 
His  early  education  Avas  had  in  his  native  toAvn.  Later,  but  at  a  very 
earlv  age,  he  graduated  from  the  University  of  Alabama.  He  took  up 
medicine  and  studied  zealously  under  able  tutorage,  and  attended  the 
lectures  of  the  then  celebrated  Dr.  Daniel  Drake  at  the  Cincinnati  Med- 
ical College.  At  the  age  of  21  he  receiA'ed  his  doctor's  degree  from  the 
Universitv  of  Pennsylvania  at  Philadelphia.-  He  then  went  abroad  and 
spent  two" years  at  Paris  in.  the  special  study  of  surgery,  afterwards  vis- 
iting the  great  sc.hools  of  the  Continent  and  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 
He  commenced  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  St.  Louis  in  the  year 
1842,  and  in  1843  became  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  medical  department 
of  St.  Louis  University,  transferring  to  the  Chair  of  Surgery  in  1847. 

Dr.  Pope  married  Caroline,  daughter  of  Col.  John  O'Fallon,  avIio 
built  for  his  son-in-laAv  the  handsome  building  which  was  occupied  as 
the  "St.  Louis  Medical  College."     This  college  was  often  called  Pope's 


*A  detailed  sketch  of  Dr.  McDowell  is.  given  in  a  subsequent  chapter.— Ed. 


26  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

College,  to  distinguish  ir  from  the  Missouri  Medical  or  ••McDowell's."     In 
1854  Dr.  Pope  was  elected  president  of  the  American  Medical  Association. 

In  1865  Dr.  Pope  resigned  all  professional  pursuits  and  interests  and 
spent  several  of  the  following  years,  accompanied  by  his  family,  in  trav- 
eling on  the  European  Continent.  He  came  to  St.  Louis  on  a  visit  in 
- '  !.  and  the  whole  city  accorded  him  a  splendid  welcome.  Shortly 
after  his  return  t<>  Europe  news  came  from  Paris  of  his  sudden. and  un- 
expected death  in  that  city  July  5.  1870. 

Dr.  Pope  was  an  accomplished  and  high-toned  gentleman,  who  re- 
flected credit  upon  his  profession. 

Dr.  Mo.-es  L.  Pallen,  who  came  to  St.  Louis  in  1842.  was  a  suc- 
cessful practitioner  and  a  prominent  contributor  to  the  medical  journals 
of 'his  day.  Dr.  M.  L.  Linton,  a  prominent  physician  of  the  period,  was 
a  member  of  the  Missouri  State  Convention  called  at  the  beginning  of 
the  Civil  War,  and  which  formed  a  provisional  government  of  the  State. 
Dr.  Linton  was  a  philosopher,  poet  and  editor,  as  well  as  physician.  In 
1813  he  founded  the  "St.  Louis  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,"''  the  first 
publication  of  its  kind  to  be  published  in  Missouri.  Dr.  George  Johnson 
was  a  hard  worker  in  his  chosen  profession,  and  rendered,  valuable 
services  to  the  people  of  St.  Louis,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  he  him- 
self was  an  invalid  during  the  greater  portion,  of  his  career. 

One  of  the  results  of  the  devolution  of  1818  was  a  heavy  immigration 
of  Germans  to  this  country.  Large  numbers  of  these  immigrants  settled 
in  St.  Louis,  and  many  of  vhem  achieved  distinction  in  various  walks  of 
life.  Some  left  a  marked  impress  on  the  medical  profession.  One  of 
these,  Dr.  George  Fischer,  was  for  a  number  of  years  one  of  the  most 
prominent  German  physicians  of  the  city. 

Dr.  John  T.  Hodgen,  one  of  the  most  eminent  surgeons  of  the  Civil 
War  period,  did  much  to  enhance  the  reputation  of  the  profession  of 
St.  Louis.  Other  physicians  well  established  in  practice  and  popular 
with  the  public  prior  to  the  Civil  War  were:  Dr.  P.  S.  Holmes,  educator 
.and  medical  writer:  Dr.  Charles  Boi>leniere,  Dr.  F.  Ernst  Baumgarten, 
Dr.  Thomas  0  Reillv.  Dr.  Edward  Montgomery,  Dr.  T.  L.  Papin,  Dr. 
James  C.  Xidelet  and  Dr.  dames  N.  Youngblood. 

David  S.  Booth.  St.,  was  born  in  Philadelphia  June  30,  1828.  His 
father,  Dr.  John  J.  Booth,  wns  born,  educated  and  practiced  medicine  in 
Philadelphia  until  184.5,  when  he  removed  to  Frederiektown.  Mo  .  where 
he  continued  to  practice  until  his  death.  He  rendered  valuable  service 
during  the  cholera  epidemic  of  1849,  having  been  called  to  Chester.  111., 
to  assist  the  local  profession. 

David  S.  Booth  was  attending  High  School  when  his  father  left  Phil- 
adelphia, and  remained  to  finish  his  course. 

After  leaving  school  he  was  bound  by  his  father  as  an  apprentice  to 
the  drug  business  for  three  years,  his  grandmother  Booth  and  Dr.  Hill,  an 
uncle,  being  his  guardians.  During  the  last  year  of  his  apprenticeship  he 
attended  a  partial  course  of  lectures  on  anatomy,  chemistry  and  materia 
medica  in  place  of  those  in  the  college  of  pharmacy.  In  '49  he  cames  West 
and  commenced  the  study  of  medicine  under  his  father.  He  attended  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College  in  1849-50.  He  taught  school  part  of  the  time 
for  two  years.  When  not  teaching  he  pursued  his  studies  under  his  father. 
In  1851  he  married  Miss  Cynthia  Grounds.  In  1852  he  moved  to  Jas- 
j>er  County,  taught  school  one  term  and  commenced  the  practice  of  med- 
icine; removed  to  Xewton  County",  and  at  the  request  of  the  citizens  of 


G.    GRATZ    MOSES. 


MEDICINE   AND    SURGERY. 


27 


McDonald  County  located  at  Enterprise,  remaining  there  until  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Civil  War. 

He  attended  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  in  1858  and  1859,  and  was 
graduated  M.  D.  in  the  spring  of  1859.  In  1861  he  possessed  considerable 
property.  The  Confederate  army  then  occupying  Southwest  Missouri,  he 
was  told  his  services  were  needed  and  was  requested  to  accompany  that 
division  as  a  surgeon,  which  he  did,  knowing  the  result  of  a  refusal.  He 
assisted  in  attending  the  wounded  at  and  after  the  battle  at  Wilson's 
Creek.  After  that  he  returned  home,  leaving  at  once  on  horseback  at 
night,  he  knowing  the  by-roads,  keeping  clear  of  the  Confederate  army. 
He  was  compelled  to  leave  his  family  behind. 

On  arriving  at  St.  Louis  in  September  he  received  such  a  cold  re- 
ception from  a  number  of  his  old  acquaintances  on  account  of  his  loyalty 
to  the  old  flag  that  he  went  on  to  Philadelphia,  He  attended  lectures 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  until  December,  passed  examination 
and  was  commissioned  as  acting  assistant  surgeon  of  the  Mississippi  Ma- 
rine Brigade.  He  served  on  the  Monarch,  Switzerland  and  for  some 
months  had  charge  of  the  floating  smallpox  hospital.  He  was  assigned  to 
duty  as  medical  officer  on  the  Queen  of  the  West  when  it  was  ordered 
to  run  by  Vicksburg.  The  Queen  passed  Yicksburg  on  the  morning  of 
February  2,  1863,  and  was  captured  in  Eed  Eiver  on  the  evening  of  the 
3  4th,  opposite  Fort  Taylor,  and  was  disabled  by  the  guns  of  the  fort,  all 
the  officers  excepting  Dr.  Booth  escaping.  A  boat  was  sent  back  to  take 
Surgeon  Booth  to  a  prize  boat,  but  he  would  not  leave  his  post,  as  part 
of  the  men  on  the  boat  were  scalded  and  needed  attention.  In  a  short 
time  he  was  exchanged  and  sent  to  New  Orleans,  then  to  New  York,  thence 
to  the  navy  yard  at  Philadelphia.  In  August  he  was  ordered  to  New  York 
to  take  charge  of  a  train  load  of  exchange  prisoners  to  St.  Louis,  where 
he  resigned,  and  in  December  of  1863  accepted  a  position  in  the  hos- 
pital at  Springfield.  Shortly  af terwards  he  got  his  family  to  Springfield, 
Laving  been  separated  from  them  over  two  years.  In  July,  1861,  he  re- 
signed and  located  in  Sparta,  111.,  where  he  remained  in  active  practice  un- 
til September,  1889,  when  he  removed  to  Belleville,  111.  Dr.  Booth  was 
an  industrious  student,  an  enthusiast  in  his  profession.  Although  he  paid 
special  attention  to  surgery,  his  studies  were  not  confined  to  that 
branch  of  the  profession.  He  Avas  a  member  and  ex-president  of  the 
Southern  Illinois  Medical  Association,  a  member  and  ex-President  of  the 
Illinois  State  Medical  Society,  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion, the  Mississippi  Yalley  Medical  Association,  the  St.  Louis  Academy  of 
Medicine  and  other  local  societies  and  a  member  of  the  honorary  board  of 
trustees  of  the  Beaumont  Hospital  Medical  College.  Dr.  Booth  died  Sept. 
10,  1892,  at  Belleville,  111.,  leaving  a  widow,  three  daughters  and  one  son, 
Dr.  David  S.  Booth  of  St.  Louis. 

Dr.  Thomas  Barbour  was  a  son  of  Philip  C.  Barbour,  one  of  the 
Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  He  was  a  finely 
educated  man  and  a  graduate  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1830. 

In  1842  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics 
in  the  Medical  Department  of  Kemper  College.  In  1846,  when  the  col- 
lege became  the  Medical  Department  of  the  State  University,  he  was 
elected  to  the  Chair  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children, 
which  he  continued  to  occupy  with  distinguished  ability  till  he  died  in 
June.  1849,  of  Asiatic  cholera. 

The  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  an  association  of  the  physicians  of  the 


ONE   HUNDRED   YEARS   OF 

city  for  the  advancement  of  mutual  ^%^^^^^ 
professional  standard,  was  formed  m  18o(,     lh    3  association 

Association  had  its  inception  m  the  St ^L   »i  s°5ieJs  in  the  eariy  part 
was  formed  and  had  its  inaugural  meeting  in  St.  bom.  m  j 

of  November,  1850.  fl       medical  college  in  the 

Prior  to  the  Civil  War  there  was  tat  »    othe r  meoaeai  c      g  ^ 

eity-the  •■Humboldt.-'     Tim  institution  had  >**  ™^™  othei.  medicai 
exist  during  the  decade  ot  the  war      Si ce the  u .a.  •««         ;      are     iven 

we  very  appropriately •  gn.  plae< fc the  W™M  P  leader  in  the  local 
pen  of  a  member  of  the     Old  bruartt    ot  m  '  t  d    ree  m 

Uy,  whose  proiessiona  career,™ ;  h  .to       Kerne,  i.  ^  ^    S 

itMltAthn;x  rt;»«r^  *•  -™  "^ 


remmisci 


J.  B.   JOHNSON,   M.   D.,   ST.    LOUIS. 


MEDICINE   AND    SURGERY  39 


CHAPTER  II.— THE  OLD  GUARD. 


When  I  came  here  in  1340  I  found  a  very  agreeable  and  pleasant  as- 
sociation among  the  physicians  here.  There  was  quite  a  large  number 
of  practitioners  already  on  the  ground,  but,  of  course,  many  of  those 
whom  I  found  here  at  that  early  year  have  since  passed  away.  There 
was  Dr.  Farrar,  Dr.  Hardage  Lane,  Dr.  Carr  Lane,  Dr.  Merry,  Dr.  Lawton, 
Dr.  Simmons,  Dr.  Campbell  and  others.  All  that  I  have  mentioned  were 
prominent  men  here  at  that  time.  Dr.  Carr  Lane  had  been  Mayor  of  the 
city.  I  think  he  had  been  Mayor  for  some  years  before  I  came  here. 
Then  there  was  Dr.  Simpson.  He  had  also  been  connected  with  the  ad- 
ministration of  local  affairs.  There  Avas  also  Dr.  McCabe,  a  most  excel- 
lent man.  He  was  a  partner  of  Lane's.  Another  Was  Dr.  William 
Beaumont.  He  was  formerly  in  the  army.  Beaumont  made  a  wonderful 
discover}^  if  it  could  be  called  such.  A  French-Canadian  Indian  had  been 
shot  in  the  stomach,  and  his  case  finally  came  under  the  notice  of  Dr. 
Beaumont.  The  wound  had  healed,  leaving  an  opening,  and  through 
this  opening  Beaumont  was  able  to  obtain,  from  time  to  time,  samples 
of  the  gastric  juices,  and  by  observation  and  experiment  note  their  effect  on 
various  foods,  etc.  Dr.  Beaumont  finally  published  the  result  of  these  ob- 
servations in  book  form,  and  this  publication  rapidly  gained  for  the  St. 
Louis  physician  world-wide  fame.  In  fact  there  is  scarcely  a  medical  text- 
book now  in  use  on  either  side  of  the  Atlantic  which  does  not  mention 
Dr.  Beaumont's  discovery.  Beaumont  was  at  the  time  I  speak  of  the 
leading  physician  of  the  city.  He  was  an  excellent  man  and  a  learned 
physician.  Carr  Lane  was  a  very  fine  looking  man.  I  think  he  had 
been  in  the  army.  -  He  was  one  of  the  leading  physicians  here  when  I 
came.  Dr.  Farrar  was  about  retiring  from  professional  work  when  I 
arrived  in  the  city.  He  was  in  poor  health.  He  died  of  the  cholera 
in  1849.  He  left  a  large  number  of  children  and  so  did  the  Lanes. 
Kemper  College  was  in  operation  at  that  time.  It  was  founded  by  the 
friends  of  Bishop  Kemper,  and  its  first  president,  a  man  named  Hudgens, 
was  afterwards  an  Episcopalian  clergyman.  In  1840  it  was  supposed  to 
be  a  prosperous  college.  When  it  was  built  it  was  thought  to  be  a  little 
out  of  the  way.  About  this  time  Dr.  Joseph  Nash  McDowell  became 
a  resident  of  St.  Louis.  He  was  an  eminent  surgeon.  He  was  from 
Kentucky — a  very  ambitious  man — and  he  at  once  formed  a  connection 
with  Kemper  College.  He  sought  a  charter  and  founded  a  school  called 
the  Kemper  Medical  College,  afterwards  known  as  McDowell's  College,  and 
becoming  still  later  the  Missouri  Medical  College.  The  college  was  built 
"on  the  hill"  at  Eighth  and  Gratiot  streets.  After  some  three  or  four 
years  the  Kemper  Medical  College  was  abandoned  and  the  building  sold 
to  Dr.  McDowell,  who  then  obtained  a  charter  from  the  State  Legislature 
for  a  school  to  be  called  the  Medical  Department  of  the  State  University. 
Afterward  a  charter  was  again  obtained  for  the  Missouri  Medical  College. 
Dr.  McDowell  was  a  very  singular  man.       He  was  continually  seeking 


*Reminiscences  of  Dr.   J.   B.   Johnson. 


30  L'-\E    HUNDRED    YEARS   OF 

something  that  he  could  not  attain.  Pie  was  a  talented  man.  and  if  he 
could  have  added  .to  his  talents  the  quality  of  adhesiveness  he  would 
have  succeeded  in  more  things  than  he  did.  As  I  have  said,  his  college 
was  "on  the  hill."  In  it  he  had  quite  an  extensive  anatomical  museum. 
Quite  a  joke  is  told  on  him  in  connection  with  this.  One  morning  a  bundle 
(of  clothing)  was  found  in  front  of  the  college,  and  at  this  time  there 
was  a  woman  (a  German  immigrant)  who  had  disappeared  very  myste- 
riously. So  soon  as  the  news  spread  over  the  town  that  this  bundle  had 
been  found  and  carried  into  the  college  a  great  many  people  "had  their 
suspicions."'  The  papers  added  to  the  excitement  with  sensational  ar- 
ticles, and  later  in  the  day  of  the  finding  of  the  bundle  a  large  crowd  of 
people  assembled  themselves  in  front  of  the  college  and  demanded  that 
they  be  allowed  to  enter  the  college  and  make  a  search.  McDowell  sent 
word  to  me.  requesting  a  conference  at  his  home.  His  residence  was 
about  150  yards  from  the  college.  When  I  came  I  found  him  in  a  state 
of  great  excitement.  He  explained  matters  to  me  and  said:  "Xow,  I 
have  fixed  that  swivel  (pointed  towards  the  college),  and  I  have  two 
bags  of  buckshot  there,  and  I  will  blow  up  every  Dutchman  out  there 
if  they  dare  attempt  to  enter  my  college.  I  have  too  much  to  lose  to 
have  them  go  in  there  and  destroy  things,  as  they  will."  I  advised  Mc- 
Dowell to  reason  with  them:  told  him  to  send  Henry,  the  janitor,  out  to 
tell  them  that  all  the  relatives  of  the  missing  woman  could  come  into 
the  college,  but  not  the  mob.  Henry  vent  out.  and  in  a  short  time  came 
back  with  seven  or  eight  of  the  woman's  relatives,  and  what  they  did  not 
understand  of  our  talk  Henry  interpreted,  as  they  were  all  Germans.  Dur- 
ing the  confab  McDowell  kept  saying  that  he  "would  not  have  that  mob 
of  Dutchmen  tramping  over  his  college,"  and  if  they  attempted  it  he 
would  "blow  them  up/*'  I  told  Henry  to  go  over  to  the  college  with  thes? 
people,  but  gave  him  strict  orders  to  keep  all  others  out.  In  a  little  while 
Henry  came  running  back  and  said  that  he  could  not  keep  out  the  mob; 
they  had  broken  in  and  were  all  over  the  building,  and  he  thought  the 
building  was  gone.  McDowell  was  pacing  up  and  down  the  room  in  a 
fever  of  excitement.  Suddenly  he  stopped,  and  with  appropriate  gesture 
said,  "I  have  it."  Henry,  I'll  tell  you  what  you  do.  You  know  wherf 
that  cinnamon  bear  is  in  the  basement.  You  go  down  there  and  unchain 
that  bear  and  send  him  up  the  stairs.*'  Henry  did  as  he  was  told,  and  I 
don't  believe  I  ever  laughed  so  much  in  my  life  as  I  did  at  those  people 
getting  out  of  the  college.  I  never  saw  such  a  sudden  exodus  of  people 
from  a  building.  They  jumped  out  of  windows  and  e\ery  other  kind  of 
opening,  as  well  as  doors.  There  was  no  further  searching  of  that  build- 
ing for  missing  persons.  McDowell  thought  so  well  of  that  bear  that  he 
allowed  him  to  die  a  natural  death,  and  hod  the  skin  stuffed  and  mounted 
and  placed  in  the  museum. 

There  was  another  incident  of  my  acquaintance  with  this  eccentric- 
man,  the  story  of  which  has  been  told  and  retold  and  handed  down  amonir 
the  local  profession.  One  day  I  happened  to  be  riding  with  him.  We 
were  going  toward  Vide  Pouehe,  or  Carondelet,  as  it  is  called  now,  and  a 
little  farther  down  the  road  ahead  of  us  we  saw  a  woman  come  out  to  the 
road,  and,  putting  her  arm  up  to  her  head,  shade  her  eyes  in  our  direc- 
tion. McDowell  grumblingiy  said:  '-'There  is  a  woman  that  is  going  to 
hail  us  and  detain  us  over  some  trifle  that  it  will  take  her  an  hour  to 
describe."  I  said :  "Let  us  stop  and  see  what  she  wants  at  any  rate."  Well, 
sure  enough,  she  hailed  us,  and  McDowell  stopped  with  "Now,  what  do 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  31 

you  want  to-day?"  The  woman  replied  that  she  wanted  him  to  come  m 
and  look  at  "Susanne's  baby."  She  believed  the  child  was  tongue-tied. 
McDowell  asked  how  old  the  child  was,  and  the  woman  replied:  "She  is 
ten  days  old."  McDowell  said:  'Tt  is  a  female,  is  it?  "Well.  I  will  not 
cut  it.  I  never  cut  female  tongues,  as  they  learn  to  wag  them  early 
enough  anyway.     The  sex  never  needs  that  operation." 

Some  time  afterwards  McDowell  told  me  a  good  story  on  an  old 
physician  here.  He  said  that  he  had  gone  to  call  on  this  old  doctor 
to  get  him  to  go  and  see  a  patient  of  his  and  hold  a  consultation  on 
the  case.  He  was  in  the  room  waiting  for  the  doctor,  when  presently  he 
came  in.  He  was  in  his  shirt  sleeves  and  had  a  dinner  plate  in  his  hand 
and  was  stirring  something  on  it  with  a  case  knife.  This  doctor  was  a 
great  user  of  tobacco,  and  Dr.  McDowell  noticed  that  he  was  chewing. 
Presently  he  saw  him  spit  in  the  plate  and  then  resume  the  stirring.  This 
aroused  his  visitors  curiosity,  and  he  asked  what  he  was  doing.  The  old 
fellow  replied :  "Oh,  I  am  just  making  some  pills  for  a  lady  across 
the  street,  and  as  there  isn't  any  water  handy  1  just  do  this  way  (furnish- 
ing an  illustration).     Oh,  this  tobacco  spit  is  medicinal." 

Dr.  Carr  Lane,  as  I  have  said,  was  a  man  of  very  fine  personal  pres- 
ence, and  he  was  very  prompt  and  efheient  in  his  professional  work.  He 
was  from  Pennsylvania. 

Dr.  Beaumont  was  a  man  much  beloved  by  his  friends,  but  he  was 
a  little  deaf,  which  interfered  with  his  practice,  but  people  -who  liked  him 
employed  his  services  just  the  same. 

Cholera  became  epidemic  in  St.  Louis  in  1849,  and  it  was  something 
frightful.  The  first  we  had  came  from  Xew  Orleans,  we  thought.  I  do 
not  recollect  the  part  of  the  city  in  which  it  first  appeared.  Of  course, 
it  was  most  severe  in  the  more  densely  populated  parts  of  the  city.  You 
will  always  find  such  diseases  more  severe  in  thickly  settled  districts  and 
where  there  is  filth.  "Wherever  the  people  are  crowded  together  it  is  very 
bad,  and  spreads  from  such  points.  This  was  my  first  experience  with 
cholera — the  first  cases  to  come  under  my  observation.  Prior  to  my  ad- 
vent as  a  Missourian  I.  had  been  house  surgeon  in  a  Boston  hospital,  and 
had  never  seen  anything  but  long,  lingring  sicknesses,  and  I  can  assure 
you  that  it  was  something  entirely  new,  a  shocking  sensation,  to  see  them 
dropping  off  every  few  hours.  They  would  be  sick  only  a  short  time  after 
rirst  seizure. 

But  there  was  comedy  as  well  as  tragedy  connected  with  it.  The  fol- 
lowing happened  on  Wash  street,  which  was  densely  populated:  A  mer- 
chant who  owned  a  very  large  liquor  store  in  that  section  was  one  day 
talking  to  me,  when  he  asked  if  brandy  was  not  an  important  item  to 
have  about  in  cholera  cases.  I  told  him  that  it  was,  whereupon  he  said: 
*'T  have  some  passes  here  that  I  will  give  you,  and  if  you  happen  to  be 
called  in  where  there  is  cholera,  and  need,  some  brandy,  you  may  fill 
out  one  of  these  passes  and  I  will  accept  it  as  an  order  for  the  liquor."  I 
took  the  passes  and  told  him  that  I  would  use  them  whenever  I  had  an 
opportunity  to  do  so.  1  was  going  to  the  north  part  of  the  town  the 
same  day,  and  as  I  was  driving  along  a  man  came  running  out  into  the 
street  and  said  he  wanted  me  to  come  in  and  see  his  brother,  whom  he 
thought  was  dying  of  cholera.  I  went  in  and  found  his  brother  in  the 
basement.  The  cot  on  which  he  lay  was  in  the  middle  of  the  floor,  and 
several  members  of  the  family  and  some  friends  were  standing  and  sitting 
around  the  room.     I  went  up  to  the  cot.  looked  at  the  man  and  asked 


32  ONE    HUNDRED   YEARS    OF 

how  long  he  had  been  sick.  They  said  about  two  hours.  I  asked  if 
they  had  done  anything,  and  they  answered  that  a  doctor  had  been 
sent  for,  but  nothing  had  yet  been  done  for  the  patient.  I  saw  that  he 
was  in  a  pretty  bad  way,  and  knew  that  something  must  be  done  very  soon 
for  him.  I  told  them  to  take  dry  mustard  and  rub  him  with  it.  Then 
I  asked  if  they  had  any  brandy  in  the  house,  and  they  said  they  did  not 
have  any.  J  then  filled,  out  one  of  those  blanks,  told  them  to  go  and  get 
the  order  filled  and  then  to  give  a  tablespoonful  every  fifteen  minutes  un- 
til I  returned.  I  expected  to  be  gone  about  three-quarters  of  an  hour. 
When  I  started  to  go  I  told  one  of  the  sick  man's  brothers  that  I  wanted 
him  to  see  that  those  directions  were  carried  cut,  and  he  said  he  would. 
When  we  got  outside  of  the  door  this  brother  said  to  me:  "Well,  doctor, 
what  do  you  think  of  his  chances?"  I  replied  that  I  did  not  think  the 
man  would  be  alive  in  a  half  hour  from  that  time.  I  was  not  gone  more 
than  the  time  I  expected  to  be,  and  when  I  came  back  and  went  into  the 
basement  I  saw  that  it  was  all  over  for  one  cholera  victim.  There  was  a 
white  sheet  thrown  over  him  and  I  knew  that  he  was  gone.  I  said  to  his 
brother:  "Well,  I  see  that  he  is  gone.  How  long  ago  did  he  die?".  He 
replied,  about  fifteen  minutes  ago.  [  then  asked  him  how  much  of  the 
brandy  he  had  given  him,  and  the  man  answered:  "We  did  not  give  him 
a  drop.  We  found  that  it  was  pretty  good  liquor,  and  I  thought  it  not  wise 
to  waste  it  on  a  dying  man,  so  we  drank  it  ourselves."' 

The  first,  case  of  cholera  in  '49  appeared  m  February,  and  along  in 
April  and  May  it  became  very  severe.  Then  we  had  an  interruption.  We 
had  a  great  fire  and  there  was  tremendous  destruction  to  property,  and 
this  seemed  to  hold  the  epidemic  in  check  for  awhile,  but  in  a  short  time 
afterwards  it  again  broke  out  and  seemed  to  ravage  the  whole  city.  We 
had  very  warm  weather  then,  and,  of  course,  the  disease  flourished  more 
on  that  account.  As  the  winter  came  on  the  disease  seemed  to  lessen  its 
grip,  but  it  came  back  again  the  next  year,  and  did  not  die  out  entirely  until 
toward  the  close  of  1850.  It  appeared  again  in  '65  and  "66,  and  I  thought 
for  awhile  we  were  going  to  have  another  siege  of  it,  I  lost  my  son  then. 
He  was  only  8  years  old  when  he  fell  a  victim  to  the  disease.  Such  dis- 
eases are  induced  by  carelessness  in  diet  and  by  filth. 

T  have  heard,  or  rather  seen  by  the  newspapers,  that  smallpox  was 
prevalent  in  some  parts  of  the  State  this  season.  I  noticed  something  from 
Springfield  that  they  have  had  a  great  many  cases  there.  In  October 
(1899)  the  schools  closed  for  two  weeks  on  account  of  it,  and  the  school 
children  had  to  be  vaccinated.  It  was  also  prevalent  in  Kansas  City.  I 
suppose  it  comes  from  the  army.  Such  contagious  diseases  usually  fol- 
low up  an  army.  Home-coming  troops  from  Cuba  and  other  Darts  of 
our  newly  acquired  possessions  have  scattered  the  germs  of  disease  all 
over  the  country.  When  the  cholera  was  here  in  '35  Gen.  Scott  came 
here  with  a  detachment  of  troops  from  Xew  York,  and  the  cholera  fol- 
lowed the  trail  of  his  soldiers.  Wherever  an  army  goes  they  generally 
carry  disease  with  them,  especially  if  they  have  come  from  the  seat  of 
an  epidemic. 

At  the  time  I  came  here  there  was  a  disease  prevalent,  called  con- 
gestive fever.  It  used  to  occur  every  year.  It  was  a  malarial  fever,  but 
very  intense.  Cases  of  this  congestive  fever  almost  always  proved  very 
serious. 

Medical  "isms"  are  no  more  prevalent  in  Missouri  than  in  other 
States,  I  believe.     I  think  that  perhaps  they  are  more  in  evidence  in 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  33 

Chicago  and  Illinois  than  in  St.  Louis  and  Missouri.  Osteopathy,  spir- 
itualism, animal  magnetism,  etc.,  all  tend  towards  quackery,  and  that 
brings  me  to  an  amusing  incident  of  my  professional  career  in  St.  Louis. 
This  happened  many  years  ago.  There  was  a  man  here  who  had  been 
advertising  very  extensively  a  patent  medicine,  a  liniment  for  sprains. 
bruises,  etc.  A  great  many  people  had  tried  it,  and  he  had  gotten  testi- 
monials from  a  number  of  them,  stating  that  they  had  been  healed  of 
'•this  or  that,"  of  years'  standing.  Well,  one  day  I  had  just  come  home, 
.and  had  sent  my  horse  to  the  barn,  when  a  youth  came  along  in  a  great 
hurry,  and  told  me  that  -'the  old  man''7  had  been  hurt  by  a  fall,  and  that 
he  wanted  me  to  go  to  him  immediately,  as  he  was  suffering  intense  pain. 
I  recalled  my  horse  and  we  started  for  the  place.  As  we  neared  the  house 
I  could  hear  the  old  man  groaning.  He  seemed  to  be  in  great  agony. 
When  I  went  into  the  house  he  was  lying  on  the  floor  moaning  and  roll- 
ing about.  On  catching  sight  of  me,  he  said:  "Oh,  doctor,  do  something 
quick,  for  I  am  dying."  I  told  him  that  he  was  not  in  any  immediate 
danger,  as  people  who  are  dying  had  not  the  use  of  their  body  and  voice 
that  he  had.  I  saw  that  it  was  the  old  liniment  doctor.  So  I  thought  now, 
old  fellow,  is  the  time  for  me  to  get  back  at  you.  I  found  that  he  had 
a  very  bad  leg  sprain — in  fact,  at  first  I  thought  there  was  a  rupture  of 
the  ligaments.  Upon  examining  him  I  found  that  he  was  not  hurt  any- 
where  else.  So,  writing  out  a  prescription,  I  handed  it  to  a  little  girl 
avIio  was  standing  in  the  room,  saying:  "Xow,  you  go  and  get  this  filled 
.and  use  it  according  to  directions.'"'  I  had  written  for  his  own  liniment. 
I  then  put  on  my  hat  and  had  started  out.  when  the  old  man  called  me 
back  and  said:  '"Look  here,  no  fooling  now;  what  do  you  mean  by  this? 
You  have  written  for  my  own  liniment.  Aren't  you  going  to  do  any- 
thing more  for  me?"  I  told  him  that  I  was  not;  that  he  had  been  ad- 
.  vertising  that  wonderful  sprain  medicine  for  over  a  year,  and  that  he  had 
many  testimonials  from  people  around  the  country,  stating  that  they 
had  been  healed  of  this  and  that  trouble,  and  that  now  I  was  going  to 
,try  it  on  him,  and  if  it  worked  a  cure  I  would  sign  a  testimonial  myself 
to  the  effect  that  his  liniment  was  all  right.  He  never  spoke  to  me  again 
after  that,  although  we  met  many  times  on  the  street. 

I  had  another  case  of  this  kind.  It  was  that  of  a  man  who  had  been 
advertising  a  tonic,  something  that  would  build  up  the  system  and  give 
renewed  vigor,  etc.  The  proprietor  came  to  me  one  day  and  complained 
of  a  trouble  that  he  had  with  his  stomach.  I  served  him  the  same  way, 
and  he  likewise  never  spoke  to  me  again.  That  is  the  way  I  like  to  get 
back  at  those  "cure-all"  fellows. 

In  the  early  days  of  my  practice  in  Missouri  we  doctors  had  fre- 
quent calls  to  make  professional  visits  in  Illinois  and  out  in  Missouri. 
I  frequently  went  as  far  as  Iowa,  but,  of  course,  these  calls  ceased  later, 
as  the  country  round  about  was  built  up  and  settled.  A  physician's 
chances  are  better  if  he  confines  his  practice  to  the  locality  where  he 
lives.  In  the  early  '40s  there  were  a  great  many  physicians  here,  con- 
sidering the  size  of  the  town,  and  there  was  a  still  greater  influx  later  in 
that  decade.  At  the  time  I  speak  of  I  think  there  were  some  95  practi- 
tioners here,  and  they  were  all  regulars — at  least  those  that  I  knew 
were.  They  were  from  different  parts  of  the  country.  As  in  all  newly- 
settled  localities  men  came  and  went,  seeking  places  favorable  to  their 
business  or  profession. 

I   came  here   from   Massachusetts.     I   had  my  medical   training   at 


34  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

Cambridge  and  at  a  medical  college  in  Boston.  There  were  no  railroads  in 
this  part  of  the  country  at  that  time.  In  fact,  the  only  piece  of  railroad 
I  traveled  over  while  en  route  to  Missouri  was  a  line  extending  from  Phil- 
adelphia to  a  station  known  as  Relay  House.  From  there  1  took  the  stage 
to  Wheeling,  thence  by  steamer  to  Louisville,  changing  to  another  steam- 
er at  that  point,  which  brought  me  to  St.  Louis.  I  was  ten  days  in 
coming.  That  was  thought  a  very  quick  trip  at  the  time.  There  were 
a  great  many  sandbars  in  the  river  then,  and  they  had  to  throw  the  lead- 
all  the  way. 

By  the  way,  that  chair  you  are  sitting  in  once  belonged  to  Martin 
Van  Buren,  a  President  of  the  United  States.  When  I  was  on  my  way 
out  here  I  planned  to  buy  some  furniture  in  Xew  York,  as  I  knew  I 
could  get  it  much  cheaper  there  than  1  could  possibly  in  St.  Louis.  I  en- 
tered the  first  furniture  store  I  came  to  in  Xew  York,  and  as  I  went 
in  there  was  a  gentleman  seated  in  a  chair  by  the  door.  I  noticed  that 
it  was  a  very  nice  chair.  It  was  the  time  when  those  revolving  chairs 
first  came  into  use,  and  this  was  one  of  them.  The  chair  struck  me  as  a 
grand  piece  of  furniture,  and  I  said  to  the  proprietor  of  the  store:  "I 
like  that  chair  very  much;  wonder  if  I  could  get  one  like  it?"  The  gen- 
tleman who  was  sitting  in  the  chair  got  up  and  said:  '"You  can  buy  this, 
one  if  you  wish  to."  The  gentleman's  face  was  familiar,  but  I  could  not 
just  place  him.  I  sat  down  in  the  chair,  remarked  that  it  pleased  me, 
and  asked  the  gentleman  how  much  it  was  worth.  He  said  $15.  I  pur- 
chased it  and  have  had  it  ever  since,  1840.  The  gentleman  was  ex-Presi- 
dent Van  Buren.  The  chair  had  been  made  for  him,  but  it  was  made 
too  small  and  he  could  not  use  it. 

I  do  not  remember  the  date  of  Dickens'  visit  to  St.  Louis,  but  I  do  re- 
member that  I  was  delegated  as  one  of  the  reception  committee  on  that 
pccasion.  And  I  also  remember  a  very  good  story  in  connection  with 
Dickens'  visit.  A  part  of  the  great  novelist's  entertainment  here  consisted 
of  a  ride  to  what  was  then  known  as  Looking  Glass  Prairie,  on  the  farther 
edge  of  which  was  a  little  inn.  They  were  to  start  after  breakfast,  taking 
carriages.  One  of  the  members  of  the  committee  was  to  get  out,  upon 
arrival  at  the  inn,  and  make  arrangements  for  Dickens  arid  the  party. 
This  committeeman  was  of  a  very  nervous  temperament,  and  to  have  a 
duty  of  this  kind  excited  him  very  much.  While  Mr.  Committeeman  was 
giving  orders  to  the  landlord  and  the  other  carriages  were  arriving,  an  old 
man,  a  worthless  sort  of  a  fellow,  as  well  as  a  toper,  came  upon  the 
steps  of  the  inn  and  began  talking  in  a  loud  tone.  Mr.  Committeeman 
cautioned  him  to  be  quiet,  as  a  party  of  distinguished  gentlemen  was  ar- 
riving. But  the  old  man  wouldn't  "quiet.*'  Mr.  Committeeman,  in  his 
excitement  forgetting  Dickens'  name,  said:  "It's  Boz  is  coming.  (Dickens 
was  just  th^n  alighting  from  his  carriage.)  The  old  toper  shouted:. 
"Who's  Boz?  Damn  Boz!''  Tableau.  Oar  little-  committeeman  was 
so  wrought  up  over  the  incident  that  another  member  of  the  committee 
had  to  be  assigned  to  his  duties.  A  reception  was  tendered  Mr.  Dickens  at 
the  Planters'  Hotel.  The  parlors  of  the  old  hotel  were  very  small,  and 
so  as  to  accommodate  all  and  avoid  a  rush  the  committee  issued  tickets. 
Dickens  was  standing  in  the  parlor,  surrounded  by  friends  and  citizens,, 
when  of  a  sudden  a  man  came  rushing  up  the  stairway.  A  committeeman 
in  charge  of  the  door  told  the  man  that  he  could  go  no  further  just 
then,  but  must  await  his  turn.  Attempting  to  still  further  explain.  Mr. 
Man-in-a-hurry  interrupted  with:  "Don't  tell  me  I  can't  go  in.     I  bought 


•       MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  35 

my  ticket,  paid  50  cents  for  it.  There  it  is  (holding  it  high  ahove  his 
head)  and  I  am  going  to  see  him."  But  after  further  reasoning  he  finally 
decided  to  wait  awhile.  He  seemed  to  think  it  was  some  kind  of  a  side- 
show. 

I  remember  that  I  was  also  on  the  reception  committee  appointed  to 
receive  ex-President  Van  Buren,  who  toured  the  country  after  retiring 
from  office.  He  was  received  at  the  Planters'  Hotel  after  a  great  parade 
in  his  honor.  A  Judge  Bowman  was  to  make  the  welcoming  speech  from 
the  steps  of  the  hotel.  A  brother  lawyer  was  to  stand  near  him  and 
prompt  the  Judge  if  he  omitted  anything  of  importance  in  his  speech. 
The  parade  arrived  at  the  hotel,  and  Mr.  Van  Buren  stood  up  in  his  car- 
riage to  listen  to  the  speech  of  welcome.  It  was  a  very  hot  day;  the  sun 
was  just  scorching,  and  one  of  the  committeemen  stood  up  in  the  car- 
riage and  held  an  umbrella  over  the  ex-President.  Judge  Bowman  had 
■'waxed  eloquent"  and  was  about  to  bring  his  speech  to  a  fitting  close, 
when  his  prompter  pulled  at  the  skirt  of  his  coat  and  whispered:  "Touch 
him  up  on  the  retiracy."  Whereupon  the  Judge  drew  himself  up  and, 
dwelling  with  the  emphasis  then  peculiar  to  the  West,  in  the  pronuncia- 
tion of  the  affirmative,  said:  "Yes,  sir;  yes,  sir!  And  after  having  fid- 
filled  the  duties  of  the  Chief  Magistrate  of  this  nation  so  acceptably, 
sir,  you  retired  with  the  unanimous  approbation  of  yoirr  fellow  country- 
men." I  had  often  heard  of  the  great  control  which  Van  Buren  had  over 
his  facial  muscles,  and  I  watched  closely  to  see  what  effect,  if  any,  this 
bull  of  the  Judge's  would  have.  But  not  a  muscle  moved,  not  a  nerve 
twitched.  Mr.  Van  Buren  retained  completely  his  suave,  polite,  well- 
mannered  expression  which  he  had  carried  all  through  the  ceremony. 

Lafayette,  Webster  and  other  notables  also  visited  St.  Louis.  Web- 
ster's address  to  the  teachers  and  the  boys  of  the  Jesuit  school  was  a 
beautiful  one.  At  that  time  St.  Louis  was  the  largest  town  in  the  Miss- 
issippi Valley,  as  it  is  now. 

In  1844  I  visited  my  old  home  in  Massachusetts,  and  when  I  returned  I 
came  by  the  lakes.  When  Ave  came  to  the  point  where  Chicago  is  now 
situated,  I  thought  it  one  of  the  most  uninviting  places  I  had  ever  seen. 
I  wondered  that  the  steamers  stopped  there.  When  I  first  came  to  St. 
Louis  it  seemed  to  me  simply  terrible  to  drink  the  river  water — in  fact,  it 
was  some  time  before  I  could  get  used  to  it.  I  would  often  say  that  if  I 
ever  got  back  home  the  first  thing  I  would  do  would  be  to  go  out  to  the  old 
well  and  get  a  fresh  drink  of  that  fine  old  water.  Well,  I  went  back,  and 
that  Avas  about  the  first  thing  I  did  do.  But  I  Avas  disappointed.  It  did 
not  taste  as  it  did  before  I  took  up  my  residence  in  the  West.  When  I 
was  used  to  it  I  had  never  noticed  its  peculiarly  brackish  taste,  but  now, 
after  drinking  the  river  Avater,  it  Avas  very  noticeable.  I  took  just  one 
drink  from  that  old  well,  and  during  the  remainder  of  my  visit  carefully 
avoided  it,  Oh,  Iioav  good  the  water  did  taste  Avhen  I  got  back  to  St. 
Louis !     Yes,  I  think  running  water  is  the  best. 

I  remember  Dr.  Joseph  Clark  and  Dr.  Frank  Knox.  Clark  was  a 
fine  man.  He  died  in  1869.  And  there  Avas  a  Dr.  Johnson,  at  one  time 
a  partner  of  Beaumont's.  He  died  in  '63  or  '64.  Knox  was  three  or 
four  years  older  than  I.     He  went  from  here  to  California. 

I  have  been  here  in  Missouri  sixty  years — two  generations.  I  think 
we  understand  the  way  of  proper  living  better  than  we  did  years  ago. 
People  are  getting  more  temperate  in  their  habits.  Still,  there  is  a  great 
deal  of  intemperance,  both  in  eating  and  drinking. 


3G  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF      • 

I  remember  when  I  was  a  lad  it  was  quite  a  eommo  1  occurrence  if  a 
jinan  was  passing  his  house  at  about  11  o'clock  in  the  morning  to  go  in 
and  have  a  drink,  inviting  any  friend  that  might  be  with  him.  Four 
o'clock  was  also  a  fashionable  hour  for  a  home  toddy. 

1  was  talking  to  a  man  the  other  day.  and  I  asked  him  about  an  old 
man  by  the  name  of  Jack  Crow,  who  used  to  go  around  sawing  wood  and 
doing  odd  jobs.  He  was  a  well-known  character  hereabouts  and  was 
known  to  always  have  his  bottle  of  liquor.  The  boys  of  the  town  took 
great  delight  in  hiding  it  from  him  whenever  a  chance  offered.  Crow  was 
an  old  miser.  I  am  told  that  when  lie  died  he  had  four  barrels  of  New 
England  rum  in  his  cellar,  and  it  was  disposed  of  at  $4  per  gallon.  It 
takes  pretty  old  rum  -to  sell  for  that.  Crow  lived  to  be  90  years  old,  and 
it  was  said  that  he  drank  a  pint  of  New  England  rum  every  clay,  adding  a 
fresh  barrel  to  his  cellar  whenever  one  of  the  old  ones  became  empty. 
I  do  not  know  that  there  is  any  particular  point  made  in  this  story,  either 
for  or  against  the  use  of  liquor. 

Although  I  still  see  some  of  my  friends  in  a  professional  way  at  my 
office,  I  may  be  considered  as  retiring  from  active  practice.  I  have 
ceased  visiting  patients,  either  by  night  or  day.  ISTot  that  I  do  not  feel 
able  to  make  my  rounds  as  of  old,  but  I  feel  that  it  is  time  for  me  to 
help  make  way  for  the  younger  generation  of  physicians  who  are  anxious 
to  "make  a  name"  for  themselves  and  acquire  a  comfortable  share  of  this 
world's  o-oods. 


II.* 

I  am  a  native  of  Kentucky.  I  came  here  in  the  year  184-8.  Among 
the  physicians  who  were  here  when  I  arrived  were  McDowell,  Linton,  Pope, 
Johnson,  McPheeters,  Pollak,  Boisleniere,  Papin,  Waters,  Hodgen,  E.  F. 
Smith  and  Allevne.     These  I  remember  well. 

I  was  here  during  the  first  cholera  epidemic.  The  City  Hospital, 
which  was  burned  about  that  rime,  was  in  charge  of  Dr.  Banister.  Its 
location  was  the  same  that  it  had  up  to  the  time  of  the  cyclone  of  '96. 
The  Sisters'  Hospital — the  Mullanphy  Hospital— was  in  existence  and 
had  been  for  a  number  of  years.  The  city  patients  were  accommodated 
there  until  the  time  the  City  Hospital  was  built.  The  Mullanphy  Hos- 
pital was  then  used  as  the  Insane  Asylum  also. 

The  cholera  of  '49  was  more  severe  here  than  in  other  then  so-called 
Western  cities.  Late  in  the  fall  of  '48  the  first  cases  were  brought  to  St. 
Louis  on  the  steamboats  from  the  South,  from  New  Orleans,  I  think.  The 
disease  prevailed  throughout  the  winter,  not  as  an  epidemic,  but  in  spo- 
radic form.'  It  had  become  distinctly  epidemic  before  the  great  fire,  which 
occurred.  I  think,  in  May,  1849.  I  said  epidemic.  It  was  then  prevailing 
to  an  alarming  extent.  The  fire  seemed  to  hold  the  disease  in  abeyance 
for  a  time,  but  it  soon  ravaged  the  city  Avith  redoubled  intensity.  The 
cholera  receded  in  the  winter,  but  appeared  again  in  '50  and  '51,  but  it 
was  not  nearly  so  bad  in  later  years  as  in  the  frightful  year  of  '49.  Of 
course  there  are  a  great  many  people  who  recovered,  but  it  was  a  common 
thing  for  victims  to  succumb  within  24  hours  of  the  first  seizure.  There 
were"  between  10,000  and  15,000  people  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis  who  had 


*Reminiseences  of  Dr.  Elisha  H.  Gregory. 


ELISHA  H.  GREGORY,  M.  D.,  ST.  LOUIS, 
Ex-President  Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  1883 


MEDICINE   AND    SURGERY.  37 

the  disease  in  more  or  less  severe  form.  There  were  nearly  7,000  deaths 
in  a  population  assumed  to  he  60,000.  All  conditions  favored  the  advent 
of  the  disease.  There  was  really  nothing  known  about  prevention.  jSTo  in- 
telligent preventive  effort  was  made,  except  in  a  domestic  way.  There 
were  bonfires  and  things  lite  that  that  were  thought  to  help,  but  no  in- 
telligent effort.  Xo  boiling  of  the  water.  That  idea  never  occurred  to  any 
one  then.  I  think  that  if  the  water  had  been  boiled  everywhere  the 
cholera  would  not  have  become  epidemic.  Certain  kinds  of  food,  which 
were  at  that  time  assumed  to  be  poisonous,  were  excluded  from  the  diet.  All 
green  vegetables,  such  as  cucumbers,  cabbages,  etc.,  were  considered 
deadlv  in  cholera  conditions.  But  I  think  there  was  nothing  gained  by  the 
restrictions  placed  on  vegetable  diet.  If  we  had  simply  taken  the  pre- 
cautions I  have  referred  to  in  regard  to  the .  drinking  water  the  epi- 
demic would  have  at  once  been  checked  or  prevented.  We  drank  the  water 
from  outdoor  hydrants.  There  were  very  few  water  pipes  in  the  houses. 
We  had  no  filters,  no  piping  for  closets.  There  was  no  such  thing  as  a 
sewer  in  the  city.  The  first  ground  broken  for  a  sewer  in  St.  Louis  was 
some  time  after  the  cholera  had  subsided.  St.  Louis  was  nothing  but  a 
village  at  that  time,  and  we  bad  only  the  public  works  appliances  that 
the  smaller  towns  of  the  State  have  now.  The  first  sewer  was  the  Mill 
Creek  sewer.     I  think  that  must  have  been  begun  about  1850. 

The  city  grew  rapidly  between  1850  and  1860.  It  grew  until  the 
war  commenced  in  '61,  and  then  there  was  a  stoppage  to  all  progress  for 
at  least  five  years.  The  Missouri  State  Medical  Association  ceased  its 
meetings  for  a  number  of  years — I  do  not  remember  just  how  many.  The 
St.  Louis  Medical  Society  did  not  suspend,  but,  of  course,  when  the  po- 
sition which  St.  Louis  and  Missouri  occupied  in  the  Civil  War  is  considered, 
of  a  necessity  very  little  interest  was  shown  in  society  work. 

When  f  came  here  Drs.  McDowell  and  Pope  were  the  leading  sur- 
geons— they  were  really  the  only  surgeons  of  any  note.  There  were  no 
oculists  here  at  that  time.  Physicians  had  not  as  yet  taken  up  special- 
ties. There  was  a  doctor  here  by  the  name  of  Vansant,  who  treated  the 
eye  in  common  with  the  practice  of  general  medicine,  but  there  was  no 
specialists  in  Missouri  until  for  a  number  of  years  afterwards.  Dr.  Pollak 
was  <me  of  the  first  surgeons  to  come  here  of  any  scientific  profession.  At 
a  little  later  period  came  Dr.  Dickinson,  and  still  later  Dr.  Green.  Both 
of  these  latter  named  gentlemen  made  some  pretensions  as  scientists.  Dr. 
Hodo-en  was  then  a  young  surgeon.  He  had  been  appointed  one  of  the 
surgeons  of  the"  Government  hospital.  This,  the  Marine  Hospital,  was 
built  after  I  came  here.  Dr.  J.  B.  Johnson  was  one  of  the  first  surgeons 
to  be  employed  there.  J.  B.  Johnson  was  nicknamed  "Elegant  Johnson/' 
later  called  affectionately  "■'Old  Elegance"  by  medical  students  who  sat 
under  his  instructions.  In  contradistinction  to  Dr.  George  Johnson,  who, 
on  account  of  small  stature  and  other  peculiarities,  was  dubbed  "Monkey" 
Johnson.  However,  Dr.  George  Johnson  was  a  polished  gentleman  and  a 
brilliant,  learned  physician.  Dr.  Beaumont,  a  very  distinguished  citizen 
and  physician,  was  here  at  that  time  (the  decade  of  1850-60).  He  wrote 
one  of  the  best  works  on  digestion,  and  it  is  still  one  of  the  best  medical 
works  printed  in  the  English  language,  or  in  fact  any  language. 

There  was  no  striking  changes  on  the  face  of  surgery  until  the  time 
of  Pasteur  in  the  '60s.  Dr.  Lister,  a  scientinc  professor,  first  applied  the 
principles  of  Pasteur  in  surgery.  Since  the  time  of  Lister  the  face  of 
surgery  has  been  so  changed  that  the  early  practitioner  hardly  recognizes 


38  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

it.  There  was  a  Dr.  Waters,  prominent  in  St.  Louis,  who  attracted  atten- 
tion by  an  original  thought  in  "physiology."  Dr.  Waters  lived,  before 
coming  here,  in  St.  Charles,  but  after  writing  some  extraordinary  medical 
articles  which  attracted  considerable  attention,  he  removed  to  St.  Louis 
and  became  a  teacher  in  a  St.  Lonis  medical  college  and  acted  in  that  ca- 
pacity up  to  the  time  of  the  war.  He  died  very  young,  just  at  the  be- 
ginning of  a  career  of  great  promise,  not  long  after  the  war.  The  num- 
ber of  physicians  in  St.  Louis  has  only  increased  proportionately  with  the 
population  until  within  the  last  ten  years.  In  the  decade  just  passed  I 
think  the  increase  has  been  disproportionate.  When  I  came  here  there 
were  only  two  medical  colleges,  the  Missouri  and  the  medical  department  of 
the  St.  Louis  university.  These  colleges  were  perhaps  better  known  re- 
spectively as  the  McDowell  and  the  Pope. 

The  Drs...Johnson — ^eorge  and  J.  B. — were  very  intelligent  men,  who 
had  high  standing  in  the  Missouri  profession.  George  Johnson  was  a  re- 
markably small  man.  Lie  barely  escaped  being  a  dwarf.  Missourians  still 
know  Dr.  John  B.  Johnson  as  a  tall  man,  but  of  proportionate  build,  of 
fine  commanding  presence. 

Yes,  the  war  very  materially  increased  my  practice  and  that  of  my 
brother  physicians,  and  this  increase  certainly  applied  to  general  surgical 
practice.  The  Sisters'  Hospital,  Avhere  T  was  the  surgeon,  was  crowded 
during  the  war.     There  were  many  medical   as  well  as  surgical   cases. 

My  knowledge  of  Missouri  physicians  located  outside  of  St.  Louis  is 
limited  to  those  who  were  educated  in  the  college  where  I  have  officiated 
and  those  with  whom  I  have  been  brought  in  contact  by  consultation.  I 
first  studied  medicine  in  Boonville,  Mo.  Dr.  Thomas  and  Dr.  Hart  were 
the  leading  physicians  there  at  that  tune.  A  Dr.  Eobinson  was  the  lead- 
ing physician  in  Springfield  in  those  days.  I  have  been  in  Carthage  a 
number  of  times.  Dr.  Matthews  was  a  prominent  physician  there.  He 
is  now  practicing  in  Joplin.  One  of  the  earlier  physicians  of  the  locality  I 
have  just  mentioned  was  a  Dr.  Griffith,  who  attracted  considerable  at- 
tention. Then  there  was  a  Dr.  Duncan,  father  of  the  dermatologist  of  this 
city,  who  Avas  a  leading  physician  in  Carthage.  There  was  in  those  days  a 
very  eminent  sur/geon  by  the  name  of  Joseph  Wood.  He  lived  in  a  village 
now  included  in  Kansas  City,  and  was  a  pioneer  in  surgery  in  Missouri. 
Dr.  Wood  lived  until  ten  or  twelve  years  ago,  being  always  a  leading  sur- 
geon up  to  the  time  of  his  death.  Kansas  City  did  not  exist  in  the  days 
1  am  speaking  of.  There  was  a  little  place  called  West  Point,  which  is 
now  included  in  Kansas  City.  Independence,  now  almost  a  suburb  of 
Kansas  City,  had  an  existence  many  years  before  the  great  city  which  now 
overshadows  it.  Independence  has  a  prominent  place  in  early  Missouri 
history.  It  Avas  then  the  only  town  of  any  consequence  in  its  locality.  Dr. 
Hawkensmitli  attracted  considerable  attention  through  this  place. 

There  Avas  no  city  of  any  consequence  Avest  of  St.  Louis.  Strides  of 
progress  in  later  years  of  the  territory  Avest  of  the  Mississippi  are  typified 
in  the  rise  and  progress  of  Chicago.  The  developments  of  the  far  West 
have  been  quite  as  extraordinary  as  anything  in  the  history  of  this  country. 
There  Avas  formerly  no  "California,''  only  a  Spanish  settlement.  JSTot 
until  '49  Avas  there  any  awakening  in  California. 

When  I  came  to  St.  Louis  the  mail  Avas  carried  to  places  Avest  of  this 
point  by  what  were  known  as  "mail  boys."  They  traveled  horseback.  I 
recollect  the  first  railroad  built  in  this  section.  The  first  track  that  was 
used  reached  from  here  to  a  little  toAvn  a  few  miles  northwest.     I  cannot 


<$*      4»N 


./ 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  39 

now  recall  the  name  of  the  place.  Prior  to  the  advent  of  this  railroad  peo- 
ple hereabouts  had  never  seen  a  locomotive.  My  father  took  the  first 
piano  brought  to  Boonville.  He  purchased  the  instrument  in  St.  Louis. 
This  was  the  first  piano  brought  to  that  part  of  the  State,  and  people 
■came  from  far  and  near  to  see  the  piano  and  hear  my  sister  play  upon  it. 
My  sister  taught  music  in  Boonville  in  1833. 

Hannibal  is  a  very  old  town  and  was  considered  old  fifty  years  ago. 
There  Avas  formerly  a  newspaper  published  at  Hannibal,  "which  was  probably 
the  most  popular  newspaper  in  the  State  at  that  time.  Of  course,  all 
Missourians,  at  least,  know  that  Hannibal  was  "Mark  Twain's"  old  home. 

Fayette  was  a  very  prominent  town  in  the  early  days.  It  was  the  seat 
•of  Howard  County.  They  had  a  race  track  there  that  attracted  general 
attention.  It  attracted  people  from  far  and  near.  People  from  the  far 
West  would  bring  their  fine  horses  here  for  racing,  etc. 

The  pride  of  raising  fine  blooded  horses  at  that  time  was  a  great  thing. 
People  living  in  Kentucky  heard  more  of  Fayette  than  they  did  of  St. 
Louis.  In  1830  Fayette  was  a  more  prominent  town  than  St.  Louis,  much 
■more  than  it  is  to-day.  Howard  is  one  of  the  best  counties  in  Mis- 
souri. 

Old  Franklin  was  another  prominent  town,  a  much  older  place  than 
Boonville.  It  got  its  name  of  "Old"  Franklin  to  distinguish  it  from  a 
new  town  started  opposite  Boonville  and  called  "jSTew"  Franklin.  By 
reason  of  one  of  those  sudden  changes  in  the  erratic  course  of  the  Mis- 
souri Eiver,  Old  Franklin  disappeared  from  the  face  of  the  visible  earth. 
This  was  some  time  before  1810.  I  recollect  that  a  railroad  was  projected, 
to  be  built  between  Old  Franklin  and  New  Franklin.  Lottery  tickets 
were  sold  for  many  years  for  the  purpose  of  budding  this  railroad.  But 
it  was  never  built.  Sedalia  was  not  then  in  existence.  Georgetown  was 
the  seat  of  Pettis  County,  and  corresponded  with  the  present  Sedalia. 
There  was  hardly  any  town  west  of  Jefferson  City  until  you  got  to 
Boonville. 

Bleeding  was  popular  until  1850 — so  popular  that  few  people  who  had 
a  fever  escaped  a  bleeding.  It  was  practiced  until  long  after  1850,  but 
was  not  so  popular  in  the  latter  years.  In  those  days  men  thought  they 
could  cure  a  fever  by  medication.  They  had  not  learned  the  use  of  qui- 
nine as  it  is  used  to-day.  Quinine  was  used  to  prevent  a  fever,  but  not 
to  effect  a  cure.  It  was  used  in  what  was  known  as  intermittent  fever, 
but  for  use  in  a  continued  fever  they  thought  little  of  it.  Calomel  was 
the  main  drug.  Few  sick  people  escaped  a  salivation.  The  doctors  thought 
they  could  cure  a  fever  by  the  use  of  the  lancet.  They  thought  it  acted 
as  a  clamper  to  the  fever.  The  lancet  was  used  all  over  the  country  by 
physicians  and  the  intelligent  laity,  and  nearlv  every  intelligent  farmer 
could  extract  teeth. 

The  first  man  in  the  State  that  I  have  any  knowledge  of  to  begin  the 
use  of  quinine  as  a  cure  for  fever  was  Dr.  Sappington,  who  lived  in  the 
interior  of  the  State  at  a  place  called  Arrow  Kock.  Sappington  was  as- 
sociated with  Dr.  Penn,  and  was  a  leading  physician  in  Missouri  many  years 
ago.  He  believed  that  quinine  was  a  cure  for  intermittent  and  remittent 
fever.  I  do  not  think  there  was  any  typhoid  fever  in  Missouri  until  1815. 
Dr.  Sappington  came  very  early  to  believe  that  quinine  could  be  used 
to  cure  the  fevers  of  that  period.  He  was  so  popular  a  physician  that 
after  he  had  retired  from  practice  people  would  come  to  him  and  ask  for 
"some  of  that  medicine  he  used  to  give  in  fevers."     So  great  became  the 


40  ONE    HUNDRED  YEARS    OF 

demand  that  he  decided  to  make  up  a  lot  of  this  medicine,  and  later  did 
start  men  out,  carrying  it  through  the  country,  for  sale  to  families.  Its 
composition  Avas  quinine  and  gum  myrrh,  scented  with  oil  of  sassafras.  I 
rememher  that  one  time  he  bought  $10,000  worth  of  quinine  when  it  was 
worth  $5  an  ounce.  He  made  this  up  into  "Sappington's  Pills,"  as  that 
was  the  name  he  gave  the  fever  medicine.  Although  quite  a  wealthy 
man  when  he  commenced  these  operations,  he  amassed  a  still  farther  large 
fortune  from  the  sale  of  his  medicine.  1  have  seen  quinine  sell  for  as 
high  as  $10  an  ounce,  and  prior  to  1870  it  sold  for  $5  an  ounce.  "Sap- 
pington's Pills*'  were  sold  all  over  the  country.  The  directions  for  use  in 
fever  cases  were  to  give  one  pill  every  two  hours,  and  the  patient  was 
generally  convalescent  in  eight  days.  When  just  young  enough  to  take 
an  interest  in  talking,  and  incidentally  tell  all  I  knew,  I  one  day  met 
Dr.  Sappington  and  traveled  with  him  in  a  stage  coach  for  some  distance. 
I  remember  that  I  was  especially  loquacious,  and  "aired  my  views"  as 
usual,  and  that  the  doctor  was  a  polite  listener.  When  we  parted  he  said 
to  me,  in  a  kind,  fatherly  way:  "When  I  meet  you  again  you  will  have 
changed  your  mind  about  many  things."  And  so  I  did.  I  have  never 
forgotten  that.  Dr.  Sappington  was  a  man  of  extraordinarily  strong 
character.  As  my  memory  serves  me  he  must  have  been  living  in  Missouri 
from  at  least  1820,  and  when  I  met  him  it  was  in  "13.  He  was  a  very  old 
man  then,  and  he  had  not  been  in  active  practice  for  ten  years.  He 
had  amassed  a  large  fortune.  The  profession  did  not  call  him  an  "irreg- 
ular" on  account  of  the  sale  of  his  medicine,  and  I  know  that  his  inten- 
tions were  all  right.  But  so  many  people  came  to  him  and  applied  for 
a  supply  of  the  medicine  that  it  occurred  to  him  that  it  would  be  ad- 
vantageous to  them  to  manufacture  a  supply  for  family  use.  He  did 
this  at  first  from  a  kindly  fellow  feeling.  Physicians  who  knew  him  did 
not  look  down  on  him.  He  wrote  a  book  on  "fevers."  He  was  a  Tennes- 
seean  by  birth,  and  an  intimate  friend  of  Gen.  Jackson,  and  visited  him 
when  he  was  President  of  the  United  States.  He  was  a  man  of  fortune 
before  lie  began  the  sale  of  his  pills  and  was  not  "irregular"  in  the  accept- 
ed methods  of  the  day.  He  Avas  a  strong  believer  in  quinine  as  a  medi- 
cine for  fevers,  and  I  have  no  doubt  it  worked  wonders.  It  is  now  known 
that  quinine  is  an  antidote  for  that  organism. 

I  think  "la  grippe"  has  always  existed  just  as  it  is.  and  that  it  is 
nothing  but  what  is  more  commonly  or  better  known  as  a  bad  cold,  or 
an  influenza.  I  recollect  that  in  1810  we  had  what  was  called  "Tyler  Grip." 
"La  grippe"  had  been  known  and  so  called  in  Russia  and  France  long  be- 
fore that  time,  and  is  believed  to  have  started  in  Russia.  ISTot  until  later 
years  did  it  become  known  as  an  agency  involving  other  organs  of  the 
body  and  the  nervous  system.  I  believe  that  the  grip  is  to  a  certain 
extent  contagious.  1  do  not  think  that  atmospheric  conditions  produce  the 
disease,  although  they  may  be  conducive.  It  can  be  carried  by  people,  as  is 
the  case  in  other  contagious  diseases. 

I  think  the  Missouri  profession  is  quite  equal  to  the  profession  of  any 
other  State.  The  standard  is  kept  fully  as  high.  I  think  the  promise 
for  the  future  in  our  young  doctors  is  quite  satisfactory.  The  St.  Louis 
profession  is  very  harmonious.  There  is  a  perfect  ethical  sentiment 
that  binds  the  profession  together. 

Many  new  colleges  have  sprung  up  within  the  last  fifteen  years,  but 
there  is  reallv  no  demand  for  them. 


;Jff 


■  •;  I 


SIMON  POLLAK,  M.   D.,  ST.  LOUIS. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  _(.]_ 


III. 


I  was,  I  believe,  the  first  local  practitioner  to  recognize  the  woman 
physician  in  hospital  work.  I  had  planned  for  the  recognition  of  women 
physicians  and  was  determined  that  so  far  as  I  could  I  would  carry  it 
through.  The  hrst  Avho  came  to  my  notice  was  Nancy  Levell.  She 
came  to  St.  Louis  some  time  in  the  "60s,  and  maintained  her  profession 
magnificently.  Everybody  liked  her.  She  was  eminently  respectable. 
She  was  a  Philadelphia  graduate,  and  came  to  Missouri  shortly  after  she 
left  the  college.  I  had  then,  as  I  have  now,  charge  of  the  clinic  at  the 
Mullanphy  Hospital.  I  have  been  in  that  clinic  for  forty  years.  At  that 
time  the  clinic  was  held  in  the  hospital  at  the  corner  of  Fourth  and 
Spruce  streets.  Dr.  Pope  was  then  the  leading  physician  of  the  city.  I 
brought  my  protege  to  the  clinic.  The  other  physicians  did  not  like 
my  bringing  her  there,  but  I  kept  her,  and  she  proved  a  valuable  assist- 
ant in  a  number  of  different  ways.  Afterwards  she  did  remarkably  well 
for  herself.  I  tried  to  get  her  into  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  but  did 
not  succeed.  Later  I  succeeded  in  slipping  in  Dr.  Mary  McLean,  who  is  a 
graduate  of  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.  Dr.  McLean  has  become  a  brilliant  practi- 
tioner, and  has  done  remarkably  well.  What  is  most  peculiar 
in  her  case  is  the  fact  that  she  has  turned  out  to  be  more 
a  surgeon  than  a  physician.  Dr.  McLean  is  the  daughter  of  a  Mis- 
souri physician,  and  is  a  lady  in  the  highest  sense  of  the  term.  She  is 
a  benevolent  woman.  Her  father  died  last  year,  leaving  her  a  handsome 
estate,  but  she  has  turned  it  all  over  to  the  Bethesda,  for  the  especial 
care  of  aged  people.  The  woman  movement  started  about  1866.  After 
Dr.  McLean's  admission  to  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  I  proposed  the 
names  of  several  other  women  physicians.  They  were  all  competent,  but 
none  were  admitted,  so  we  have  only  one  lady  in  our  local  medical  so- 
cicty.  Her  success  is  chiefly  in  surgery.  She  goes  to  every  hospital 
and  reads  mam"  valuable  papers  before  the  society. 

I  was  born  in  Europe  and  had  my  early  and  medical  schooling  in 
Vienna.  When  I  emigrated  to  this  country  1  landed  in  Xew  York  on 
the  anniversary  of  America's  Independence  Day.  Xot  finding  anything 
to  do  to  support  myself,  I  went  to  Xew  Orleans.  I  stayed  there  two 
months  and  then  made  arrangements  to  go  to  Tennessee  to  a  place  on  the 
Cumberland  Elver.  That  part  of  the  country  was  then  nothing  but 
swamps.  I  remained  at  the  latter  location  two  years,  and  then  moved 
four  miles  farther  to  a  place  called  Sycamore  Creek.  Afterwards  I:  lived 
in  Xashville,  Tenn.,  four  years.  Then  I  was  prevailed  upon  by  old  Gen. 
Taylor  to  go  again  to  Louisiana,- it  being  represented  to  me  that  I  could 
do  better  there  than  I  had  in  Xashville.  Louisiana  was  then  a  very 
prosperous  State,  inhabited  mostly  by  Creoles.  I  gave  all  the  monev  I 
had  towards  the  purchase  of  a  home  for  myself.  The  purchase  price 
was  over  $13,000.  I  took  possession  of  my  new  home  on  the  1th  day  of 
April,  1811.  On  the  5th  day  of  July  I  had  no  home;  not  even  the  land,  nor 
a  cent  of  money.  All  was  gone.  My  place  was  a  beautiful  one,  located 
on  the  river.  On  the  date  I  mentioned  there  was  a  tremendous  crevasse 
which  swept  my  place  away.  All  that  I  saved  from  my  estate  was  a 
horse.     I  staved  around  there  a  little  while  and  then  removed  to  Xew 


♦Reminiscences  of  Dr.  Simon  Pollak. 


42  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

Orleans.  The  climate  there  did  not  suit  me,  and  I  took  up  my  resi- 
dence in  St.  Louis,  arriving  there' on  the  14th  of  March,  1845.  I  have 
marje  my  home  in  St.  Louis  ever  since.  I  had  but  $40  when  I  landed 
here,  and  knew  no  one  but  Dr.  Pope.  Dr.  Pope  and  I  became  very  inti- 
mate friends  and  remained  so  until  his  death.  From  the  date  of  my  ar- 
rival until  August  following  I  did  dispensary  work,  but  did  not  receive 
a  dollar  for  my  labors,  and  all  that  time  I  did  not  pretend  to  go  to  a 
boarding  house,  but  lived  on  an  occasional  glass  of  milk  and  light  lunch 
-or  something  like  that.  I  had  made  up  my  mind  never  to  get  into  debt. 
Mr.  Yeatman,  a  well-known  citizen,  with  whom  I  had  become  acquainted, 
and  who  lived  in  Bellefontaiiie,  insisted  on  my  taking  my  Sunday  dinner 
with  him.  I  can  assure  you  that,  living  as  I  did  during  these  months, 
1  looked  forward  to  and  thoroughly  enjoyed  this  weekly  meal.  Those 
were  very  happy  times  for  me,  although  I  Avas  taught  a  great  many  things 
which  I  had  not  known  before.  On  the  1st  day  of  August  I  earned  my  first 
cash  fee,  $10.  Even  then  I  could  not  spend  any  money  for  a  square 
meal,  but  was  compelled,  instead,  to  purchase  a  new  pair  of  trousers. 
After  that  I  increased  my  practice  rapidly  and  made  money. 

I  was  the  first  to  introduce  the  clinic  in  St.  Louis. 

My  practice  kept  on  increasing  up  till  1860,  when  1  determined  to 
take  up  a  specialty.  As  a  result  of  this  determination  I  went  to  Europe 
for  study  and  spent  twenty-two  months  there  educating  myself  as  an 
eye  and  ear  specialist.  I  would  have  remained  longer  but  for  the  breaking 
out  of  the  Civil  War.  That  brought  me  home,  as  I  felt  that  my  duty 
was  here.  Although  born  under  a  monarchy,  I  had  early  read  the  his- 
tory of  the  American  people,  and  became  attached  to  this  country  long 
before  my  emigration.  I  was  determined  to  have  the  political  rights  to 
which  I  believe  every  man  is  born.  In  the  days  of  my  youth  in  the  old 
■country  a  man  was  of  no  consequence  unless  he  carried  a  title  to  his 
name.     I  was  an  American  from  the  time  I  heard  America  mentioned. 

In  1850  I  opened  a  school  for  the  blind  in  St.  Louis.  I  am  still  a 
trustee,  and  my  friend  Mr.  Yeatman  is  a  member  of  the  same  board. 
When  Mr.  Francis  became  Governor  I  gave  up  active  connection  with  the 
•school,  stepping  out  to  make  room  for  a  younger  generation.  The  school 
belongs  to  the  State  now.  For  the  first  three  years  of  the  school's  ex- 
istence it  had  to  be  maintained  principally  by  private  subscriptions,  and 
I  had  to  move  around  pretty  lively  to  keep  it  going.  During  Gov.  Stewart's 
administration  it  became  a  State  institution — after  the  school  had  been 
maintained  by  private  subscriptions  for  three  years.  At  first  the  State 
gave  us  only  $15,000  for  five  years,  and  that  was  given  'conditionally — the 
condition  being  that  I  raise  $10,000  by  subscription.  I  raised  the  amount 
in  one  week.  I  would  not  accept  a  subscription  for  less  than  $100.  Sev- 
eral subscribed  $500.     For  five  years  we  got  along  very  nicely. 

There  lived  at  that  time  a  Mr.  Harper.  He  owned  a  handsome  estate 
at  Broadway  and  Howard  streets.  On  it  was  a  house  of  ten  or  twelve 
rooms.  We  had  our  blind  school  in  a  much  smaller  house,  and  I  wanted 
Mr.  Harper's  house  for  our  school,  but  he  asked  such  a  high  rent  for  it 
that  we  could  not  see  our  way  clear  to  lease  it.  But  an  idea  occurred  to 
me.  One  day  I  invited  him  to  go  with  me  and  visit  our  school.  He  de- 
murred at  first,  but  1  finally  prevailed  upon  him.  We  had  some  lovely  girls 
in  the  institution,  and  their  singing  was  beautiful  to  hear.  I  watched  Mr. 
Flarper  closely,  and  saw  that  he  was  much  interested.  Finally  a  Miss 
"Taylor  sung  for  us  and  then  did  some  printing  (with  her  raised  letters)  for 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


43 


Mr.  Harper.     This  touched  him,   and  before  he  went  away  I  saw  him 
wiping  his  eyes. 

The  next  day,  as- 1  was  walking  along  the  street,  I  heard  some  one 
calling  me,  and  on  turning  about  saw  Mr.  Harper.  He  handed  me  a 
little  paper  and  informed  me  that  I  could  have  his  house  for  the  next 
five  years  for  the  blind  school  rent  free. 

At  that  time  we  were  using  the  '"'Boston  type"  for  the  instruction  of 
our  blind  pupils.  They  now  use  the  "Brazil  type/'  Ours  was  the  first  blind 
institution  in  the  United  States  to  use  the  ''Brazil."  The  State  now  sets 
.aside  $58,000  biennially  for  this  school,  but  $29,000  a  year  is  hardly 
enough  to  cover  our  running  expenses.  We  have  many  more  teachers 
now  than  formerly.  I  am  not  now  connected  with  the  institution  in 
any  active  official  capacity. 

It  may  be  interesting  to  Missourians  and  the  American  public  gen- 
erally to  know  that  it  was  in  this  school  for  the  blind  that  Patti  re- 
ceived her  first  musical  education.  It  came  about  in  this  way:  Patti's 
brotber-in-law,  Maurice  Strakosch,  was  giving  concerts  here  at  that  time. 
This  was  in  '53  or  ^54,  and  Patti  was  then  8  years  old.  Strakosch  came 
bere  with  Patti  in  jSTovember.  He  bad  her  with  him  to  give  little  sketches 
between  his  musical  numbers.  She  was  a  very  apt  child  in  this  wray, 
-and  her  little  performances  gave  Strakosch  a  chance  for  rest  during  the 
progress  of  the  concert.  Little  Patti  was  the  best  mimic  I  ever  saw.  But 
while  she  had  a  very  sweet  voice  at' this  time,  she  did  not  know  one 
note  from  another.  While  Strakosch  was  here  he  and  I  became  very 
tion  there.  She  answered,  thanking  me  for  reminding  her,  and  promising 
well  acquainted.  One  day  he  told  me  that  he  had  a  great  trouble  with 
Patti:  she  was  so  mischievous  and  restless.  When  he  went  away  from  the 
hotel  for  a  time  he  always  had  to  lock  her  up  in  her  room.  This  she  re- 
sented very  much,  and  one  clay  when  he  locked  her  up  she  literally  de- 
stroyed everything  in  the  room  that  she  could  get  her  hands  on.  She 
.smashed  chairs,  tore  clown  pictures,  upset  tables,  broke  crockery  and 
cut  the  carpet  into  strips.  She  had  a  perfect  mania  for  destruction. 
When  Strakosch  returned  and  saw  what  she  had  done,  he  asked  why 
■she  had  done  it.  She  answered  by  asking  him  what  he  locked  her  up 
for,  asserting  that  he  had  no  business  to  shut  her  up  in  a  room.  Strakosch 
came  to  me  for  advice,  and  I  suggested  giving  her  something  to  do  to 
amuse  her  and  employ  her  time.  I  suggested  taking  her  to  the  school 
for  the  blind  and  told  him  that  the  school  was  full  of  music,  eight  pianos 
going  all  the  time,  and  many  pretty  blind  girls  that  I  thought  she  would 
■enjoy  seeing  work.  If  she  liked  it  she  could  spend  each  day  of  her  stay 
in  St.  Louis  there.  Strakosch  acted  on  my  suggestion  and  took  her  to 
the  school.  Patti  at  once  became  attached  to  Miss  Taylor,  our  beautiful 
singer.  For  nearly  nine  weeks  of  this  season  the  river  was  frozen  so  that 
traffic  was  impossible,  and  Strakosch  and  his  charge  had  to  remain  here, 
as  there  was  no  other  mode  of  travel  open  to  them.  During  this  time 
Strakosch  continued  his  concerts,  and  every  day  Patti  went  to  the  school 
and  spent  the  day  there,  and  after  taking  supper  with  the  blind  girls 
and  the  teachers,  would  go  to  the  evening  concert.  Afterwards,  when  she 
had  begun  her  career  as  a  singer,  whenever  she  came  to  St.  Louis,  she  in- 
variably sent  our  blind  children  tickets  for  her  concerts.  However,  our 
pupils  wrere  not  satisfied  with  receiving  the  tickets;  they  wanted  Patti  to 
visit  them.  So,  on  the  occasion  of  one  of  her  visits  to  this  city  I  ad- 
dressed a  note  to  Patti,  suggesting  that  she  pay  the  blind  school  a  visit, 


44  ONE    HUNDRED   YEARS    OF 

reminding  her  of  the  days  when  she  had  received  her  first  musical  instruc- 
to  visit  the  school,  but  unfortunately  she  had  to  leave  almost  immediately 
on  the  New  Orleans  boat.  However,  I  had  secured  what  I  was  after,  an 
acknowledgment  that  she  had  received  her  first  musical  instruction  in  our 
institution. 

After  my  return  from  Europe  I  immediately  became  a  member  of 
the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission,  and  for  four  years  or  more  was 
connected  with  it.  It  was  my  duty  to  visit  the  sick  soldiers  on  the  field 
and  also  the  Confederate  prisoners.  I  had  carte  blanche  from  the  author- 
ities, and  could  use  my  own  judgment  in  issuing  orders  for  food,  delica- 
cies  and  other  comforts.  It  was  at  this  time,  during  the  war,  that  I 
started  the  first  eye  and  ear  clinic  to  be  established  west  of  the  Mississippi 
River.  This  clinic  has  since  been,  and  is  now,  in  very  successful  opera- 
tion. 

The  first  medical  colleges  were  started  before  I  came  here.  The  Mc- 
Dowell College  was  the  first  to  start.  Its  real  name  was  the  Medical 
Department  of  Kemper  College,  but  Missourians  knew  it  as  the  "Mc- 
Dowell College/'  Pope  came  here  in  the  early  '40s.  He  was  a  very  hand- 
some man,  and  bad  received  a  line  education  in  Europe.  His  debut  here 
was  a  marked  one.  He  aspired  to  a  position  as  instructor  in  the  McDowell 
College,  which  was  already  at  that  time  in  operation.  After  a  year's  resi- 
dence in  St.  Louis  Pope  started  a  college  of  his  own,  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the  St.  Louis  University.  It  was  kept  up  for  several  years,  but 
ras  .1  verv  -mall,  insignificant  affair.  They  were  in  a  perpetual  quarrel 
with  the  McDowell  faculty.  Subsequently  Pope  married  very  wealthy,  and 
his  father-in-law  built  for  him  a  fine  college  building.  Pope's  establish- 
ment in  this  building  carried  the  name  of  the  "St.  Louis  Medical  College." 
Dr.  Pope  afterwards  went  to  Europe.  When  he  returned  he  did  not  stay 
long  with  us,  but  in  '64  or  '65  went  back  to  Paris,  and  shortly  afterward 
committed  suicide  there. 

It  Avas  about  the  time  of  my  advent  in  St.  Louis  that  Dr.  Beaumont, 
through  his  experiments  on  one  Alexis  St.  Martin,  who  had  been  shot 
in  the  stomach,  made  his  wonderful  analysis  of  the  human  stomach  and 
the  gastric  juices.  Dr.  Beaumont  brought  out  some  very  interesting  and 
helpful  points.  He  did  a  great  deal  of  work  along  that  line.  He  is  well- 
known  as  the  first  physician  to  make  such  physiological  experiments.  It 
was  the  first  attempt.  The  first  experiment  was  made  at  Lake  Champlain,. 
about  1840.  While  Beaumont  traveled  about  a  great  deal,  he  made  St. 
Louis  his  home.     He  was  a  thorough  gentleman. 

Beaumont  once  performed  an  operation  on  an  indigent  woman,  a 
beggar,  for  what  is  now  known  as  appendicitis.  She  had  an  abscess  of 
the  stomach,  and,  unfortunately  it  clung  to  one  of  the  intestines,  which 
made  it  a  very  dangerous  operation.  But  she  lived  through  it.  At  about 
this  time  Dr.  Beaumont  had  some  trouble  with  another  prominent  physi- 
cian here  named  White.  Dr.  White  proceeded  to  avenge  himself  on  Beau- 
mont for  some  fancied  injury  by  prevailing  on  this  poor  woman  to  sue 
Dr.  Beaumont  for  malpractice.  It  is  important  to  know  that  this  was 
the  first  suit  for  malpractice  to  be  brought  in  America.  The  profession 
immediately  divided  into  two  parties — one  led  by  White  and  the  other 
by  Beaumont.  Upon  my  arrival  I  had  gotten  a  little  room  which  I 
called  my  office.  Very  shortly  after  I  had  established  myself  in  this  room 
Dr.  White  called  upon  me.  He  introduced  himself  as  a  brother  physician 
who  was  come  merelv  to  bid  me  welcome  to  St.  Louis,  but  I  bad  my  sus- 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  45 

pieions,  thinking  it  rather  strange  that  he  should  take  pains  to  call 
upon  me  before  I  had  gotten  fairly  settled  in  my  new  quarters.  In  a 
casual  way  (affected)  he  asked  me  if  I  would  like  to  see  a  very  interesting- 
ease.  Gaining  my  assent,  he  took  me  to  see  this  woman,  and  asked  me 
to  give  an  opinion  in  the  matter.  I  could  see  that  there  was  something 
besides  a  mere  personal  expression  that  he  wanted,  so  I  did  not  express 
myself.  The  next  day  another  physician,  a  friend  of  Beaumont's,  called 
upon  me.  and  we  went  through  the  same  performance.  I  afterwards 
learned  that  every  newly-arrived  physician  had  to  go  through  the  same 
experience.  That  suit  was  going  on  for  three  vears,  and  I  believe  that 
a  final  decision  has  never  been  rendered.  For  those  three  years  the  life 
of  a  St.  Louis  physician  was  not  a  particularly  agreeable  one. 

I  recollect  when  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association  was  formed. 
It  was  a  much  younger  society  than  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society.  I 
think  the  American  Medical  Association  was  formed  about  "19,  and  that 
our  Dr.  Pope  was  afterwards  president  of  it.  Gregory  was  elected  in  1881. 
Hodgen  was  elected  at  the  Richmond  meeting.  Hodgen  gained  his  repu- 
tation during  the  war.  He  was  appointed  surgeon  of  the  hospital  at 
Fifth  and  Chestnut  and  had  charge  of  this  hospital  during  the  whole  time 
of  the  war.  He  was  also  in  his  time  Professor  of  Physiology  in  the  Mis- 
souri Medical  College.  The  Humboldt  Medical  College  was  started  prior 
to  the  war.  It  was  founded  by  Anton  Hammer,  who  was  one  of  the  most 
eminent  physicians  we  have  ever  had  in  this  city.  But  like  most  geniuses, 
he  had  a  failing.  His  was  to  turn  himself  into  a  fiend  incarnate  when 
crossed  in  any' matter,  and  he  always  had  a  "chip  on  his  shoulder.'"'  Xoth- 
mg  suited  him  better  than  a  fight.  He  was  full  of  ambition,  and  if 
he  could  not  find  a  man  capable  of  filling  a  chair  in  his  college  he  would 
take  the  work  himself.  At  one  time  he  was  filling  three  chairs.  He 
never  used  a  text  book  in  his  college  work.  When  the  war  broke  out 
Hammer  went  into  the  army  as  a  surgeon.,  A  little  while  after  the  close 
of  the  war  he  went  to  Europe  and  there  died.  When  Hammer  came  here 
he  could  not  speak  a  word  of  English.  He  had  lectured  in  Berlin  and 
in  other  places  in  Europe  and  was  just  as  well  known  abroad  as  he  was 
here.  The  Humboldt  College  was  a  little  school,  but  what  there  was  of  it 
was  good. 

Another  prominent  man  we  had  here,  and  who  died  but  a  short 
time  since,  was  Louis  Bauer.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons.  Dr.  Bauer  was  an  able  surgeon  and  a  brilliant 
man,  but  his  personal  character  was  such  that  few  people  could  get  along 
with  him. 

When  I  came  to  St.  Louis  there  was  only  one  hospital  here.  It  was 
called  the  Charity  Hospital  and  was  founded  by  Philanthropist  Mullanphy. 
in  1829.  Mr.  Mullanphy  was  a  very  benevolent  man.  He  gave  a  lot,  locat- 
ed at  Fourth  anil  Spruce  streets,  to  the  sisters,  and  they  built  a  hospital 
on  it.  As  the  city  grew  this  location  became  untenable  owing  to  the 
noise  made  by  the  steamboats,  and  that  incident  to  the  daily  business 
traffic.  So  the  sisters  decided  to  sell  and  build  ehewhere.  Fourth  street 
was  at  that  time  looked  upon  as  the  coming  business  street  of  the  city, 
and  the  sisters  received  an  offer  of  $300,000  for  their  site,  but  one  of  the 
administrators  of  the  Mullanphy  estate  decided  that  under  the  .terms 
of  the  becpiest  the  sisters  had  no  right  to  sell  the  property.  Subsequently 
the  character  of  Fourth  street  changed  considerably,  and  the  property 
located  thereon  depreciated  in  value  rapidly.     When   the   sisters   finally 


46  ONE   HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

obtained  permission  to  sell  the  property  they  were  only  able  to  realize 
$75,000.  In  the  meantime  they  had  begun  the  building  of  another  hos- 
pital which  cost  them  $250,000.  This  case  is  a  pretty  good  illustration  of 
a  quibbling  lawyer's  '•'penny  wise,  pound  foolish''  policy.  Our  City  Hospital 
proper  was  not  opened  until  along  in  the  late  '40s.  (I  refer  to  the  one 
that  was  destroyed  by  the  cyclone  in  1896.)  Since  then  we  have  had 
several  good  hospitals  established,  which  have  done  good  work.  I  think 
it  would  be  better  if  we  conld  have  the  hospitals  out  in  the  open  coun- 
try, at  the  same  time  near  the  city,  where  the  air  is  so  much  better.  A 
great  many  architects  do  not  understand  how  to  properly  build  a  hos- 
pital. Every  hospital  should  be  waterproof  throughout,  should  have  no 
wooden  floors  and  no  carpets,  curtains  or  other  decorative  hangings.  There 
should  not  be  a  corner  in  the  interior  building.  All  such  places  should  be 
rounded,  as  that  affords  better  convenience  for  cleanliness.  All  the  pre- 
cautions I  have  mentioned  tend  to  eliminate  any  possibility  of  the  lodg- 
ment of  disease  germs  on  the  premises. 


IV.* 

I  was  born  on  the  19th  day  of  August,  1811,  in  Oldham  County,  Ken- 
tucky. There  were  no  public  schools  in  that  part  of  the  country  in  those 
days.  Children  Avere  sent  to  private  schools  kept  by  tutors.  After  read- 
ing medicine  for  some  time  1  took  courses  in  the  Transylvania  University 
in  1836-37  and  in  Louisville  University  in  1837-38.  The  Transylvania 
University  is  not  now  in  existence,  but  at  the  time  I  speak  of  was  one 
of  the  best  and  most  favorably  known  educational  institutions  in  the 
country.     It  was  located  at  Lexington,  Ivy. 

I  began  the  practice  of  medicine  in  Floyd sburg,  near  my  Old  home 
in  Oldham  County,  in  1838,  and  continued  there  until  1844,  when  I 
removed  to  Xicholasville,  Jassamine  County. 

I  came  to  St.  Louis  in  1850,  landing  here  on  the  4th  day  of  April. 

There  were  two  colleges  operating  here  then — the  St.  Louis  Medical 
and  the  Missouri  Medical. 

I  have  always  kept  my  ofliee  in  or  near  the  center  of  the  city  and 
have  been  engaged  in  general  practice. 

In  the  early  '50s  Drs  Beaumont  and  Linton  were  medical  writers 
of  this  section,  as  well  as  leading  physicians.  Drs.  Jos.  1ST.  McDowell 
and  Charles  A.  Pope  were  the  leading  surgeons.  Then  there  was  Dr.  En- 
glemann,  a  learned  man  and  a  first-rate  fellow.  There  were  others,  of 
course,  some  deserving  and  some  not  deserving  mention. 

I  have  been  a  member  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association  ever 
since  that  society  was  organized. 

In  the  early  days  before  the  war  there  Avere  comparatively  few  physi- 
cians out  in  the  State,  and  as  a  consequence  there  Avere  frequent 
calls  for  the  services  of  St.  Louis  practitioners.  I  was  frequently  called 
to  Cape  Girardeau,  Fulton,  Mexico  and  other  points.  The  stage  coach 
and  "horseback"  were  the  only  modes  of  travel,  and  as  the  country  was 
thinly  settled,  traveling  Avas  anything  but  a  luxury. 

There  Avas  a  great  influx  of  physicians  from  other  sections  of  the 


♦Reminiscences   of   Dr.   William   Johnston. 


WILLIAM  JOHNSTON.    ST.    LOUIS. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  47 

country  in  the  decade  preceding  my  advent.  They  came  principally  from 
North  Carolina,  Virginia,  Pennsylvania,  Massachusetts  and  Ohio. 

The  City  Hospital,  then  the  only  institution  of  its  character  open  to 
the  public,  was  located  at  the  corner  of  Fourth  and  Spruce  streets.  What 
is  now  known  as  the  Female  Hospital  originated  in  a  movement  to  restrict 
the  social  evil.  This  was  along  in  the  early  70s,  when  Joseph  Brown 
was  Mayor.  Under  this  law  district  physicians  made  regular  visits  and  the 
destitute  were  sent  to  this  hospital.  The  law  has  since  then  been  repealed 
and  now  no  such  stigma  attaches  to  the  hospital. 

I  recollect  an  amusing  incident  of  my  early  professional  career  in 
Kentucky.  It  devolved  upon  me  to  amputate  a  man's  leg.  Amputations 
were  notable  events  in  professional  circles  in  those  days,  and  this  was  my 
first  job  in  that  line.  However,  the  operation  was  a  success,  and  I  took 
nlv  patient  to  Cincinnati,  where  we  were  to  get  an  artificial  limb  for  him, 
I  recollect  that  I  donned  my  best  clothes  for  the  journey,  while  my  patient 
wore  jeans  and  homespun  jacket.  Notwithstanding  this  I  was  greatly 
mortified  en  route,  and  at  Cincinnati,  to  learn  that  it  was  my  patient 
and  not  his  physician  who  Was  the  center  of  attraction  wherever  we  went. 
It  was  a  lesson  for  a  young  physician  with  a  slight  attack  of  "swellhead,"' 
which  has  ever  since  been  remembered. 

Yes,  I  still  practice  a  little,  in  cases  where  patients  come  to  my  office. 


V.* 

The  writer  matriculated  and  became  a  first-course  student  in  the  St- 
Louis  Medical  College  on  the  14th  day  of  October,  1857.  At  that  time 
Dr.  Charles  A.  Pope  Avas  Professor  of  Surgery  and  Dr.  M.  L.  Linton  was 
Professor  of  Pathology  and  Practice.  Among  other  able  teachers  in  the 
school  at  that  time  were  Drs.  J.  B.  Johnson,  W.  M.  McPheeters,  J.  H. 
Waters,  C.  W.  Stephens  and  M.  M.  Fallen. 

Of  the  first  two  mentioned  it  is  eminently  true  that  each  in  his  sphere- 
shed  unfading  luster  upon  our  profession  throughout  this  State  and  na- 
tion, and  much  is  due  to  them  for  the  high  standing  of  the  profession 
in  Missouri  to-day. 

Pope  was  noted  as  a  ready  and  correct  diagnostician,  a  rapid  and 
skillful  operator  and  a  fluent  and  cogent  speaker,  rarely  ever  repeating. 
To  illustrate  his  readiness  of  diagnosis,  a  patient  came  to  consult  him 
about  a  tumor  the  size  of  a  lien's  egg,  situated  about  the  inferior  border' 
of  the  scapula.  He  found  Dr.  Pope  at  the  Sisters'  Hospital  conducting  a 
clinic.  He  had  never  seen  the  patient  before,  but  examined  about  a 
minute  and  asked  several  students  what  it  was.  They  guessed  various 
things.  He  then  asked  Dr.  Gregory,  the  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy,  who- 
hesitated.  Then  Pope  said:  Observe  the  doughy  feel,  tight  skin  over 
tumor  and  enlarged  auxiliary  glands.     It  is  sarcoma. 

Linton  was  of  the  Abe  Lincoln  type  of  men  in  his  brain  and  phvsicpie,- 
but  not  jocund.  It  was  as  easy  for  him  to  reason  correctly  on  any  ab- 
struse subject  as  for  a  duck  to  swim.  Truth,  kindness  and  justice  were 
as  characteristic  of  him  as  intellectuality  and  professional  attainments, 
so  that  he  was  in  the  true  sense   oreat.     He  brought  from  his  native- 


*Reminiscences   of  Dr.    Charles   L.    Carter  of  Warrensbiirg. 


48  ONE    HUNDRED   YEARS    OF 

home  in  Kentucky  his  favorite  horse,  which  had  served  him  long  and  well, 
and  when  the  horse  was  too  old  to  do  duty  the  doctor  did  not  sell  him 
into  unkind  hands  as  mosl  men  wrongfully  do,  but  put  him  in  comfortable 

quarters  and  had  mush  made  for  him  until  he  died  from  old  age. 

THEN  AX! )  NOW. — The  medical  profession  advances  onward  and  up- 
ward certainly  but  slowly.  Medical  science  does  not  advance  along  in 
a  rush  as  the  laity  and  many  doctors  suppose  it  does.  The  practice  of 
medicine  and  surgery  is  not  as  changeable  as  the  stock  markets,  nor  is 
every  change  an  improvement.  More  learned  men  and  industrious  in- 
vestigators are  studying  the  healing  art  than  are  engaged  in  any  other 
profession,  but  we  deal  with  myriads  of  abstruse  questions,  hence  real 
progress  is  necessarily  slow.  Some  diseases,  such  as  pulmonary  tubereulo- 
-  -  md  membranous  croup,  are  as  fatal  as  they  were  a  century  ago,  but 
most  all  along  the  line  some  improvement  has  been  made  in  the  last 
half  century. 

About  forty-five  years  ago  Dr.  J.  X.  McDowell  of  St.  Louis  claimed 
that  he  had  successfully  extirpated  the  parotid  gland.  The  statement 
was  doubted  by  many  doctors  then,  but  it  would  not  baffle  credence  now. 
Then  in  amputations  the  silk  ligature  was  left  protruding  from  the  wound. 
Xow  it  is  cut  off  near  the  knot,  and  now  a  sutre  of  iron-dyed  silk  is  left 
in  the  eve  with  impunity.  Then  cancers  were  not  extirpated.  Xow  they 
are,  with  hut  few  recurrences  after  early  operations. 

Then  nothing  was  known  of  baccilli.  Xow  this  knowledge  has  vastly 
improved  the  practice  of  both  medicine  and  surgery.  Though  in  some  in- 
stances the  findings  of  "bug  hunters"  are  not  to  be  relied  upon,  yet  in 
many  forms  of  diseases  much  practical  knowledge  has  been  derived,  and 
in  all  cases  cleanliness  is  being  more  strictly  observed.  Their  but  little 
knowledge  of  the  activity  of  contagion  and  infection  had  been  attained. 
Even  cholera  was  considered  non-contagious.  Xow  cholera,  typhoid,  con- 
sumption and  the  malignant  form  of  dvsentery  are  known  to  be  communi- 
cable, and  the  list  will  grow  larger  as  our  knowledge  increases. 

Then  typhoid  fever  was  treated  by  persistent  and  often  heroic  dosage, 
with,  little  regard  for  cleanliness.  Xow  the  well-informed  physician  re- 
strains bowels,  gives  nourishment,  fosters  the  strength  by  the  use  of 
stimulants  and  tonics,  aids  the  emunctories,  applies  warm  (not  cold)  water 
baths.  In  short,  holds  up  the  patient  with  one  hand  and  cleanses  with 
the  other,  so  that  the  disease  runs  a  shorter,  milder  and  safer  course. 

Then  phlebotomy  and  ptyalism  were  the  remedies  par  excellence  for 
most  all  diseases.  Xow.  to  the  credit  of  the  profession  and  the  well-being 
of  patients,  they  are  scarcely  known  in  therapeutics.  The  proper  use  of  the 
currette  in  sub-involution  of  the  womb  with  endoinetritris,  and  for  re- 
moval of  retained  membranes,  is  a  marked  improvement  over  the  past, 
but  if  not  properly  used  should  not  be  used  at  all. 

Xear  the  middle  of  this  century  a  doctor  in  Boston  successfully  ex- 
tirpated the  uterus,  and  thus  became  a  hero  in  all  nations.  Xow  the 
operation  has  been  done  many  times  in  various  parts  of  this  State. 

We  have  just  grounds  for  pride  in  the  advancement  of  medical  science 
in  instances  too  numerous  to  mention  here,  but  we  should  proceed  cau- 
tiously, remembering  that  every  theory  is  not  true,  every  change  is  not 
progress^  nor  everything  new  necessarily  better  than  the  old.  An  old 
truth  is  better  than  a  new  fallacy.  Truth  is  a  jewel ;  progress  the  shib- 
boleth. 


JOSEPH  NASH  M'DOWELL. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  49 

VI. 

REMINISCENCES  OF  DR.   JOSEPH  NASH  M'DOWELL.* 

Joseph  Xash  McDowell  was  of  Virginian  extraction,  a  relative  of  a 
former  Governor  of  that  State.  He  was  born  in  Lexington.  Ky.  He  mar- 
ried Amanda  Virginia  Drake,  sister  of  Dr.  David  Drake,  prominent  as  an 
author  and  in  connection  with  the  history  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  pro- 
fessionally and  otherwise.  Dr.  McDowell  came  to  St.  Louis  in  the  spring 
of  1840,  and  at  once  put  into  execution  his  plans,  previously  formed,  for 
the  founding  of  a  medical  college  in  that  city.  His  labors  resulted  in  the 
opening  of  a  medical  school  in  the  fall  of  the  year  of  his  arrival,  the 
school  being  known  as  the  Medical  Department  of  Kemper  College,  an 
Episcopalian  educational  institution  of  considerable  fame  at  that  time. 

McDowell's  first  college  building  stood  at  the  corner  of  Xinth  and 
Cerre  streets.  In  1847  he  commenced  the  erection  of  a  new  medical  col- 
lege building  near  the  corner  of  Eighth  and  Gratiot  streets,  to  be  known 
as  the  Missouri  Medical  College  (more  familiarly  known  as  McDowell's 
College),  and  for  a  time  in  its  early  history  the  Medical  Department  of 
the  Missouri  State  Lniversitv.  At  the  location  last  mentioned  this  in- 
stitution nourished  until  1861,  when  the  Civil  War  broke  out.  It  is  a 
matter  of  history  well-known  to  Missourians  that  the  war  between  the 
States  placed  Missouri  in  a  most  unsettled  condition  during  its  progress. 
Business  was  at  a  standstill,  institutions  were  broken  up  and  society  divided. 
McDowell  had  been  an  ardent  Whig,  but  prior  to  the  war  became  an  active 
Democratic  partisan,  and  at  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  ca^t  his  political 
fortunes  with  the  South.  He  took  with  him  to  the  Confederacy  six  can- 
non, 750  muskets  and  other  munitions  of  war  in  large  quantities.  A  num- 
ber of  his  students  and  professional  associates  accompanied  McDowell 
when  he  left  St.  Louis.  He  remained  within  the  Confederate  lines  during 
the  entire  period  of  the  contest  between  the  Xorth  and  South,  and  was 
a.t  one  time  sent  as  an  emissary  of  the  Confederate  Government  to  Eu- 
rope. 

At  the  end  of  the  strife  McDowell  returned  to  St.  Louis  and  reinaugu- 
rated  his  medical  school  in  the  name  of  the  Missouri  Medical  College,  in 
which  it  continued  until  recently,  when  it  became,  in  common  with  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College,  an  integral  part  of  the  medical  department  of 
Washington  University. 

McDowell  was.  a  man  of  massive  intellect,  characterized  by  deep 
thought.  He  was  eccentric  to  a  point  approximating  insanity.  Of  him 
Henry  Clay  once  said  that  his  was  the  greatest  mind  on  earth  but  for 
its  eccentricities. 

He  held  an  enviable  reputation,  not  only  as  a  teacher  of  anatomy  and 
surgery,  but  as  an  able  lecturer  on  scientific  and  other  kindred  subjects. 
In  discoursing  upon  any  topic  publicly  lie  was  never  at  a  loss  for  anything 
to  say.  For  years  he  was  the  leading  surgeon  of  the  Mississippi  Valley, 
having  a  tremendous  practice  m  every  direction  from  St.  Louis. 

McDowell  had  three  sons  to  succeed  him  in  the  medical  profession- 
Isaac  Drake,  John  J.  and  Charles  Nash  McDowell.  They  all  practiced  in 
St.-  Louis,  but  none  of  them  attained  middle  age.  John  J.  McDowell  was 
for  several  vears  Professor  of  Anatomv  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College. 


»Dr.  LeGrand  At  wood,  St.  Louis. 


50  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

Joseph  Nash  .McDowell  was  a  nephew  of  the  illustrious  Ephraim  Mc- 
Dowell of  Kentucky,  who  gained  world-wide  fame  as  an  author  of  medical 
works  and  as  The  first  surgeon  known  to  have  performed  the  operation 
of  ovariotomy.  This  operation,  while  a  common  one  in  the  present  day, 
was  in  that  time  an  unheard-of  one.  Indeed,  this  first  operation  by 
Ephraim  McDowell,  while  a  successful  one,  was  the  cause  of  as  much 
unfavorable  as  favorable  comment  among  the  profession  all  over  the 
world. 

Anecdotes  of  Dr.  McDowell  and  his  eccentricities  could  be  told  at 
sufficient  length  to  fill  a  good-sized  volume.  Upon  political  subjects  and 
all  popular  topics  of  the  day,  he  was  always  an  extremist.  He  talked  and 
made  speeches  in  every  campaign,  addressing  the  people  from  the  court- 
house steps  and  improvised  rostrums  at  the  markets  and  in  other  parts- 
of  the  city.  Dry  goods  boxes  frequently  served  for  a  platform  to  stand 
upon. 

He  could  make  a  splendid  temperance  speech,  although  himself  a 
free  partaker  of  alcoholic  beverages.  The  best  speech  I  ever  heard  him 
deliver  was  at  Alton,  111.,  one  Fourth  of  July.  An  immense  concovtrse 
of  people  was  gathered  there  in  attendance  upon  Independence  Day  ex- 
ercises. McDowell  was  seen  in  the  crowd  and  calls  were  made  for  him  to 
address  the  crowd  until  he  acquiesced  and  mounted  the  speaker's  platform. 
After  some  general  remarks  appropriate  to  the  occasion  he  launched  itpon 
an  address  upon  temperance,  and  for  two  hours  was  closely  listened  to. 
He  discoursed  at  length  upon  the  evil  effects  of  alcohol,  both  in  a  moral 
and  physical  sense,  dwelling  particularly  upon  the  effects  of  alcohol  on 
the  physical  body.  He  showed  its  effect  upon  the  stomach  and  traced  it 
from  there  to  every  organ  of  the  human  system,  and  all  the  time  he  was 
speaking  he  was  refreshing  himself  from  a  glass  of  brandy. 

One  of  McDowell's  peculiarities  was,  notwithstanding  his  own  pre- 
ponderance of  intellect,  his  intense  .jealousy  of  any  of  his  professional 
brethren  who  happened  to  find  favor  with  the  community.  Particularly 
was  this  so  in  the  college.  It  is  very  likely  that  this  was  the  cause  of 
the  withdrawal  of  Dr.  Pope  from  the  faculty  of  McDowell  College  and  the 
establishment  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College. 

Other  St.  Louis  practitioners  of  note  with  whom  I  have  been  more  or 
less  intimately  associated  were  Dr.  John  S.  Moore,  Dr.  Charles  W. 
Stevens,  Dr.  Kennard,  Dr.  Hammer  and  other  professional  men  of  their 
day.  Dr.  John  S.  Moore  came  to  St.  Louis  in  1S40  from  Pulaski,  Tenn.r 
with  his  preceptor,  Joseph  Xash  McDowell,  who  had  induced  him  to  join 
in  the  founding  of  the  first  medical  college  to  be  established  west  of  the 
Mississippi  River.  Dr.  Moore  delivered  the  first  medical  lecture  to  med- 
ical students  west  of  the  Mississippi.  Dr.  Moore  continued  as  medical 
educator  until  about  the  year  1S85.  He  was  the  leading  practitioner  in 
St.  Louis  for  many  years,  doing  by  far  the  largest  and  most  extensive  fam- 
ily practice  of  any  physician  in  the  city. 


VII.* 

St.  Charles  County  is  situated  in  the  eastern  portion  of  the  State^ 
bounded  to  a  considerable  extent  by  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  Eivers? 

*Reminiscences   of  Dr.   H.   H.  Vinke,   St.    Charles,   Mo. 


ffll      1 


:i--x. 


ST.   JOSEPH  HOSPITAL.   ST.   CHARLES. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  51 

has  about  25,000  inhabitants  and  is  generally  and  favorably  known  for  its 
healthfulness  and  salubrionsness.  Though  it  is  true  that  the  "epidemics  of 
health"  are  much  more  prevalent  than  those  of  disease,  we  do  not  escape 
the  latter  altogether.,  and  the  diseases  which  physicians  are  most  fre- 
quently called  upon  to  treat  are  malaria,  pneumonia,  tuberculosis,  cancer, 
typhoid  fever,  gastro-intestinal  disturbances,  etc.,  and  in  order  to  limit 
the  amount  of  devastation  of  these  dreadful  assailants  of  health  and  life, 
St.  Charles  County  possesses  forty  able  and  skillful  followers  of  i^esculap- 
ius,  and  in  all  truthfulness  it  may  be  added  that  very  few  counties  in  the 
State  have  a  eomjdement  of  more  excellent  and  genial  physicians  than  St. 
Charles  County  is  favored  with.  Of  these  forty  practitioners,  thirty-seven 
are  regular  physicians  and  three  are  homeopaths,  of  whom  the  latter  aiL 
practice  in  the  city  of  St.  Charles. 

Inasmuch  as  this  is  a  history  of  things  medical,  it  may  not  be 
out  of  place  to  allude  here  briefly  to  the  "old  guard"  of  the  medical  pro- 
fession of  St.  Charles  County,  prominent  among  whom  were  the  following : 
Dr.  Calhoon,  Dr.  Watson,  Dr.  Charles  Quarles,  Dr.  Bevitt,  Dr.  Irish,  Dr. 
Musehany,  Dr.  Sidney  Ensor,  Dr.  0.  C.  Johnson,  Dr.  W.  J.  McElhiney, 
Dr.  Gissi,  Dr.  Martin,  Dr.  Sam  0.  Overall,  Dr.  B.  W.  Eogers,  Dr.  Schoe- 
neich,  Dr.  Harris,  Dr.  John  A.  Talley,  Dr.  W.  C.  Williams,  Dr.  Seitz,  Dr. 
Behrens,  Dr.  Brovince,  Dr.  Merty,  Dr.  J.  B.  McElhiney,  Dr.  Charles  John- 
son, Dr.  Gustave  Wieland,  Dr.  M.  D.  Carter,  Dr.  II.  C.  Lindsay,  Dr.  Harry 
McElhiney,  Dr.  G.  Gossow,  Dr.  D.  W.  Ferguson,  Dr.  George  B.  Johnson, 
Dr.  C.  L.  Gerling,  Dr.  Jasper  W.  Castlio  and  Dr.  A.  Morgner.  Most  of 
these  were  stricken  down  while  still  engaged  in  the  active  practice  of  med- 
icine, a  few  retired  when  well  advanced  in  years  to  enjoy  a  few  years  of 
deserved  rest;  only  the  five  last  mentioned  survive.  These  men  were  not 
great  in  the  sense  that  military  men  are  great,  whose  usefulness  to  so- 
ciety seemingly  is  commensurate  with  the  number  of  fellowmen  they  de- 
stroy, the  amount  of  suffering  they  inflict  and  the  amount  of  devastation 
they  cause,  but  they  were  useful  in  their  own  simple  way;  they  relieved 
pain,  restored  health  and  prolonged  life  whenever  feasible,  and  when  they 
retired  from  their  field  of  usefulness  they  could  do  so  knowing  that  their 
lives  had  been  Avell  spent.  Their  many  kind  and  noble  deeds  were  not 
heralded  to  the  world  with  demonstrative  trumpetr}r,  but  they  were  appre- 
ciated by  their  grateful  patients,  and  this  conviction  for  the  modest  old 
country  doctor  was  ample  reward  for  much  laborious  work,  sleepless  nights 
and  long  and  cold  trips  over  almost  impassable  roads. 

In  1887  thirteen  physicians  of  St.  Charles  County  met  at  Wentz- 
ville,  Mo.,  and  organized  the  St.  Charles  County  Medical  Society,  which 
has  been  in  existence  ever  since,  and  of  which  nearly  every  regular  physi- 
cian in  the  county  is  a  member  now.  This  is  as  it  should  be,  for  a 
physician  in  active  practice  who  does  not  read  medical  journals  and  who 
does  not  take  active  part  in  the  proceedings  of  medical  societies — in  a  word, 
a  physician  who  does  not  keep  in  touch  with  the  marvelous  progress  med- 
icine is  making — is  an  extremely  dangerous  member  of  a  community.  The 
following  persons  Avere  present  at  the  first  meeting  of  the  society,  and  as- 
sisted in  its  organization :  Dr.  John  A.  Tally  of  Wentzville,  Mo. ;  Dr.  John 
E.  Bruere  of  St.  Charles,  Mo.;  Dr.  C.  M.  Johnson  of  St.  Charles,  Mo.; 
Dr.  J.  G.  Edwards  of  OTallon,  Mo.;  Dr.  R.  B.  Lewis  of  Flint  Hill,  Mo.;  Dr. 
J.  T.  Evans  of  Wentzville,  Mo.;  Dr.  J.  L.  Martin  of  Hamburg,  Mo.;  Dr.  J. 
H.  Stumberg  of  St.  Charles,  Mo.;  Dr.  J.  E.  Mudd  of  St.  Charles,  Mo.;  Dr. 
H.  H.  Vinke  of  St.  Charles,  Mo.     The  first  three  physicians  were  honored 


52  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

in  being  Twice  chosen  president  of  the  society.  Dr.  J.  A.  Talley,  the  first 
president  of  the  society,  and  one  of  its  most  brilliant  members,  has  since 
departed.  During  these  years  Drs.  H.  H.  Yinke.  Omar  Morgner,  J.  T. 
Evans  and  John  A.  Dyer  acted  in  the  capacity  of  secretary  of  the  so- 
ciety. 

Many  of  the  papers  read  before  this  society  form  important  con- 
tributions to  the  science  of  medicine  and  have  been  given  wide  publication 
in  international  clinics.  But  aside  from  its  scientific  features  the  meet- 
ings of  this  society  have  had  the  tendency  to  engender  the  very  kindest  of 
fellow-feeling  among  its  members,  and  professional  jealousies  have  been 
almost  completely  eradicated  in  consequence. 

The  city  of  St.  Charles  has  a  very  efficient  Board  of  Health,  composed 
of  the  Mayor.  City  Clerk,  a  Councilman  from  each  ward  and  the  City  Physi- 
cian as  consulting  physician.  Dr.  John  E.  Bruere  is  at  present  the  City 
Physician  and  has  been  for  many  years.  The  City  Physician  is  paid  about 
$100  a  vear  and  receives  extra  pay  for  services  rendered  at  the  time  of  an 
epidemic.  Dr.  J.  B.  Mudd  of  St.  Charles  is  County  Physician,  a  position 
he  has  held  for  more  than  ten  years.  The  County  Physician  receives  a 
salary  of  about  $200  a  vear. 


PHYSICIANS'   FEE  BILL.* 

(Adopted  November  23.   1829.) 

The  following  fee  bill,  found  among  the  papers  of  Dr.  William 
Carr  Lane,  was  kindly  loaned  to  the  author  by  Dr.  Lane's  grandson,  Dr. 
William   C.   Glasgow  of   St.   Louis: 

At  a  meeting  of  the  medical  faculty  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  held 
at  the  City  Hah  on  the  23d  day  of  November,  1829,  the  following 
regulations  for  fees  were  unanimously  entered  into: 

Charge — 

no.  1— For  the  first  visit  in  the  city $  1  00 

No.  2 — For  two  or  more  visits  to  regular  patients,  per  day  ....  2  00 

Xo.  3 — For  a  whole  day's  medical  attention   10  00 

No.  1 — For  a  night  visit  (expressly)  after  9  o'clock 2  00 

Xo.  5 — For  a  whole  night's  medical  attention 10  00 

Xo.  0 — For  application  or  dressing  vesicatories   50 

Xo.  T — For  any  other  simple  -dressing   50 

Xo.  S — For  visit  in  the  country,  per  mile 1  00 

Xo.  9 — For"  consultation   5  00 

Xo.  10 — For  writing  a  prescription    1  00 

Xo.  1 1 — For  verbal  prescription  or  advice 1  00 

Xo.  12— For  treating  sypbiJis   20  00 

Xo.  1 3 — For  treating  gonorrhea   10  00 

Xo.  11— For  natural  labors,  from $8.00  to  20  00 

Xo.  15— For  preternatural,  difficult,  etc.,  labors $30.00  to  10  00 

Xo.  3  6 — For  amputating  fingers,  toes  and  other  small  members .  .  10  00 

No.  IT — For  amputating  arm,  leg  or  thigh 50  00 

Xo.  18 — For  reducing  luxation  of  the  lower  jaw 5  00 

*From  Scharf's    St.  Louis  City  and  County  Directory. 


No. 

19- 

No. 

20- 

No. 

31- 

No. 

22- 

No. 

23- 

No. 

24- 

No. 

25- 

No. 

26- 

No. 

27- 

No. 

28- 

No. 

29- 

No. 

30- 

No. 

31- 

No. 

32- 

No. 

33- 

No. 

34 

No. 

35- 

No. 

36- 

No. 

37 

No. 

38 

No. 

39- 

No. 

40- 

No. 

44 

No. 

42- 

No. 

43- 

No. 

44 

No. 

45- 

No. 

46- 

No. 

47- 

No. 

48- 

No. 

49- 

No. 

50- 

No. 

51- 

No. 

52- 

No. 

53- 

No. 

54 

No. 

55- 

No. 

56- 

No. 

57- 

No. 

58- 

No. 

59- 

MEDICINE   AND    SURGERY.  •  53 

For  reducing  luxation  of  the  wrist    5  00 

For  reducing  luxation  of  the  elbow  joint 25  00 

For  reducing  luxation  of  the  shoulder  joint    20  00 

For  reducing  luxation  of  the  ankle 20  00 

For  reducing  luxation  of  the  knee 20  00 

•For  reducing  luxation  of  the  hip 50  00 

For  reducing  a  simple  fracture  of  the  arm  or  leg 25  00 

For  reducing  a  simple  fracture  of  the  thigh 40  00 

-For  reducing  a  simple  fracture  of  the  clavicle    20  00 

For  reducing  a  simple  fracture  of  the  patella   20  00 

-For  operating  with  trephine 50  00 

-For  elevating  the  skull  when  the  trephine  is  not  used, 

$5.00  to  70  00 

-For  introducing  catheter 5  00 

For  vaccinating,  under  three  persons,  each 2  00 

-For  vaccinating,  over  three  persons,  each 1  00 

-For  extracting  tooth    1  00 

—For  cupping    1  00 

— For  bleeding    1  00 

— For  opening  abscess   .  . ' From  $1.00  to  2  00 

— For  visit  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Mississippi  Eiver ....  3  00 

— For  giving  an  injection 1  00 

— For  every  visit,  per  day,  more  than  two 50 

— For  amputating  corpus  or  torsiis 60  00 

— For  amputating  the  breast   50  00 

— For  extracting  cataract 50  00 

— For  couching  cataract   50  00 

— For  removing  polypus  from  uterus    $30.00  to  70  00 

— For  removing  polypus  from  naves   $10.00  to  20  00 

— For  extirpating  testicle 30  00 

— For  operating  for  fistula  in  ano $30.00  to  50  00 

—For  aneurism $10.00  to  20  00 

— For  the  operation  of  tracheotomy    ■ . .  .  25  00 

— For  the  operation  for  paraphimosis 5  00 

— For  the  operation  for  phimosis    5  00 

— For  the  operation  for  hare-lip   . " 25  00 

— For  the  operation  for  strangulated  hernia   60  00 

— For  reducing  strangulated  hernia  by  taxis 10  00 

— For  operating  for  hydrocele From  $20.00  to  50  00 

—For  operating  for  lithotomy From  $100.00  to  200  00 

— For  applying  a  roller  to  the  leg  or  arm 1  00 

— For  introducing  seton.  or  caustic,  or  pea  issue 1  00 


CHARGES  FOE  MEDICINES. 
Charge — 

No.     1 — For  a  simple  dose  of  medicine $  25 

No.     2 — For  a  compound  cathartic  or  emetic   50 

No.     3 — For  all  tinctures,  per  ounce    50 

No.     4 — For  syrups,  mixtures  and  compositions,  per  ounce   50 

No.     5 — For  bark  (common)  flowers  and  bitters,  per  ounce 50 


54  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

No.  6 — For  diaphoretic  and  other  powders,  per  dozen    1  00 

No.  7 — For  Pills,  quinine,  per  dozen  1  00 

NTo.  8 — For  pills,  opii.  per  dozen   50 

No.  9 — For  pills,  common,  per  dozen    50 

No.  10 — For  quinine  solution  (eight  grains  to  the  ounce)  per  ounce.  50 

No.  11 — For  blistering  plasters From  25  cents  to  3   00 

No.  12 — For  strengthening  plasters  From  50  cents  to  1  00 

No.  13 — For  common  ointment,  per  ounce   25 

No.  14 — For  compound  ointment,,  more  costly,  per  ounce 50 


It  was  also  unanimously 

Eesolved  (first).  That  in  attending  by  the  year  the  following  charges 
be  adopted : 

For  attending  one   person    $20  00 

For  attending  two  persons   25  00 

For  attending  three  persons 30  00 

For  attending  four  or  five  persons   40  00 

All  over  five  to  ten,  for  each   5  00 

All  over  ten,  for  each 3  00 

Eesolved  (secondly),  That  every  practicing  physician  in  the  city  of  St. 
Louis  annex  his  signature  to  the  above  hill  of  prices. 

We  whose  names  are  hereunto  subscribed  bind  ourselves  to  observe 
the  above  regulations,  under  the  penalty  of  being  denounced  as  unworthy 
members  of  the  medical  faculty: 

Signed  by  Breton,  D.  M.  M. ;  A.  Moran,  Docteur;  B.  Graham,  Horace 
Gaither,  Samuel  Merry,  C.  Tiffin,  G.  Brun,  Cornelius  Campbell,  Stephen 
W.  Pioszett,  John  Woolfolk,  Harciage  Lane,  by  Samuel  Merry;  G.  W.  Call, 
W.  M.  Millington. 


WILLIAM   BEAUMONT. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  55 


CHAPTER  III,— DR.  BEAUMONT'S  EXPERIMENTS. 

If  we  were  to  single  out  the  one  shining  example  of  Missouri's  genius 
in  the  medical  profession,  and  the  scientific  data  which  have  reflected 
the  greatest  credit  to  our  State  at  home  and  abroad,  we  would  point  with 
pride  to  the  original  observations  and  remarkable  experiments  of  Dr. 
William  Beaumont  in  the  case  of  his  patient,  Alexis  St.  Martin,  and 
pertaining  to  the  physiology  of  digestion.  As  these  remarkable  results 
should  be  familiar  to  every  one  interested  in  the  medical  history  of  Mis- 
souri and  in  the  progress  of  science,  we  take  pleasure  in  reproducing  a 
description  of  these  details  from  the  graphic  pen  of  Dr.  Beaumont. 


EXPERIMENTS  AND  OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  GASTRIC  JUICE  AND  THE 
PHYSIOLOGY  OF  DIGESTION. 

By  William  Beaumont,    M.   D.,   ©urgeon  in  the  U.   S.   Army. 

The  present  age  is  prolific  of  works  on  physiology,  therefore  in  of- 
fering to  the  public  another  book  relative  to  an  important  branch  of  this 
science  it  will,  perhaps,  be  necessary  to  assign  my  motives. 

They  are,  first,  a  wish  to  comply  with  the  repeated  and  urgent  solici- 
tations of  many  medical  men  who  have  become  partially  acquainted  with 
the  facts  and  observations  it  is  my  intention  to  detail;  men  in  whose  judg- 
ment I  place  confidence  and  who  have  expressed  their  conviction  of  the 
-deep  importance  of  the  experiments,  the  results  of  which  I  mean  here- 
with to  submit  to  the  public;  secondly  (and  it  is  that  which  mainly  in- 
fluences me),  my  own  firm  conviction  that  medical  science  will  be  for- 
warded by  the  publication. 

I  am  fully  aware  of  the  importance  of  the  subject  which  these  ex- 
periments are  intended  to  illustrate,  as  well  in  a  pathological  as  in  a  physio- 
logical point  of  view;  and  I  am,  therefore,  willing  to  risk  the  censure 
or  neglect  of  critics  if  I  may  be  permitted  to  cast  my  mite  into  the  treas- 
ury of  knowledge,  and  to  be  the  means,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  of 
subserving  the  cause  of  truth  and  ameliorating  the  conditions  of  suffering 
humanity. 

I  make  no  claim  to  originality  in  my  opinions,  as  it  respects  the  ex- 
istence and  operation  of  the  gastric  juice.  My  experiments  confirm  the 
doctrines  (with  some  modifications)  taught  by  Spallanzini,  and  many  of 
the  most  enlightened  physiological  writers.  They  are  experiments  made 
in  the  true  spirit  of  inquiry,  suggested  by  the  very  extraordinary  case 
which  gave  me  an  opportunity  of  making  them.  I  had  no  particular 
hypothesis  to  support;  and  I  have,  therefore,  honestly  recorded  the  re- 
sult of  each  experiment  exactly  as  it  occurred. 

The  reader  will  perceive  some  slight  seeming  discrepancies  which  he 
may  find  it  difficult  to  reconcile,  but  he  will  recollect  that  the  human  ma- 
chine is  endowed  with  a  vitality  which  modifies  its  movements  in  different 
states  of  the  s}rstem  and  probably  produces  some  diversity  of  effects  from 
the  same  causes. 

I  had  opportunities  for  the  examination  of  the  interior  of  the  stom- 


5G  ONE    HUNDRED   TEARS   OF 

ach,  and  its  secretions,  which  has  never  before  been  so  fully  offered  to  any 
one.  This  most  important  organ,  its  secretions  and  its  operations,  have 
been  submitted  to  my  observation  in  a  very  extraordinary  manner,  in  a 
state  of  perfect  health,  and  for  years  in  succession.  I  have  availed  my- 
self of  the  opportunity  afforded  by  a  concurrence  of  circumstances  which 
probably  can  never  occur  again,  with  a  zeal  and  perseverance  proceeding 
from  motives  which  my  conscience  approves;  and  I  now  submit  the  result 
of  my  experiments  to  an  enlightened  public,  who,  I  doubt  not,  will  duly 
appreciate  the  truths  discovered  and  the  confirmation  of  opinions  which 
before  rested  on  conjecture. 

1  submit  a  body  of  facts  which  cannot  be  invalidated.  My  opinions 
may  be  doubted,  denied  or  approved,  according  as  they  conflict  or  agree 
with  the  opinions  of  each  individual  who  may  read  them;  but  their  worth 
will  be  best  determined  by  the  foundations  on  which  they  rest — the  incon- 
trovertible facts. 

i  avail  myself  of  this  opportunity  to  make  my  grateful  acknowledg- 
ments to  Dr.  Joseph  Lovell,  Surgeon-General  of  the  "United  States  Army 
(to  whom  I  am  under  obligations  for  personal  kindness  and  official  exer- 
tions in  affording  facilities  for  prosecuting-  the  experiments);  to  Profs. 
Silliman,  Knight,  Ives  and  Hubbard  of  Yale  College,  Dunglison  of  the 
Alrginia  University  and  Sewall,  Jones,  Henderson  and  Hall  of  Columbian 
College,  for  their  unsolicited  friendship;  for  the  interest  which  they  have 
taken  in  the  experiments  and  for  the  generous  encouragement  which  they 
have  given  to  the  proposed  publication.  To  Dr.  Samuel  Beaumont  of 
Plattsburgh,  X.  Y.,  I  am  particularly  indebted  for  the  assistance  which 
he  has  rendered  me  in  arranging  and  preparing  my  notes  for  the  press. 

The  experiments  which  follow  were  commenced  in  1825,  and  have 
been  continued,  with  various  interruptions,  to  the  present  time  (1833). 
The  opportunity  for  making  them  was  afforded  to  me  in  the  following 
way : 

Whilst  stationed  at  Miehillimackinac,  Michigan  Territoiy,  in  1822, 
in  the  military  service  of  the  United  States,  the  following  case  of  surgery 
came  under  my  care  and  treatment: 

Alexis  St.  Martin,  who  is  the  subject  of  these  experiments,  was  a 
Canadian  of  French  descent,  at  the  above-mentioned  time  about  18  years- 
of  age,  of  good  constitution,  robust  and  healthy.  He  had  been  engaged 
in  the  service  of  the  American  Fur  Company  as  a  voyager,  and  was  ac- 
cidentally wounded  by  the  discbarge  of  a  musket  on  the  6th  of  June,  1822. 

The  charge,  consisting  of  powder  and  duck  shot,  was  received  in 
the  left  side  of  the  vouch,  he  being  at  a  distance  of  not  more  than  one 
yard  from  the  muzzle  of  the  gun.  The  contents  entered  posteriorly,  and 
in  an  oblique  direction,  forward  and  inward,  literally  blowing  off  integu- 
ments and  muscles  of  the  size  of  a  man's  hand,  fracturing  and  carrying 
away  the  anterior  half  of  the  sixth  rib,  fracturing  the  fifth,  lacerating  the 
lower  portion  of  the  left  lobe  of  the  lungs,  the  diaphragm,  and  perforat- 
ing the  stomach. 

The  whole  mass  of  materials  forced  from  the  musket,  together  with 
fragments  of  clothing  and  pieces  of  fractured  ribs,  were  driven  into  the 
muscles  and  cavity  of  the  chest. 

I  saw  him  in  twenty-five  or  thirty  minutes  after  the  accident  oc- 
curred, and  on  examination  found  a  portion  of  the  lung  as  large  as  a 
turkey's  egg  protruding  through  the  external  wound,  lacerated  and  burnt; 
and  immediately  below  this,  another  protrusion,  which,  on  further  exam- 


MEDICINE    AXD    SURGERY.  57 

ination,  proved  to  be  a  portion  of  the  stomach,  lacerated  through  all  its 
coats,  and  pouring  out  the  food  he  had  taken  for  his  breakfast  through 
an  orifice  large  enough  to  admit  the  forefinger. 

In  attempting  to  return  the  protruded  portion  of  the  lung  I  was  pre- 
vented by  a  sharp  point  of  the  fractured  rib,  over  which  it  had  caught  by 
its  membranes;  but  by  raising  it  with  my  finger  and  clipping  off  the  point 
of  the  rib,  I  was  able  to  return  it  into  its  proper  cavity,  though  it  could 
not  be  retained  there  on  account  of  the  incessant  efforts  to  cough. 

The  projecting  portion  of  the  stomach  was  nearly  as  large  as  that 
of  the  lung.  It  passed  through  the  lacerated  diaphragm  and  external 
wound,  mingling  the  food  with  the  bloody  mucus  blown  from  the  lungs. 

After  cleansing  the  wound  from  the  charge  and  other  extraneous 
matter,  and  replacing  the  stomach  and  lungs  as  far  as  practicable,  I  ap- 
plied the  carbonated  fermenting  poultice  and  kept  the  surrounding  parts 
constantly  wet  with  a  lotion  of  muriate  of  ammonia  and  vinegar,  and  gave 
internally  the  aq.  acetam.  with  camphor,  in  liberal  quantities. 

Under  this  treatment  a  strong  reaction  took  place  in  about  twenty- 
four  hours,  accompanied  with  high  arterial  excitement,  fever  and  marked 
symptoms  of  inflammation  of  the  lining  membranes  of  the  chest  and  ab- 
domen, great  difficulty  of  breathing  and  distressing  "cough. 

He  was  bled  to  the  amount  of  eighteen  or  twenty  ounces,  and  took 
a  cathartic.  The  bleeding  reduced  the  arterial  action  and  gave  relief. 
The  cathartic  had  no  effect,  as  it  escaped  from  the  stomach  through  the 
wound. 

On  the  5th  day  a  partial  sloughing  of  the  integuments  and  muscles 
took  place.  Some  of  the  protruded  portions  of  the  lung  and  lacerated 
parts  of  the  stomach  also  sloughed,  and  left  a  perforation  into  the  stomach, 
plainly  to  be  seen,  large  enough  to  admit  the  whole  length  of  my  fore- 
finger into  its  cavity;  and  also  a  passage  into  the  chest,  half  as  large  as  my 
fist,  exposing  to  view  a  pare  of  the  lung  and  permitting  the  free  escape 
of  air  and  bloody  mucus  at  every  respiration. 

A  violent  fever  continued  for  ten  days,  running  into  a  typhoid  type, 
and  the  wound  became  very  foetid. 

On  the  eleventh  day  a  more  extensive  sloughing  took  place,  the  febrile 
symptoms  subsided  and  the  whole  surface  of  the  wound  assumed  a  healthy 
and  granulating  appearance. 

For  seventeen  days  all  that  entered  his  stomach  by  the  esophagus 
soon  passed  out  through  the  wound;  and  the  only  way  of  sustaining  him 
was  by  no  means  of  nutritious  injections  per  anus,  until  compresses  and  ad- 
hesive straps  could  be  applied  so  as  to  retain  his  food.  During  this  period 
no  alvine  evacuations  could  be  obtained,  although  cathartic  injections 
were  given  and  various  other  means  were  adopted  to  promote  them. 

In  a  few  days  after  firm  dressings  were  applied  and  the  contents  of  the 
stomach  retained,  the  bowels  became  gradually  excited,  and,  with  the  aid 
of  cathartic  injections,  a  very  hard,  black,  foetid  stool  was  procured,  fol- 
lowed by  several  similar  ones;  after  which  the  bowels  became  quite  reg- 
ular and  continued  so. 

The  cataplasms  were  continued  until  the  sloughing  was  completed 
and  the  granulating  process  fully  established,  and  were  afterwards  occasion- 
ally resorted  to,  when  the  wound  became  ill-conditioned.  The  aq.  acetam. 
with  camphor  was  also  continued  for  several  weeks  in  proportion  to  the 
febrile  symptoms  and  the  foetid  condition  of  the  wound. 

No  sickness  nor   unusual   irritation   of   the   stomach,   not   even   the 


58  ONE    HUNDRED    TEARS    OF 

slightest  nausea,  was  manifest  during  the  whole  time;  and  after  the  fourth 
week  the  appetite  became  good,  digestion  regular,  the  alvine  evacua- 
tions natural  and  all  the  functions  of  the  system  perfect  and  healthy. 

By  the  adhesion  of  the  sides  of  the  protruded  portions  of  the  stom- 
ach to  the  pleura  costalis  and  the  external  wound,  a  free  exit  was  afforded 
to  the  contents  of  that  organ,  and  effusion  into  the  abdominal  cavity  was 
thereby  prevented. 

Cicatrization  and  contraction  of  the  external  wound  commenced  on 
the  fifth  week:  the  stomach  became  more  firmly  attached  to  the  pleura 
and  intercostals  by  its  external  coats,  but  showed  not  the  least  disposi- 
tion to  close  its  orifice:  this  (the  orifice)  terminated  as  if  by  a  natural 
boundary,  and  left  the  perforation  resembling,  in  all  but  a  sphincter,  the 
natural  anus,  with  a  slight  prolapsus. 

Whenever  the  wound  was  dressed  the  contents  of  the  stomach  would 
flow  out,  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  recently  taken.  If  the  stomach 
happened  to  be  emptv.  or  nearly  so,  a  partial  inversion  would  take  place, 
unless  prevented  by  the  application  of  the  finger.  Frequentlv  in  conse- 
quence of  the  derangement  of  the  dressing,  the  inverted  part  would  be 
found  of  the  size  of  a  heirs  egg.  Xo  difficulty,  however,  was  experienced 
in  reducing  it  by  gentle  pressure  with  the  finger  or  a  sponge  wet  with  cold 
water,  neither  of  which  produced  the  least  pain. 

In  the  seventh  week,  exfoliation  of  the  ribs  and  a  separation  of  their 
cartilaginous  ends  began  to  take  place. 

The  sixth  rib  was  denuded  of  its  periosteum  for  about  two  inches 
from  the  fractured  part,  so  that  I  was  obliged  to  amputate  it  about 
three  or  four  inches  from  its  articulation  with  the  rib.  This  I  accom- 
plished by  dissecting  back  the  muscles,  securing  the  intercostal  artery, 
and  sawing  off  the  bone  with  a  very  tine,  narrow  saw,  made  for  the 
purpose,  introduced  between  the  ribs,  without  injury  to  the  neighboring 
parts.  Healthy  granulations  soon  appeared  and  formed  soundly  over  the 
amputated  end.  About  half  the  inferior  edge  of  the  fifth  rib  exfoliated 
and  separated  from  its  cartilage. 

After  the  removal  of  these  pieces  of  bone  I  attempted  to  contract 
the  wound  and  close  the  perforation  of  the  stomach  by  gradually  drawing 
the  edges  together  with  adhesive  straps  laid  on  in  a  radiated  form. 

The  circumference  of  the  external  wound  was  at  least  twelve  inches 
and  the  orifice  in  the  stomach  nearly  in  the  center,  two  inches  below  the 
left  nipple,  on  a  line  drawn  from  this  to  the  point  of  the  left  ilium. 

To  retain  his  food  and  drink  I  kept  a  compress  and  tent  of  lint,  fit- 
ted to  the  shape  and  size  of  the  perforation,  and  confined  there  by  ad- 
hesive straps. 

After  trying  ail  the  means  in  my  power  for  eight  or  ten  months  to 
close  the  orifice  by  exciting  adhesive  inflammation  in  the  lips  of  the  wound, 
without  the  least  appearance  of  success,  I  gave  it  up  as  impracticable  in 
any  other  way  than  that  of  incising  and  bringing  them  together  by 
sutures,  an  operation  to  which  the  patient  would  not  submit. 

By  the  sloughing  of  the  injured  portion  of  the  lung  a  cavity  was 
left  as  large  as  a  common-sized  teacup,  from  which  continued  a  copious 
discharge  of  pus  for  three  month-,  when  it  became  filled  with  healthy 
granulations,  firmly  adhering  to  the  pleura  and  soundly  cicatrized  over 
that  part  of  the  wound. 

Four  months  after  the  injury  was  received  an  abscess  formed  about 
two  inches  below  the  wound,  nearly  over  the  cartilaginous  ends  of  the 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  59 

first  and  second  ribs,  very  painful  and  extremely  sore,  producing  violent 
.symptomatic  fever.  On  the  application  of  an  emollient  poultice  it 
pointed  externally.  It  was  then  laid  open  to  the  extent  of  three  inches, 
and  several  shot  and  pieces  of  wad  extracted,  after  which  a  gum-elastic 
bougie  could  be  introduced  three  or  four  inches  in  the  longitudinal  di- 
rection of  the  ribs,  towards  the  spine.  Great  pain  and  soreness  ex- 
tended from  the  opening  of  the  abscess,  along  the  track  of  the  cartilagin- 
ous ends  of  the  false  ribs,  to  the  spine,  with  a  copious  discharge  from  the 
-sinus. 

In  five  or  six  clays  there  came  away  a  cartilage  one  inch  in  length. 
In  six  or  seven  days  more  another,  an  inch  and  a  half  long;  and  in 
about  the  same  length  of  time  a  third,  two  inches  long,  were  discharged. 
And  they  continued  to  come  away  every  five  or  six  days  until  five  were 
discharged  from  the  same  opening,  the  last  three  inches  in  length.  They 
were  all  entire  and  evidently  separated  from  the  false  ribs. 

The  discharge,  pain  and  irritation  during  the  four  or  five  weeks 
these  cartilages  were  working  out  greatly  reduced  the  strength  of  the 
patient,  produced  a  general  febrile  habit  and  stopped  the  healing  pro- 
cess of  the  original  wound. 

Directly  after  the  discharge  of  the  last  cartilage  inflammation  com- 
menced over  the  lower  end  of  the  sternum,  which,  by  the  usual  applica- 
tions terminated  in  a  few  days  in  a  large  abscess,  and  from  which,  by  lay- 
ing it  open  two  inches,  I  extracted  another  cartilage  three  inches  in 
length.  The  inflammation  then  abated,  and  in  a  day  or  two  another  piece 
came  away  and  the  discharge  subsided. 

To  support  the  patient  under  all  these  debilitating  circumstances, 
I  administered  wine,  with  diluted  muriatic  acid  and  thirty  or  forty  drops 
of  the  tincture  of  assafoetida  three  times  a  day,  which  appeared  to  pro- 
duce the  desired  effect,  and  very  much  improved  the  condition  of  the 
wound. 

On  the  3d  of  January,  1823,  I  extracted  another  cartilage  from 
the  opening  over  the  sternum  an  inch  and  a  half  long;  and  on  the  fourth 
another,  two  inches  and  a  half  in  length,  an  inch  broad  at  one  end  and 
narrowing  to  less  than  half  an  inch  at  the  other.  This  must  have  been  the 
ensiform  cartilage  of  the  sternum.  After  this  the  sinus  closed  and  there 
was  no  return  of  inflammation. 

From  the  month  of  April,  1823,  at  which  time  he  had  so  far  recov- 
ered as  to  be  able  to  walk  about  and  do  light  work,  enjoying  his  usual 
good  appetite  and  digestion,  he  continued  with  me,  rapidly  regaining  ln.s 
health  and  strength. 

By  the  6th  of  June,  1823,  one  year  from  the  time  of  the  accident, 
the  injured  parts  were  all  sound  and  firmly  cicatrized  with  the  exception 
of  the  aperture  in  the  stomach  and  side."  This  continued  much  in  the 
same  situation  as  it  was  six  weeks  after  the  wound  was  received.  The 
perforation  was  about  two  and  a  half  inches  in  circumference,  and  the  food 
and  drink  constantly  exuded,  unless  prevented  by  a  tent,  compress  and 
bandage. 

From  this  time  he  continued  gradually  to  improve  in  health  and 
strength,  and  the  newly  formed  integuments  over  the  wound  became 
firmer  and  firmer.  At  the  point  where  the  lacerated  edges  of  the  muscular 
coat  of  the  stomach  and  intercostal  muscles  met  and  united  with  the 
cutis  vera  the  cuticle  of  the  external  surface  and  the  mucous  membrane 
of  the  stomach  approached  each  other  very  nearly.     They  did  not  unite, 


60  ONE    HUNDRED    TEARS    OF 

like  those  of  the  lips,  nose,  etc.,  but  left  an  intermediate  marginal  space 
of  appreciable  breadth,  completely  surrounding  the  aperture.  This  space 
is  about  a  line  wide,  and  the  cutis  and  nervous  papillae  are  unprotected, 
as  sensible  and  irritable  as  a  blistered  surface  abraded  of  the  cuticle. 
This  condition  of  the  aperture  still  continues  and  constitutes  the  prin- 
cipal and  almost  only  cause  of  pain  or  distress  experienced  from  the  con- 
tinuance of  the  aperture,  the  introduction  of  instruments,  etc.,  in  the 
experiments  or  the  exudation  of  fluids  from  the  gastric  cavity. 

Frequent  dressings  with  soft  compresses  and  bandages  were  necessarily 
applied  to  relieve  his  suffering  and  retain  his  food  and  drinks  until  the 
winter  of  1823-4  At  this  time  a  small  fold  or  doitbling  of  the  coats  of  the 
stomach  appeared,  forming  at  the  snperior  margin  of  the  orifice,  slight- 
ly protruding,  and  increasing  till  it  filled  the  aperture,  so  as  to  super- 
sede the  necessity  for  the  compress  and  bandage  for  retaining  the  con- 
tent- of  the  stomach.  This  valvular  formation  adapted  itself  to  the 
accidental  orifice,  so  as  completely  to  prevent  the  efflux  of  'the  gastric 
contents  when  the  stomach  was  full,  but  was  easily  depressed  with  the 
finger. 

In  the  spring  of  1821  he  had  perfectly  recovered  his  natural  health 
and  strength:  the  aperture  remained  and  the  surrounding  wound  was 
firmly  cicatrized  to  its  edges. 

In  the  month  of  May,  1825,  I  commenced  my  first  series  of  gastric 
experiments  with  him  at  Fort  Mackinac,  Michigan  Territory.  In  the 
month  of  June  following  I  was  ordered  to  Fort  Niagara,  X.  Y..  where, 
taking  the  man  with  me,  I  continued  my  experiments  until  August. 
Part  of  these  experiments  were  published  in  1826,  in  the  29th  number  of 
the  Philadelphia  Medical  Recorder,  conducted  by  Dr.  Samuel  Calhoun. 
About  this  time  (August,  1825,)  I  took  St.  Martin  with  me  to  Burlington, 
Vt.,  and  from  -hence  to  Piattsburgh,  X.  Y.  From  the  latter  place  he 
returned  to  Canada,  his  native  place,  without  obtaining  my  consent. 

Being  una  hie  to  ascertain  the  place  of  his  resort,  I  gave  him  up 
as  a  lost  subject  for  physiological  experiments  and  returned  to  my  post 
at  the  West  again.  I  did  not,  however,  remit  my  efforts  to  obtain  infor- 
mation of  his  place  of  residence  and  condition. 

He  remained  in  Canada  four  years,  during  which  period  he  married 
and  became  the  father  of  two  children;  worked  hard  to  support  his 
family,  and  enjoyed  robust  health  and  strength.  In  1825,  as  he  has 
informed  me,  he  engaged  with  the  Hudson  Bay  Fur  Company  as  a  voy- 
ager to  the  Indian  country.  He  went  out  in  1827  and  returned  in  1828, 
and  subsequently  labored  hard  to  support  his  family  until  1829. 

Accidentally  learning  about  this  time  where  he  was,  and  that  he  en- 
joyed perfect  health,  1  made  arrangements  with  the  agents  of  the  Ameri- 
can Fur  Company,  who  annually  visit  Canada  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 
curing voyagers,  to  find  and  engage  him  for  my  service  if  practicable. 
After  considerable  difficulty  and  at  great  expense  to  me  they  succeeded 
in  engaging  him  and  transported  him  from  Lower  Canada  with  his  wife 
and  two  children  to  me  at  Fort  Crawford,  Prairie  du  Chien,  Upper  Miss- 
issippi, a  distance  of  nearly  2,000  miles,  in  August,  1829.  His  stomach 
and  side  were  in  a  similar  condition  as  when  he  left  me  in  1S25.  The 
aperture  was  open  and  his  health  good. 

He  now  entered  my  service,  and  I  commenced  another  series  of  experi- 
ments on  the  stomach  and  gastric  fluids,  and  continued  them,  interrupt- 
edlv,  until  March,  1831.     During  this  time,  in  the  intervals  of  experiment- 


MEDICINE   AND    SURGERY.  61 

ing  all  the  duties  of  a  common  servant,  chopping  wood,  carrying  burdens, 
etc.,  with  little  or  no  suffering  or  inconvenience  from  his  wound.  He 
labored  constantly,  became  the  father  of  more  children,  and  enjoyed  as 
good  health  and  as  much  vigor  as  men  in  general.  He  subsisted  on  crude 
food  in  abundant  quantities,  except  when  on  prescribed  diet  for  particular 
experimental  purposes  and  under  special  observance. 

In  the  spring  of  1831  circumstances  made  it  expedient  for  him  to 
return  with  his  family  from  Prairie  du  Chien  to  Lower  Canada  again.  I 
relinquished  his  engagements  to  me  for  the  time  on  a  promise  that  he 
would  return  when  required  and  gave  him  an  outfit  for  himself,  wife  and 
children.  They  started  in  an  open  canoe,  via  the  Mississippi,  passing  by 
St.  Louis,  Mo.;  ascended  the  Ohio  Eiver,  then  crossed  the  State  of  Ohio 
to  the  lakes  and  descended  the  Erie,  Ontario  and  the  Eiver  St.  Lawrence 
to  Montreal,  where  they  arrived  in  June.  He  remained  in  Canada  with 
his  family  until  October,  1832,  in  good  health  and  at  hard  labor.  He  was 
in  the  midst  of  the  cholera  epidemic  at  the  time  it  prevailed  and  passed 
through  Canada,  and  withstood  its  ravages  with  impunity,  while  hun- 
dreds around  him  fell  sacrifices  to  its  fatal  influence. 

In  November,  1832,  he  again  engaged  himself  to  me  for  twelve 
months  for  the  express  purpose  of  submitting  to  another  series  of  experi- 
ments. He  joined  me  at  Plattsburg,  N.  Y.,  and  traveled  with  me  to 
the  city  of  Washington,  where,  with  the  facilities  afforded  by  the  head 
of  the  medical  department,  the  experiments  were  continued  upon  him 
from  November,  1832,  to  March,  1833. 

During  the  whole  of  these  periods,  from  the  spring  of  1824  to  the 
present  time,  he  has  enjoyed  general  good  health,  and  perhaps  suffered 
much  less  predisposition  to  disease  than  is  common  to  men  of  his  age  and 
circumstances  in  life.  He  has  been  active,  athletic  and  vigorous,  exercis- 
ing, eating  and  drinking  like  other  healthy  and  active  people.  For  the 
last  four  months  he  has  been  unusually  plethoric  and  robust,  though  con- 
stantly subjected  to  a  continued  series  of  experiments  on  the  interior  of 
the  stomach,  allowing  to  be  introduced  or  taken  out  at  the  aperture  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  food,  drinks,  elastic  catheters,  thermometer  tubes,  gastric 
juice,  chyme,  etc.,  almost  daily  and  sometimes  hourly. 

Such  have  been  this  man's  condition  and  circumstances  for  several 
years  past,  and  he  now  enjoys  the  most  perfect  health  and  constitutional 
soundness,  with  every  function  of  the  system  in  full  force  and  vigor. 

Mode  of  Extracting  the  Gastric  Juice. — The  usual  method  of  extract- 
ing the  gastric  juice  for  experiment  is  by  placing  the  subject  on  his  right 
side,  depressing  the  valve  within  the  aperture,  introducing  a  gum-elastic 
tube  of  the  size  of  a  large  quill,  five  or  six  inches  into  the  stomach,  and 
then  turning  him  on  the  left  side  until  the  orifice  becomes  dependent. 
In  health,  and  when  free  from  food,  the  stomach  is  usually  entirely  empty 
and  contracted  upon  itself.  On  introducing  the  tube  the  fluid  soon  begins 
to  flow,  first  by  drops,  then  in  an  interrupted  and  sometimes  in  a  short, 
continuous  stream.  Moving  the  tube  about,  up  and  down,  or  backwards 
and  forwards,  increases  the  discharge.  The  quantity  ol  fluid  ordinarily 
obtained  is  from  four  drachms  to  one  and  a  half  or  two  ounces,  varying 
with  the  circumstances  and  condition  of  the  stomach.  Its  extraction  is 
generally  attended  by  that  peculiar  sensation  at  the  pit  of  the  stomach, 
termed  sinking,  with  some  degree  of  faintness,  which  renders  it  neces- 
sary to  stop  the  operation.       The  usual  time  of  extracting  the  juice  is 


62  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

early  in  the  morning,  before  lie  has  eaten,  when  the  stomach  is  empty 
and  clean. 

On  laying  him  horizontally  on  his  back,  pressing  the  hand  upon  the 
hepatic  region,  agitating  a  little  and  at  the  same  time  turning  him  to 
the  left  side,  bright  yellow  bile  appears  to  flow  freely  through  the  pylorus 
and  passes  out  through  the  tube.  Sometimes  it  is  found  mixed  with  the 
gastric  juice  without  this  operation.  This  is,  however,  seldom  the  case, 
unless  it  has  been  excited  by  some  other  cause. 

The  chymous  fluids  are  easily  taken  out  by  depressing  the  valve 
within  the  aperture,  laying  the  hand  over  the  lower  part  of  the  stomach, 
shaking  a  little  and  pressing  upwards.  In  this  manner  any  quantity 
necessary  for  examination  and  experiment  can  be  obtained. 

Valve. — The  valve  mentioned  above  is  formed  by  a  slightly  inverted 
portion  of  the  inner  coats  of  the  stomach,  fitted  exactly  to  fill  the 
aperture.  Its  principal  and  most  external  attachment  is  at  the  upper 
and  posterior  edge  of  the  opening.  Its  free  portion  hangs  pendulous  and 
fills  the  aperture  when  the  stomach  is  full,  and  plays  up  and  down  simul- 
taneously with  the  respiratory  muscles  when  empty. 

On  pressing  down  the  valve  when  the  stomach  is  full  the  contents 
flow  out  copiously.  When  the  stomach  is  nearly  empty  and  quiescent  the 
interior  of  the  cavity  may  be  examined  to  the  depth  of  five  or  six  inches 
if  kept  distended  by  artificial  means,  and  the  food  and  drinks  may  be  seen 
entering  it  if  swallowed  at  this  time,  through  the  ring  of  the  esophagus. 
The  perforation  through  the  walls  of  the  stomach  is  about  three  inches 
to  the  left  of  the  cardia,  near  the  left  superior  termination  of  the  great 
curvature.  When  entirely  empty  the  stomach  contracts  upon  itself  and 
sometimes  forces  the  valve  through  the  orifice,  together  with  an  addi- 
tional portion  of  the  mucous  membrane,  which  becomes  completely  in- 
vested and  forms  a  tumor  as  large  as  a  hen's  egg.  After  lying  on  the  left- 
side and  sleeping  a  few  hours  a  still  larger  portion  protrudes  and  spreads 
out  over  the  external  integuments,  five  or  six  inches  in  circumference,. 
fairly  exhibiting  the  natural  rugae,  villous  membrane  and  mucous  coat, 
lining  the  gastric  cavity.  This  appearance  is  almost  invariably  exhib- 
ited in  the  morning  before  rising  from  his  bed. 

Plattsburgh,  1833. 


WILLIAM   M.    M  I'HEEXERS,    M.   D.,    ST.    LOUTS. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  53 


CHAPTER  IV.— THE  CHOLERA  EPIDEMICS. 

HISTORY  OF  EPIDEHIC  CHOLERA  IN  ST.   LOUIS  IN  1849.* 

In  this  article  I  propose  giving  a  report  of  the  late  fearful  visitation 
of  cholera  in  St.  Louis,  so  far  as  it  came  under  my  own  observation,  as  the 
published  records  of  the  city  sIioav,  and  as  I  have  been  able  to  gather 
from  other  authentic  sources.  Having  no  new  views  to  present  as  to  the 
nature,  cause  or  treatment  of  cholera,  I  shall  endeavor  to  confine  myself 
as  closely  as  possible  to  facts,  together  with  a  statement  of  such  general 
conclusions  as  these  facts  seem  to  warrant.  During  the  year  I  had  charge 
of  the  St.  Louis  Hospital — under  the  care  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity — which 
for  a  long  time  was  the  sole,  and  throughout  the  epidemic,  the  principal 
depot  for  the  reception  of  cholera  patients.  My  opportunities,  therefore, 
for  observing  the  disease  were  not  surpassed  by  airy  other  individual. 

As  early  as  the  months  of  October,  November  and  December,  1818,. 
it  was  obvious  to  all  that  there  was  an  unusual  predisposition  throughout 
our  entire  population  to  diarrhea  and  bowel  affections  of  all  kinds.  In 
the  hospital,  so  great  was  this  tendency,  that  the  administration  of  cathar- 
tic medicines  had  to  be  entirely  suspended;  for,  when  given  in  any  dis- 
ease, troublesome  and  even  unmanageable  diarrheas  were  the  invariable 
results.  The  attention  of  the  clinical  class,  who  accompanied  me  in  my 
visits  during  the  fall  and  winter  was  frequently  directed  to  this  pecu- 
liarity, and  it  was  stated  that  as  coming  events  cast  their  shadows  before 
them,  it  must  be  regarded  as  the  inevitable  precursor  of  cholera. 

Early  in  December,  1848,  the  disease  made  its  appearance  in  New  Or- 
leans, where  it  soon  became  epidemic,  and  prevailed  to  an  alarming  ex- 
tent. By  means  of  the  numerous  steamboats  plying  between  this  port 
and  New  Orleans,  and  in  the  absence  of  all  quarantine  regulations,  cases 
of  cholera  were  frequently,  towards  the  latter  part  of  December,  brought 
to  this  city  from  New  Orleans  and  admitted  into  the  St.  Louis  Hospital. 
Some  of  these  cases  proved  fatal,  and  in  this  way  deaths  from  cholera  ap- 
pear in  the  weekly  reports  at  that  period. 

On  the  5th  day  of  Januar}',  1819,  the  first  case  of  cholera  originating 
in  St.  Louis  occurred.  The  patient,  a  stout,  healtlry  laboring  man,  who 
had  four  months  previous  to  this  time  returned  from  New  Mexico,  and 
since  which  he  had  been  employed  in  the  upper  part  of  the  town,  where 
he  had  no  connection  whatever  with  any  one  affected  with  cholera.  On 
the  day  of  his  attack,  January  5,  at  dinner,  he  ate  heartily  of  sour  kraut, 
while  laboring  under  a  slight  diarrhea,  and  in  a  few  clays  after  was  taken 
with  vomiting,  cramps  and"  frequent  discharges  from  the  bowels.  Four 
o'clock  the  same  afternoon  he  was  taken  to  the  hospital,  and  in  a  short 
time  afterwards  I  saw  him.  Found  him  in  the  following  condition :  Vom- 
iting freely,  with  frequent  and  copious  discharges  from  the  bowels; -at 
first  of  slight  bilious  character,  but  it  soon  became  pure  "rice  water:" 
cramps  in  the  stomach  and  lower  extremities  and  tongue  cold;  skin  of  a 
blue  color  and  very  much  corrugated;  urinary  secretions  suspended;  eyes 
sunken  and  surrounded  by  a  livid  hue.     As  the  public  mind    at  this  time 


*By  Dr.  William    M.  McPheeters,  St.  Louis. 


64  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

was  greatly  excited  on  the  subject  of  cholera,,  I  invited  several  professional 
brethren  in  whom  I  had  confidence  to  see  the  patient  with  me.  all  of  whom 
concurred  in  the  opinion  thai  it  was  a  veil  marked  case  of  cholera.  From 
the  beginning  the  treatment  instituted  was  of  the  most  vigorous  char- 
acter, and  was  kept  up  with  great  assiduity,  notwithstanding  which  the 
patient  sank  rapidly  into  a  state  of  complete  collapse  and  died  the  follow- 
ing morning  about  2  o'clock. 

I  have  been  thus  minute  in  describing  this  case,  as  it  goes  to  show 
that  from  the  very  commencement  the  disease  showed  a  most  malignant 
character,  and  that  at  this  early  period  the  unknown  morbid  agent  giving 
rise  to  cholera  already  existed  m  the  atmosphere,,  and  only  required  an 
exciting  cause,  such  as  sauer  kraut  in  this  instance  afforded,  to  develop 
it  in  all  its  violence,  and  this,  too,  at  a  time  when  the  weather  was  cold, 
and  the  streets  and  alleys  completely  frozen,  and  when  there  was  an  ab- 
sence of  those  local  causes  of  disease  which  usually  exist  so  abundantly  in 
our  midst. 

The  next  case  of  local  origin  occurred  two  days  after,  on  the  7th  of 
January:  patient  an  Irish  boatman,  but  out  of  employment  at  that  season 
of  the  year.  This  man  also  had  a  slight  diarrhea  for  several  days  prior  to 
his  attack,  and  was  guilty  of  imprudence  in  diet.  On  entering  the  hos- 
pital he  presented  all  the  characteristics  of  cholera,  though  not  in  so  ag- 
gravated a  form  as  in  the  last  case.  This  patient  recovered.  Xo  other 
cases  are  known  to  have  originated  here  until  the  17th,  when  a  stout, 
middle-aged  laborer  was  brought  into  the  hospital,  in  a  few  hours  after 
he  was  taken,  in  a  state  of  collapse,  and  died  the  same  night.  From 
the  first  his  symptoms  were  of  the  most  violent  kind.  This  case,  unlike 
the  last  two,  was  not  preceded  by  diarrhea,  nor  could  it  be  traced  to  anv 
imprudence  in  diet. 

The  next  ease  was  on  the  18th;  patient  a  laborer  of  good  habits,  but 
had  suffered  with  diarrhea  for  a  week.  Entered  the  hospital  in  an  ad- 
vanced stage  and  died  on  the  20th.  Previous  to  death  his  evacuation  be- 
came decidedly  fecal  and  bilious.  The  fifth  case  of  local  origin  occurred 
on  the  20th  in  the  person  of  a  female,  who  resided  in  the  same  house  with 
the  patient  last  named  (on  St.  Charles  street,  between  Third  and  Fourth), 
in  which  house  several  other  cases  subsequently  occurred.  She  had  diar- 
rhea ten  days  previous  to  attack,  for  which  she  was  treated  and  recov- 
ered; was  seized  with  great  violence,  and  in  eight  hours  after  admission 
into  the  hospital  and  twelve  hours  after  the  first  attack,  she  died. 

The  sixth  case  originating  here  occurred  on  the  21st  and  the  sev- 
enth on  the  28th.  The  two  last  cases  were  of  a  milder  character  than  the 
others  and  both  recovered.  Towards  the  latter  part  of  January  cases 
occasionally  presented  themselves  in  various  parts  of  the  city  besides 
those  enum'erated  as  having  been  sent  to  the  hospital,  but  they  were  not 
numerous. 

During  the  whole  month  of  January  33  death. s  are  reported  as  hav- 
ing taken  place  from  cholera  in  the  city  and  five  from  cholera  morbus. 
Two-thirds  of  these  at  least  were  imported  from  Xew  Orleans,  while  only 
the  remaining  one-third  were  of  local  origin.  The  real  number  of  deaths 
from  cholera  in  January,  1819,  may,  therefore,  be  stated  at  38.  Of  these, 
eight  occurred  at  St.  Louis  Hospital,  two  at  the  Hospital  for  Invalids  and 
two  at  the  City  Hospital.  The  remainder  were  from  the  city  at  large  and 
from  the  different  steamboats.  The  whole  number  of  deaths  from  all  dis- 
eases in  Januarv  was  276. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  Q5 

During  the  first  week  in  February  four  deaths  are  reported  from 
cholera,  all  of  whom  died  in  St.  Louis  Hospital,  and  were  from  different 
steamboats.  The  second  week  in  February  there  were  eleven  deaths  from 
cholera;  three  or  four  of  these  were  of  local  origin  and  the  remainder 
were  brought  up  from  New  Orleans  and  died  in  different  hospitals.  Dur- 
ing the  third  week  there  were  only  four  deaths  from  cholera,  all  of  which 
were  imported,  and  from  the  19th  to  the  2  (5th  not  a  single  death  occurred 
from  cholera.  Throughout  the  whole  month  of  February  there  were  only 
twenty  deaths  from  cholera,  being  eighteen  less  than  in  January.  The 
whole  number  of  deaths  from  all  diseases  during  the  month  was  241. 

The  first  week  in  March  there  were  three  deaths  from  cholera,  the 
second  week  ten,  the  third  week  twenty-seven  and  the  fourth  week  twenty- 
eight.  The  total  number  of  deaths  from  cholera  in  March  was  68,  and 
from  all  diseases  291.  This  exhibits  a  decided  increase  from  the  month 
of  January  and  February,  and,  although  many  cases  were  imported,  the 
number  originating  here  was  vastly  augmented. 

For  the  first  week  in  April  there  were  18  deaths  of  cholera;  second 
week,  17;  third  week,  25:  fourth  week,  27,  and  fifth  week,  41,  making  in 
all  for  the  month  131  deaths  from  cholera  and  156  from  all  diseases, 
From  the  beginning  of  April  the  number  of  imported  cases  began  to  de- 
crease and  those  of  local  origin  to  multiply.  Towards  the  latter  part  of 
the  month  the  disease  broke  out  with  great  violence  among  the  inhabitants 
of  the  Orphans'  Home,  situated  on  Fourth  street,  between  Poplar  and 
€erre,  and  in  a  few  days  swept  off  the  matron  of  the  establishment  and 
many  of  the  unfortunate  inmates  of  the  asylum.  So  fatal  was  the  dis- 
ease among  the  children  that  it  was  thought  best  to  remove  those  remain- 
ing and  temporarily  to  suspend  the  operations  of  the  institution. 

At  this  period  apprehension  became  very  great.  With  the  approach 
of  warm  weather  the  disease  was  seen  greatly  to  increase,  and  all  seemed 
now  convinced  that  a  summer  of  unparalleled  mortality  awaited  our  pop- 
ulation. 

The  first  week  in  May  showed  a  fearful  increase  in  the  progress  of 
the  disease,  there  being  78  deaths  from  cholera,  with  a  total  from  all  dis- 
eases of  135.  Still  the  mortality  was  principally  confined  to  the  lower 
classes  and  the  unacclimated  emigrants  coming  among  us  in  great  numbers. 
This  state  of  things,  however,  did  not  continue  long,  for  the  very  next  week 
revealed  the  astonishing  result  of  193  deaths  of  cholera  and  273  from  all 
diseases.  The  panic  at  this  time  among  all  classes  of  our  citizens  was  at 
its  height ;  not  even  afterwards,  when  the  daily  mortality  reached  145,  was 
it  ever  greater.  At  this  juncture  (May  17)  the  great  fire  occurred,  and  for 
two  weeks  immediately  following  it  there  was  a  perceptible  decrease  in  the 
number  of  deaths.  From  193  for  the  week  preceding  the  fire  it  was  reduced 
to  128  the  first,  118  the  second  thereafter.  Those  circumstances,  which 
were  probably  only  a  coincidence  or  one  of  those  variations  which  frecptent- 
ly  occur  during  prevalence  of  an  epidemic,  was  attributed  to  the  influence 
of  the  fire  in  purifying  the  atmosphere,  and  it  was  confidently  believed  by 
many  that  the  disease  would  thenceforth  decline.  The  sequel  shows  how 
little  foundation  there  really  was  for  this  opinion.  By  making  a  powerful 
impression  on  the  minds  of  the  people,  and  for  a  time  diverting  their  atten- 
tion from  the  all-absorbing  subject  of  cholera,  the  great  fire  may  have  in- 
fluenced the  disease  in  temporarily  suspending  one  of  the  chief  exciting 
causes,  to-wit:  fear,  but  in  no  other  way  that  I  can  perceive.     The  sum- 


6(5  ONE    HUNDRED   YEARS    OF 

ming  up  of  the  month  of  May  shows  an  aggregate  of  786  deaths;  of  these 
517  were  of  cholera,  showing  an  increase  of  386. 

The  first  week  in  June  there  were  74  deaths  of  cholera  and  in  all  144. 
During  the  second  week  139  of  cholera  and  "383  in  all.  At  this  period  the 
increase  in  the  mortality  was  so  great  that  it  now  became  necessary,  in  or- 
der to  convey  a  just  idea  of  the  progress  of  the  epidemic,  to  give  the  daily 
as  well  as  the  weekly  mortality. 

From  the  details  already  given  and  particularly  from  those  which 
are  to  follow,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  number  of  deaths  from  other  diseases- 
besides  cholera  is  unusually  great.  This  greatly  increased  mortality  at- 
tributed to  other  diseases  is  unquestionably  owing  to  the  all-pervading 
cholera  influence.  During  the  months  of  June  and  July,  and  to  some  ex- 
tent throughout  the  epidemic,  such  was  the  almost  irresistible  tendency  to> 
death  that  slight  ailments,  which  under  ordinary  circumstances- 
and  during  other  seasons  would,  have  yielded  readily  to  treatment,  now  be- 
came serious  in  their  character  and  not  infrequently  ran  on  rapidly  to  a. 
fatal  termination.  Besides,  in  the  weekly  reports  of  deaths  during  the 
year,  432  were  returned  as  occurring  from  unknown  diseases.  Nine-tenths  of 
these,  it  is  fair  to  presume,  died  from  cholera,  and  were  buried  without  reg- 
ular certificates  front  physicians,  and  consequently  were  reported  by  the 
sextons  as  unknown.  It  is  manifest,  therefore,  that  this  enormous  mor- 
tality (4046)  from  diseases  other  than  cholera  is  in  a  very  great  measure  tc* 
be  attributed  to  the  baneful  influence  of  the  epidemic.  The  following 
table  exhibit  the  daily  mortality  from  June  12  to  July  30  inclusive: 

Deaths  from  Cholera.     Other  Diseases.     TotaL 

Tuesday,  June  12,  there  were 47  12  59 

Wednesday,  June  13,  there  were. .. .   65  IS  83 

Thursday,  June  14,  there  were 58  10  68 

Friday,  June  15,  there  were .62  12  74 

Saturday,  June  16,  there  were 61  13  74 

Sunday,  June  17.  there  were 69  16  85 

Monday,  June  18,  there  were  .....    64  15  79 

Making  an  aggregate  for  the  week  of  -126  cholera,  96  from  other  diseases 
and  522  in  all. 

Tuesday,  June  19,  there  were   . ...  74  16  90 

Wednesday,  June  20,  there  were  .  .  .  67  35  102 

Thursday,  June  21,  there  were  ....  85  10  95 

Friday,  June  22.  there  were 95  25  120 

Saturday,  June  23,  there  were 98  27  125 

Sunday,  June  24,  there  were 118  21  139 

Monday, 'June  25,  there  were 99  28  127 

Being  for  the  week  636  from  cholera,  162  from  othe  diseases,  in  all  798. 
We  here  see  a  rapid  increase  within  the  last  two  weeks,  from  47  to  US 
deaths  a  day  from  cholera. 

Tuesday,  June  26,  there  were 94  20  114 

Wednesday,  June  27,  there  were.  .  .  .115  25  140 

Thursday,  June  28,  there  were 123  32  155 

Friday,  June  29,  there  were 119  43  162 

Saturday,  June  30,  there  were S3  39  122 

Sunday,  July  1,  there  were 100  25  125 

Monday,  Julv  2,  there  were 105  28  133 


MEDICINE   AND    SURGERY.  (J? 

This  week  presents  the  largest  aggregate  mortality  during  the  whole  year, 
there  being  739  deaths  from  cholera  and  212  from  other  diseases,  in  all 
951,  though  the  most  fatal  days  yet  remain  to  be  mentioned. 

Tuesday,  July  ,3,  there  were 103  28  131 

Wednesday,  July  4,  there  were   . .  .  108  29  139 

Thursday,  July  5,  there  were 98  28  121 

Friday,  July  6,  there  were ....   81  27  108 

Saturday,  July  7,  there  were   89  34  123 

Sunday/ July  8,  there  were SO  27  107 

Monday,  July  9,  there  were 101  24  125 

Making  654  deaths  fom  cholera  during  the  week  and  197  from  other  dis- 
eases, in  all  851. 

Tuesday,  July  10,  there  were 145  39  184 

Wednesday,  July  11,  there  were 124  33  157 

Thursday,  July  'l2,  there  were 105  31  134 

Friday,  July  13,  there  were 87  13  100 

Saturday,  July  14,  there  were 39  42  131 

Sunday,  July  15,  there  were 58  34  92 

Monday,  July  16,  there  were 61  27  88 

Tuesday  and  Wednesday  of  this  week  were  the  most  terrible  days  of  the 
whole  year.  On  the  previous  Saturday  and  Sunday  there  were  heavy 
rains;  on  Monday  the  sun  came  out  with  great  power,  and  the  number 
of  interments  on  Monday  were  the  fearful  consequences  of  the  combined 
heat  and  moisture.  Monday  and  Monday  night,  July  9,  will  be  long  re- 
membered by  the  citizens  of  St.  Louis.  But  having  once  reached  its  height, 
the  disease  began  rapidly  to  decline.  The  whole  number  of  deaths  from 
cholera  during  the  week  was  669  and  from  other  diseases  219,  in  all  888. 

Tuesday,  July  17,  there  were 61  23  84 

Wednesday,  July  18,  there  were  ...  50  34  84 

Thurscknr,  July  19.  there  were  ....  36  -30  66 

Friday,  July  20,  there  were 37  29  Q6- 

Saturday,  July  21,  there  were 33  20  53 

Sunday,  July  22,  there  were 21  13  34 

Monday,  July  23,  there  were 31  22  53 

Total  from  cholera  for  the  week,  269,  and  from  other  diseases,  171,  in  all 
440.     This  exhibits  a  manifest  improvement. 

Tuesday,  July  24,  there  were 19  16  35 

Wednesday,  July  25,  there  were  ...  22  26  48 

Thursday,  Julv  26,  there  were 14  15  29 

Friday,  July  27,  there  were   10  16  26 

Saturday,  July  28,  there  Avere 11  15  26 

Sunday,  July  29,  there  Avere 9  18  29 

Monday,  July  30,  there  Avere   15  25  40 

Total  from  cholera  for  the  Aveek,  100;  from  other  diseases,  131;  in  all,  231. 
On  Tuesday,  July  31,  only  three  deaths  occurred  from  cholera,  and  the 
Board  of  Health  therefore  pronounced  that  the  disease  was  no  longer  an 
epidemic.  For  the  remainder  of  the  year  I  shall  only  give  the  weekly  re- 
ports, which  are  as  follows : 


68 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


Cholera.     Other  Diseases.         All. 

For  the  week  ending  Aug.  6  there  were.  .43  109  152 

For  the  week  ending  Aug.  13  there  were.  .12  105  117 
For  the  week  ending  Aug.  20  there  were.  .   4                  90  94 

For  the  week  ending  Aug.  27  there  were.  .    3  70  73 

For  the  week  ending  Sept.  3  there  were.  .4  G7  71 

For  the  week  ending  Sept.  10  there  were.  .    2  (>4  66 

For  the  week  ending  Sept.  17  there  were.  .    1  87  88 

For  She  week  ending  Sept.  24  there  were.  .    6  74  80 

For  the  week  ending  Oct.  1  there  were.  .    3  74  77 

For  the  week  ending  Oct.  8  there  were.  .    0  69  69 

For  the  week  ending  Oct.  15  there  were.  .    2  61  63 

For  the  week  ending  Oct.  22  there  were.  .0  44  44 

For  the  week  ending  Oct.  29  there  were.  .    0  57  57 

For  the  week  ending  Nov.  5  there  were.  .    1  52  53 

For  the  week  ending  Nov.  12  there  were.  .    0  44  4-1 

For  the  week  ending  Nov.  19  there  were.  .    0  53  53 

For  the  week  ending  Nov.  26  there  were.  .    1  38  39 

For  the  week  ending  Dec.  3  there  were.  .    2  45  47 

For  the  week  ending  Dec.  10  there  were.  .    1  41  42 

For  the  week  ending  Dec.  17  there  were.  .2  44  46 

For  the  week  ending  Dec.  24  there  were.  .    0  31  31 

For  the  week  ending  Dec.  31  there  were.  .    0  36  36 

From  the  data  here  furnished,  which  has  heen  carefully  revised,  it 
appears  that  the  whole  number  of  deaths  from  cholera  during  "the  year  was 
4,557;  from  other  diseases,  4,046,  making  in  all  S,608.  As  frightful  as  this 
array  of  figures  may  seem,  they  do  not  tell  the  whole  story,  as  it  is  well- 
known  that  scores  and  even  hundreds  were  taken  to  the  country  and  across 
the  river  or  otherwise  secretly  buried  without  having  been  reported  to  the 
Eegister. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  epidemic  our  city  contained  a  popula- 
tion of  near  70,000,  but  this  number  was  reduced  to  about  50,000  by  July, 
so  that  the  greatest  mortality  occurred  at  a  time  when  the  number  of  in- 
habitants was  greatly  diminished.  The  following  table  exhibits  the  whole 
number  of  deaths  from  all  diseases  during  each  month  of  the  year  of  1849. 
The  number  from  cholera  and  also  the  proportion  of  children  of  5  years 
and  under: 
Whole  Number  of  Persons  in 

January 276  From  cholera..      38  5  years  and  under..    97 

February 241  From  cholera..      20  5  years  and  under..    91 

March  ..<....    294  From  cholera..      68  5  years  and  under..    93 

April    456  From  cholera..    131  5  years  and  under..  146 

May   786  From  cholera..    517  5  years  and  under..  158 

June 2440  From  cholera.  .1799  5  years  and  under.  .512 

July 2668  From  cholera.  .1895  5  years  and  under.  .675 

August 436  From  cholera..      62  5  years  and  under.  .208 

September    ...    305  From  cholera..      13  5  years  and  under..  125 

October 310  From  cholera..        5  5  years  and  under..  125 

November....    189  From  cholera..        2  5  years  and  under..    81 

December   ....    202  From  cholera..        5  5  years  and  under..    62 


•  8603 


4557 


217; 


MEDICINE   AND    SURGERY.  69 

The  infantile  mortality  as  exhibited  by  the  above  table,,  while  it  is 
frightfully  great  (2,173),  yet  as  compared  with  the  whole  number  of 
deaths,  is  smaller  than  usual,  being  less  than  one-fourth  of  the  whole 
number.  Yet  of  these  2,173  deaths  among  children,  only  526  are  reported 
as  having  taken  place  from  cholera,  from  which  fact  it  appears  that  while 
no  age,  sex  or  condition  is  exempt  from  the  ravages  of  ths  ruthless  dis- 
ease, it  at  least  showed  some  respect  to  the  tender  age  of  infancy. 

The  rapid  disappearance  of  the  disease  after  it  had  once  reached  its 
acme  (July  10  and  11)  is  as  remarkable  as  the  gradual  manner  in  which  it 
came  on.  Yet,  notwithstanding  the  warning  given  by  this  gradual  ap- 
proach, and  the  length  of  time  thus  afforded  for  placing  the  city  in  order 
for  its  reception  by  a  thorough  cleansing  and  by  removing  every  source  of 
disease  as  well  as  by  establishing  and  maintaining  a  vigorous  health  police 
and  preparing  suitable  hospitals  for  the  reception  of  the  indigent  sick, 
there  was  manifested  an  almost  reckless  apathy  on  the  part  of  our  author- 
ities. The  city  was  never  in  a  more  filthy  condition,  and  yet  inadequate 
steps  were  taken  towards  cleansing  it  until  at  length  public  indignation 
was  aroused  to  such  a  pitch  by  the  cruel  inaction  of  the  authorities  that 
mass  meetings  were  assembled  and  the  people  in  their  sovereign  capacity 
demanded  of  them — in  language  not  to  be  mistaken — either  to  do  their 
duty  or  at  once  resign.  But  so  afraid  were  they  of  taking  responsibility  on 
themselves  or  of  spending  the  people's  money  for  the  people's  good,  when 
they  themselves  demanded  it  at  their  hands,  that  they  ingloriously  shrunk 
from  the  crisis  and  conferred  all  the  power  and  authority,  which  by  law 
was  vested  in  them,  and  which  they  only  should  have  exercised,  upon  an 
irresponsible  "committee  of  health"  composed  of  private  citizens,  who 
patriotically  stepped  forward  and  did  what  the  city  authorities  long  be- 
fore should  have  done.  Too  much  praise  cannot  be  awarded  to  the  "com- 
mittee of  health"  for  the  prompt  and  efficient  manner  in  which  they  dis- 
charged the  duties  assigned  them.  They  commenced  their  operations 
about  the  28th  of  June,  held  daily  meetings,  and  by  systematic  and  vigor- 
ous action  did  all  in  their  power  to  stay  the  arm  of  the  destroyer.  Tempo- 
rary hospitals  were  established  in  each  ward,  physicians  employed  and  all 
the  appliances  of  comfort  secured  for  the  accommodation  of  the  poor.  The 
city  was  also  cleansed  as  thoroughly  as  possible;  bonfires  were  nightly  built 
in  almost  every  street  and  the  whole  city  repeatedly  fumigated  with  tar  and 
sulphur  and  other  hygienic  measures  adopted. 

I  am  not  disposed  to  attribute  the  rapid  decline  of  the  cholera  to 
the  action  of  the  "committee  of  health"'  nor  to  any  other  cause,  save  only 
the  withdrawal  of  the  peculiar  unknown  atmospheric  poison  which  has 
always  given  rise  to  it.  Yet  it  is  undoubtedly  true  in  those  parts  of  the 
city  which  were  damp  and  filthy  and  in  which  the  greatest  number  of  per- 
sons were  crowded  together,  the  disease  prevailed  to  the  most  deadly  ex- 
tent. This  of  itself  is  sufficient  to  show  the  importance  of  paying  strict 
attention  to  hygienic  regulations. 

As  to  the  bonfires  and  fumigations,  if  they  did  any  good  at  all  it  was 
only  by  diverting  the  minds  of  the  people. 

Among  the  causes  tending  greatly  to  swell  the  number  of  deaths  is 
to  be  mentioned  the  large  number  of  emigrants  who  were  constantly  pour- 
ing in  upon  us  by  the  boatload,  while  our  own  permanent  population  were 
leaving  as  fast  as  they  could  I  have  no  means  of  ascertaining  the  num- 
ber who  arrived  during  the  whole  season,  but  some  idea  may  be  formed  from 
a  single  fact,  that  on  the  28th  of  June  350  foreigners  landed  on  our  wharf 


70  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

from  a  single  steamer,  the  New  Uncle  Sain.  These  poor  creatures,  re- 
cently off  shipboard,  debilitated  by  the  long  sea  voyage,  and  in  the  most 
favorable  condition  for  contracting  disease,  were  landed  in  an  atmosphere 
reeking  with  the  deadly  influence  of  cholera,  and  as  a  matter  of  course  were 
swept  off  by  scores  and  by  hundreds.  Instead  of  victimizing  the  rest  of  the 
community  they  were  themselves  the  victims.  Towards  the  latter  part  of 
June  a  quarantine  was  established  by  which  a  check  was  put  to  the  rapid 
influx  of  emigrants.  The  decline  of  the  cholera  soon  after  induced  many 
to  believe  that  they  were  mainly  indebted  to  the  quarantine  for  its  dis- 
appearance. There  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  fact  that  had  the  quarantine 
been  established  sooner  many  lives  would  have  been  saved  by  keeping  out 
victims  already  predisposed  to  the  disease,  but  it  is  as  unreasonable  to  sup- 
pose that  the  cholera  was  kept  up  solely  by  the  influx  of  foreigners  as  it 
was  originally  brought  by  them  or  that  the  establishing  of  a  quarantine 
was  the  cause  of  its  decline.  As  has  already  been  stated,  the  disease  ran 
its  course  and  finally  ceased,  not  for  want  of  material  on  which  to  act, 
but  from  the  subsidence  of  the  epidemic  tendency  to  it. 

The  question  then  arises.  What  good,  if  any,  is  to  be  accomplished  by 
a  quarantine  during  cholera  or  at  any  other  lime?  The  answer  to  this 
question  has  already  been  partially  anticipated  by  showing  that  it  prevents 
persons  previously  disposed  to  this  or  any  other  disease  from  exposing 
themselves  to  the  prevailing  epidemic  influence,  and  in  so  far  only  as  the 
multiplication  of  diseases  during  the  existence  of  an  epidemic  tends — as 
it  may  reasonably  be  supposed  to  do — to  augment  the  atmospheric  causes, 
can  it  be  said  to  affect  the  diseases.  But  the  establishing  of  the  quarantine 
during  the  late  "visitation  of  cholera  unquestionably  did  good  indirectly  in 
another  way — by  quieting  the  apprehension  of  our  citizens  and  inducing 
the  feeling  of  security  in  a  firm  belief  on  their  part  that  the  chief  source 
of  the  disease  had  been  removed. 

Circumstanced,  as  St.  Louis  is,  being  the  point  at  which  thousands 
of  foreigners  from  all  parts  of  Europe  annually  collect  for  distribution 
throughout  this  widely  extended  fertile  valley,  it  cannot  be  denied  that 
a  permanent  quarantine  at  this  point  could  be  attended  with  the  happiest 
results,  especially  for  the  emigrants  themselves.  Here,  by  remaining  a  few 
days  and  undergoing  the  process  of  cleansing,  they  would  be  better  able  to 
bear  the  sudden  change  of  climate  and  be  less  liable  subsequently  to  ty- 
phoid fever  and  other  diseases  arising  from  long  confinement  on  shipboard. 
But  such  an  establishment  would  be  attended  with  no  inconsiderable  ex- 
pense, as  in  order  to  render  it  useful  for  these  purposes,  large  and  well  ven- 
tilated buildings  would  have  to  be  erected  and  all  the  appliances  for  health 
and  comfort  sustained. 

By  reference  to  the  daily  mortality  it  will  be  seen  that  there  is  usually 
an  increased  number  of  interments  on  Monday.  This  is  owing  to  the  ex- 
cess on  the  previous  Sunday.  It  strikes  one  as  strange  that  in  the  midst 
of  pestilence,  in  which  the  hand  of  Providence  was  so  manifest,  men 
gave  full  rein  to  their  passions  and  indulged  in  unwonted  dissipation. 
Instances  are  known  in  which  individuals,  not  having  the  fear  of  God  be- 
fore their  eyes,  went  out  on  Sabbath  excursions,  defying  the  cholera,  and 
engaging  in  all  manner  of  excesses,  who  would  suddenly  be  taken  with 
the  disease  and  in  a  few  hours  hurried  into  eternity.  It  is  also  true  that 
there  was  an  unusually  large  quantity  of  alcoholic  liquors  drunk  by  all 
classes  of  our  citizens  from  the  erroneous  belief  in  its  prophylactic  powers, 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  71 

and  the  records  show  an  increased  number  of  deaths  from  mania  a  potu 
during  the  prevalence  of  the  epidemic. 

As  the  cholera  began  to  disappear  dysenteric  affections  became  very 
prevalent.  These  were  often  troublesome  and  not  infrequently  fatal.  The 
chief  peculiarity  which  was  presented  was  the  very  great  prostration  of 
•strength  attending  them,  but  in  other  respects  they  did  not  differ  from 
ordinary  dysenteries  of  this  climate.  I  am  inclined  to  attribute  this  dysen- 
teric tendency  to  the  too  rigid  adherence  to  an  exclusively  animal  diet, 
which  almost  every  one  followed  throughout  the  whole  summer.  And  this 
view  is  strengthened  by  the  fact  that  the  disease  rapidly  disappeared  as 
•soon  as  a  proper  admixture  of  vegetable  food  was  taken. 

After  the  abatement  of  cholera  and  the  succeeding  dysentery  our  city 
■exhibited  an.  unusual  state  of  health,  and  during  the  months  of  October, 
ISTovember  and  December  the  weekly  reports  of  mortality  were  unusually 
small  and  will  compare  favorably  with  those  of  any  other  State.  Like  the 
calm  which  follows  a  tornado,  as  it  has  swept  from  the  forest,  carrying  de- 
struction in  its  path,  when  once  the  storm  of  disease  had  subsided  the  at- 
mosphere seemed  to  be  purified  by  its  fury  and  rendered  fitter  for  respira- 
tion. 

From  the  commencement  of  cholera  in  St.  Louis  to  its  termination 
there  were  certain  localities  in  which  the  disease  raged  with  peculiar 
violence.  These  points  seemed  to  act  as  foci  from  whence  the  disease  ra- 
diated to  other  points,  and  the  facts  connected  with  them  formed  an  in- 
teresting subject  of  inquiry,  especially  as  they  were  regarded  by  those  who 
advocated  the  doctrine  of  contagion  as  having  an  important  bearing  on 
that  subject.  The  first  of  these  infected  localities  which  attracted  public 
attention  was  a  house  situated  near  the  corner  of  Seventh  and  St.  Charles 
streets  and  occupied  by  several  Irish  families;  some  inhabited  the  damp 
basement  and  others  the  upper  apartments.  As  early  as  the  middle  of 
January  a  case  of  cholera  originating  on  the  mer  was  taken  to  this  house 
and  died.  Soon  after  the  disease  broke  out  among  other  inmates.  Some 
six  or  seven  died  in  the  course  of  ten  days  or  two  Aveeks,  after  which  the 
house  was  abandoned.  The  character  and  habits  of  those  persons  were 
such  as  to  render  them  fit  subjects  for  cholera  or  any  other  disease.  Thus, 
with  the  predisposing  cause  already  existing  in  the  atmosphere,  super- 
added to  the  bad  habit  of  living,  it  is  possible  that  the  fear  occasioned  by 
the  introduction  of  the  isolated  case  among  them  may  have  acted  as  the 
determining  cause  of  the  disease  in  others. 

The  next  of  these  ill-fated  locations  which  at  a  later  period  became 
celebrated  for  its  mortality  was  on  the  northwest  side  of  Green  street,  be- 
tween Sixth  and  Seventh,  in  a  row  of  small  two-story  frame  buildings. 
This  row  was  densely  inhabited,  mostly  by  Irish.  Here  the  disease  pre- 
vailed violently.  Scarce  a  family  escaped  without  one  or  more  deaths,  and 
some  were  almost  entirely  swept  off.  The  peculiarity  about  the  situation  of 
these  houses  is  that  they  are  built  near  the  ground  and  with  lots  so  ex- 
ceedingly shallow  as  to  bring  the  outhouses  within  a  few  feet  of  the  back 
•doors. 

Still  later  in  the  season  the  disease  prevailed  with  fearful  violence 
on  the  north  side  of  St.  Charles  street,  between  Eighth  and  Ninth  streets, 
in  a  row  of  small  two-story  frame  and  brick  houses,  numerously  occupied  by 
mechanics  and  laborers,  whose  condition  was  somewhat  better  than  those  on 
Green  street.  Nearly  the  entire  population  of  this  block  was  swept  off, 
192  deaths  occurring  in  the  row.       The  street  opposite  had  never  been 


72  ONE   HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

paved;  the  situation  was  damp;  the  cellars  were  filled  with  water  and  the 
premises  otherwise  filthy. 

What  is  called  Vinegar  Hill,  situated  between  Fourteenth  and  Fif- 
teenth and  Christy  avenue  and  Morgan  street,  was  also  another  of  these 
fatal  localities.     The  inhabitants  here  were  mostly  Irish. 

The  neighborhood  of  Biddie  and  O'Fallon  and  Eighth  street,  as  well 
as  Biddie  and  Tenth,  may  also  be  included  among  the  infected  districts. 
Here  the  disease  reached  an  unmitigated  violence,  sweeping  off  hundreds. 
During  the  months  of  June  and  July,  having  frequently  gone  into  those 
neighborhoods  to  sec  a  single  case,  T  was  detained  for  hours,  going  from 
house  to  house,  prescribing  as  rapidly  as  possible.  The  population  of  these 
neighborhoods  were  almost  entirely  composed  of  Germans  and  Irish,  who 
have  herded  together  in  large  numbers.  ISTear  by  also  were  large  ponds  of 
stagnant  water,  some  of  which  covered  20  to  30  acres  of  ground. 

But  by  far  the  most  fatal  locality  was  that  known  as  Shepard's  Grave- 
yard (so  called  from  the  number  of  deaths  which  occurred  there),  being 
in  the  southwest  part  of  the  city  and  embracing  three  squares,  the  former 
bed  of  Chouteau  Pond. 

The  situation  of  this  place  was  low  and  damp  and  filthy  and  teemed 
with  a  population  of  the  poorest  of  the  poor  and  most  destitute  character. 
Here,  as  might  naturally  be  expected,  the  cholera  raged  with  unmitigated 
violence  and  carried  off  its  scores  and  hundreds.  I  am  informed  by  Hr. 
Alleyne,  who  had  charge  of  that  district  during  the  epidemic,  that  very 
many  cases  occurred  without  the  slightest  premonitory  diarrhea  and  ter- 
minated in  an  unusually  short  time. 

Besides  the  points  above  enumerated,  there  were  several  other  locali- 
ties in  different  parts  of  the  city  in  which  the  disease  was  more  fatal  than 
usual,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  districts  on  St.  George  street 
and  Bremen.  As  a  general  fact  it  may  be  stated  that  the  cholera  pre- 
vailed most  in  those  parts  of  the  city  in  which  there  were  the  largest  num- 
ber of  persons  herded  together,  where  the  streets  were  unpaved  and  where 
there  was  the  greatest  amount  of  filth  and  moisture.  As  a  proof  of  this  it 
is  worthy  of  remark  that  there  were  comparatively  few  cases  in  that  part 
of  the  city  which  was  well  paved,  well  built  and  inhabited  by  the  better  class 
of  persons — for  example,  from  Sixth  street  east  to  the  river.  But  while 
no  class  of  persons  could  claim  exemption,  and  while  some  of  our  best 
and  most  useful  citizens  fell  victims  to  the  disease,  it  fell  most  heavily 
on  the  poorer  class  from  their  exposed  condition,  and  especially  on  our  for- 
eign population.  It  is  perhaps  not  too  much  to  say  that  at  least  seven- 
tenths  of  the  entire  mortality  occurred  among  the  Germans  and  Irish. 

The  question  of  the  contagiousness  or  the  non-contagiousness  of  chol- 
era has  for  a  long  time  divided  the  medical  profession,  and  it  is  one  of  those 
questions  which  perhaps  never  can  be  definitely  settled,  as  facts  upon 
which  different  individuals  formed  their  opinions,  are,  it  must  be  ad- 
mitted, somewhat  contradictory.  Without  intending  to  enter  upon  a  discus- 
sion of  this  subject,  I  shall  merely  state  the  principal  facts  connected  with 
the  spread  of  the  disease  in  the  St.  Louis  Hospital  so  far  as  they  bear  upon 
this  point.  Prior  to  the  late  epidemic  I  knew  nothing  of  cholera  from 
my  own  personal  observation,  but  from  what  I  had  read  in  reference  to  it 
I  regarded  the  subject  of  contagion  as  an  open  question,  and  therefore  de- 
termined to  examine  it  impartially  in  reference  to  this  particularly.  The 
result  of  my  observation  has  been  to  convince  me  that  while  the  disease 
is  strictly  epidemic  in  its  nature,  yet  under  some  circumstances  and  to  a 


ST.   MART'S  HOSPITAL,   ST.  LOUIS. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  73 

limited  extent  it  may  also  become  moderately  contagious.  My  observation 
also  proves  that  those  persons,  professional  as  well  as  non-professional, 
who  regarded  the  disease  as  contagions,  were  more  guarded  in  their  inter- 
course with  cholera  patients,  and  suffered  far  more  from  fear  of  the  dis- 
ease than  those  who  viewed  it  merely  as  an  epidemic  affection,  and  insofar 
as  fear  acts  as  an  exciting  cause,  were  rendered  more  susceptible  to  it  than 
they  would  otherwise  have  been.  Tiros  many  instances  of  what  I  shall 
denominate  mental  contagion  occurred.  For  example,  when  a  case  origi- 
nated in  a  family  the  panic  often  became  so  great  that  the  other  inmates 
of  the  house  would  yield  so  much  to  the  depressing  influence  of  fear  as  to 
render  them  less  capable  of  resisting  the  prevailing  atmospheric  tendency 
of  the  disease;  and  that  every  additional  case  thus  caused  would  act  with 
redoubled  force.  In  this  way  much  of  the  so-called  contagion  of  cholera 
may  be  accounted  for. 

From  the  beginning  of  January  to  the  close  of  the  epidemic  there  was- 
a  constant  influx  of  cholera  patients  in  all  stages  of  the  disease  in  the  St. 
Louis  Hospital,  requiring  the  constant  attention  day  and  night  of  nurses 
and  assistants,  both  male  and  female,  yet  in  not  a  single  instance  did  any 
one  of  them  suffer  from  the  disease.  On  the  famale  side  of  the  house,  and 
to  some  extent  on  the  male  side,  numerous  patients  laboring  under  other 
diseases  were  placed  in  the  same  wards  with  cholera  cases,  but,  as  it  is  be- 
lieved, without  any  injury  to  their  health. 

The  whole  number  of  inmates  in  the  institution,  including  the  Sisters 
of  Charity,  male  and  female  nurses,  orphan  children  and  disabled  and  in- 
digent persons  having  no  home— but  exclusive  of  the  patients  properly  so- 
called — were  86  in  all.  Of  these  only  five  died  of  cholera  during  the  whole 
season.  Two  of  them  were  Sisters  of  Charity,  neither  of  whom,  however,, 
was  engaged  in  nursing,  the  one  being  exempt  from  duty  on  account  of  age 
and  infirmity,  but  who  occasionally  visited  the  wards  for  the  purpose  of  ad- 
ministering consolations  of  religion  to  the  dying,  while  the  other  was  en- 
gaged as  precutrix  of  the  establishment,  and  had  no  connection  whatever 
with  the  wards.  The  remaining  three  were  healthy  female  children  from 
4  to  12  years  of  age,  all  residing  in  the  female  ward,  common  to  cholera 
and  other  diseases.  In  addition  to  the  above,  a  female  recovering  from  ty- 
phoid fever  was  taken  with  cholera  and  died.  Besides  those  no  other  in- 
mate of  the  hospital  suffered  with  the  epidemic.  In  common  with  the  rest 
of  the  community  they  occasionally  had  diarrheas  which  yielded  with  great- 
er or  less  readiness  to  the  ordinary  remedies. 

TREATMENT. — On  this  subject  I  can  only  give  the  result  of  my  own 
experience  in  and  out  of  the  hospital,  which  experience,  while  it  does  not 
enable  me  to  suggest  any  plan  of  treatment  which  promises  more  than  or- 
dinary success,  has  at  least  taught  me  how  little  reliance  is  to  be  placed 
in  the  "thousand  and  one"  vaunted  remedies  which  are  constantly  heralded 
forth,  both  by  the  medical  and  secular  press,  as  specifics  for  cholera,  nearly 
all  of  which  were  fairly  tried  and  proved  to  be  entirely  worthless.  Further, 
that  those  physicians  who  boast  most  loudly  of  their  extraordinary  success 
in  the  treatment  of  cholera  have  either  seen  no  malignant  cholera  at  all  or 
else  they  are  guilty  of  the  most  willful  misrepresentation. 

That,  although  no  skeptic  as  to  the  powers  of  medicine,  my  expe- 
rience in  the  treatment  of  cholera  has  taught  me  how  impotent  is  our  art 
when  the  disease  is  malignant — that  the  result  of  medication  depends  vastly 
more  on  the  character  of  the  case  than  on  the  nature  of  the  treatment, 
and  that  while  mild  cases  will  yield  to  opposite  plans  of  treatment,  nineteen- 


74  ONE    HUNDRED   YEARS    OF 

twentieths  of  all  the  worst  eases  will  die  in  spite  of  all  the  doctors  and  all 
the  medicine  in  the  universe.  But  while  I  fast  believe,  I  am  far  from 
thinking-  that  all  plans  of  treatment  are  equally  successful  in  one  case  or 
unsuccessful  in  the  other,  or  that  even  the  most  malignant  cases  should  be 
abandoned  without  an  effort  to  save  them.  My  invariable  rule  was  to  aban- 
don no  case  as  hopeless  until  death  had  rendered  it  absolutely  so,  and  in 
pursuance  of  this  course  some  of  the  very  worst  cases  recovered. 

The  precursory  diarrhea  generally  yielded  readily  to  the  ordinary 
mercurial  astringent  and  opiate  plan  of  treatment,  but  while  this  was  the 
case  they  could  not  be  neglected  for  a  moment,  without  an  imminent  risk 
of  the  life  of  the  patient. 

One  of  the  first  remedies  I  employed  in  work  was  rendered  by  Dr. 
-Cartwright  and  subsequently  indorsed  by  a  physician  in  this  city  in  an  ar- 
ticle published  in  the  daily  newspaper — consisting  of  twenty  grains  of 
•calomel,  twenty  grains  of  capsicum  and  ten  grains  of  camphor.  This  com- 
pound, instead  of  arresting  the  disease,  Avas  found  to  be  positively  prejudi- 
cial, the  capsicum  in  many  instances  increasing  the  gastritis,  and  it  was 
therefore  abandoned  as  worse  than  useless. 

From  the  known  action  of  large  doses  of  quinine  in  congestive  fever, 
in  producing  a  prompt  and  powerful  impression  on  the  nervous  system, 
1  had  hoped  to  derive  benefit  from  its  use  in  cholera.  I  therefore  em- 
ployed it  in  large  and  small  doses  (from  two  to  twenty  grains)  alone  and  in 
combination,  in  repeated  instances,  without  any  good  effect. 

Opium  and  the  preparations  of  morphine,  in  doses  varying  from  two 
to  ten  of  the  former  and  from  a  quarter  to  two  grains  of  the  latter,  were 
iilso  tried,  alone  and  in  combination,  but  with  no  effect  more  than  the 
quinine.  Indeed,  in  some  instances,  troublesome  symptoms  seemed  to  be 
the  consequence. 

Calomel,  which  is  regarded  by  many  as  the  sheet  anchor  in  the  treat- 
ment of  cholera,  was  faithfully  tried  in  hundreds  of  cases,  in  doses  vary- 
ing from  two  to  sixty  grains,  frequently  repeated,  as  well  as  numerous  com- 
binations. T  am  not  prepared  to  say  that  no  benefit  was  derived  from  its 
use,  but  certainly  it  did  not  meet  my  expectations. 

ISTot  a  few  instances  occurred  in  Avhich  the  discharges  from  the  bowels 
assumed  a  decidedly  bilious  character,  and  some  in  which  even  ptyalism  was 
induced,  and  yet  the  patients  died,  though  the  occurrence  of  ptyalism  was 
generally  regarded  as  a  favorable  sign.  I,  however,  continued  to  use  cal- 
omel throughout  the  epidemic,  but  in  greatly  diminished  quantities. 

BLOOD  LETTING.— -No  remedies  employed  by  me  during  the  cholera 
seemed  at  first  to  produce  such  decided  and  favorable  results  as  the  lancet. 
In  some  six  or  eight  instances,  in  which  the  collapse  was  almost  complete, 
•and  in  which  all  the  symptoms  of  advanced  cholera  were  present,  the  pa- 
tients seemed  rescued  from  the  jaws  of  death  by  free  blood  letting.  In 
these  cases  the  blood  at  first  came  cl^r  bv  drop,  and  was  of  a  dark  mo- 
lasses color,  'out  gradually  began  to  fiKi  >-  ■  ultimately  to  flow  freely,  at  the 
same  time  assuming  a  brighter  hue.  Simultaneously  with  these  changes 
respiration  became  more  frequent  and  less  labored,  and  the  pulse  seemed  to 
increase  or,  from  not  being  perceptible  at  all,  became  manifest.  As  the  dis- 
ease progressed,  however,  the  same  favorable  results  did  not  attend  the  use 
of  the  lancet,  and  it  finally  fell  into  disuse,  not  that  I  did  not  believe  that 
there  were  many  cases  in  which  it  might  have  done  good,  but  because  my 
zeal  in  the  use  of  the  remedy  flagged,  owing  to  repeated  failures,  and  from 
the  very  great  demand  there  was  for  every  moment  of  my  time/     In  every 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  75 

instance  in  which  bleeding  was  tried  other  remedies  were  simultaneously 

•employed. 

Dry  cups  to  the  spine  and  cut  cups  to  the  abdomen  were  also  freely 
used,  and  the  latter  with  good  results,  the  former  not.  The  warm  hath, 
the  cold  douse  were  also  severely  tried,  mustard  plasters,  frictions  with 
capsicum,  dry  mustard  and  salt,  hot  bricks,  blankets  wrung  in  hot  water, 
etc.,  etc..  were  extensively  tried,  but  with  no  effect.  In  one  instance  a  pa- 
tient was  brought  into  the  hospital,  the  soles  of  whose  feet  were  burnt  to 
a  crisp  by  the  application  of  .hot  bricks,  yet  without  producing  reaction. 
In  another  case  plasters  were  allowed  to  remain  until  the  death  of  the  par- 
ty from  gangrene  ensued.  So  thoroughly  was  I  persuaded  of  the  in- 
■effieacy  of  external  applications  that  in  the  hospital  they  were  almost  whol- 
ly abandoned,  and  my  efforts  to  bring  on  reaction  were  directed  to  the  cen- 
ter of  circulation  rather  than  to  the  extremities.  Indeed,  it  seems  to  me 
as  unreasonable  to  expect  to  excite  animal  heat  by  applying  remedies  to  the 
extremities,  when  neither  the  heart  nor  the  lungs  are  doino-  their  functions 
properly,  as  it  would  be  to  think  of  increasing  the  temperature  of  an  apart- 
ment by  tampering  with  the  flues  vhen  the  furnace  where  the  heat  is 
generated  is  out  of  order.  In  private  practice  I  continued  to  use  the  fric- 
tion and  external  applications  because  it  was  gratifying  to  friends  to  be 
employed  in  doing  everything  in  their  power  to  prevent  a  fatal  termination 
of  the  disease. 

Chloroform  by  inhalation  and  taken  internally  was  also  tried,  the  for- 
mer to  relieve  cramps,  the  latter  as  a  diffusible  stimulant.  In  both  these 
respects  it  answered  a  good  purpose.  It  is  worthy  of  remark,  however, 
that  in  the  worst  cases  there  were  no  cramps  at  all.  or  they  were  so  incon- 
siderable as  not  to  recpiire  treatment.  According  to  my  experience  cramps 
were  by  no  means  a  troublesome  symptom,  and  I  ultimately  regarded  them 
as  a  favorable  omen.  In  perhaps  a  majority  of  fatal  cases  the  vomiting, 
diarrhea  and  cramps  would  all  disappear  hours  prior  to  death  and  the  pa- 
tient would  sink  into  a  state  of  collapse  in  which  he  would  die,  with  appa- 
rently less  physical  suffering  than  almost  any  disease  with  which  I  am  ac- 
quainted. 

Besides  the  remedies  above  enumerated,  many  others  were  tried  which 
it  is  unnecessary  to  mention.  I  shall  therefore  close  this  subject  with  a 
brief  detail  of  the  plan  of  treatment  which  I  found  most  beneficial.  TVhen 
called  to  a  case  in  the  early  staa'e  of  the  disease,  in  which  there  was 
vomiting,  an  emetic  of  salt  and  mustard  mixed  and  dissolved  in  warm  wa- 
ter was  invariably  given.  This  would  generally  arouse  the  vomiting,  after 
which  a  single  dose  of  twenty  grains  of  dry  calomel  was  placed  on  the 
back  of  the  ton°ue  and  washed  down  with  a  small  quantity  of  water.  This 
was  followed  every  fifteen  minutes,  half  hour  or  hour,  according  to  the  cir- 
cumstances, with  a  powder  consisting  of  musk,  calomel  and  tannin,  each 
five  grains,  and  camphor,  four  grains.  Injections  of  acetate  of  lead  and 
laudanum  or  a  strong  infusion  of  nut  galls,  after  each  operation  of  the 
bowels  and  a  large  blister  over  the  abdomen.  If  the  tendency  was  to  sink 
I  also  gave  in  addition  to  the  above  ten  grains  of  carbonate  of  ammonia, 
in  solution,  every  fifteen  minutes  or  half  hour,  according  to  circumstances. 

Brandy  was  extensively  tried  as  a  stimulant,  but  without  any  favorable 
result. 

The  remedies  on  which  I  mainly  relied  were  the  salt  and  mustard 
emetic,  the  musk  powders,  the  solution  of  carbonate  of  ammonia,  the  as- 
tringent injections  and  blisters  on  the  abdomen. 


7G  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS   OF 

In  numerous  instance?  patients  who  seemed  to  recover  from  the  im- 
mediate effects  of  cholera  subsequently  died  of  consecutive  fever,  which 
was  usually  typhoid  in  its  character,  and  in  which  the  brain  was  involved 
to  a  greater  or  less  extent.  There  are  many  points  connected  with  the 
treatment,  as  well  as  the  pathology  of  the  disease;  which  might  be  en- 
larged upon,  but  my  object  is  not  to  write  a  treatise  on  cholera,  but  simply 
a  record  of  its  progress  in  St.  Louis.  1  have  not  even  thought  it  neces- 
sary to  give  a  minute  description  of  the  disease,  as  it  so  closely  resembled 
the  numerous  descriptions  already  published  as  to  render  this  unneces- 
sary. 

The  following  statement  of  the  weather  during  the  reign  of  cholera 
has  been  kindly  furnished  by  Dr.  G-eorge  Englemann  of  this  city,  who,  for  a 
number  of  years  past,  has  kept  a  regular  account  of  the  barometrical  and 
thermometrical  changes,  as  well  as  of  the  quantity  of  rain  which  falls. 
It  will  be  found  of  interest  when  viewed  in  reference  to  the  epidemic,  from 
which  it  will  be  seen  that  there  was  nothing  peculiar  in  the  state  of  weather 
to  account  for  the  unusual  severity  of  the  disease,  but  that  on  the  con- 
trary the  weather,  as  compared  with  ordinary  seasons,  was  rather  favorable 
than  otherwise  to  health. 

REPORT  OF  THE  WEATHER.— During  the  period  of  May,  June 
and  July,  while  the  cholera  raged  in  St.  Louis,  the  meteorological  phe- 
nomena gave  no  evidence  of  any  unusual  state  of  the  atmosphere.  The 
weather  was  as  usual  with  us  in  that  season,  which  is  emphatically  our 
"rainy  season."  The  rai:is,  accompanied  by  thunderstorms,  set  in  some- 
times with  the  beginning  of  May,  sometimes  about  the  end  of  the  month, 
and  last  until  the  middle  or  the  end  of  June  or  the  first  week  of  July.  June 
is  always  our  rainy  month,  with  sultry  weather  and  frequent  thunderstorms 
and  prevailing  easterly  and  southeasterly  winds,  and  occasionally  storms 
from  the  west,  which  are  generally  of  short  duration. 

The  weather  in  May,  1849,  was  rather  fairer  and  a  little  cooler  than 
usual :  in  July  it  was  more  cloudy  and  rainy  and  much  cooler  than  it  gen- 
eral ly  is  at  that  time;  in  June,  however,  it  was  the  same  as  we  almost  al- 
ways experience  in  this  month. 

The  quantity  of  rain  for  May,  only  2.71  inches,  fell  in  five  days,  while 
the  average  of  the  twelve  preceding  years  gives  4.90  inches,  which  descended 
in  about  nine  days. 

In  June  thirteen  rainy  days  averaged  6.16  inches  of  water,  which  cor- 
responded very  well  with  the  average,  6.66  in  eleven  days. 

In  July  9.40  inches  of  rain  poured  down  in  twelve  days,  while  the  av- 
erage is  only  3.65  inches  in  seven  days. 

The  atmospheric  pressure  was  the  same  as  common  at  this  season, 
rather  steady,  not  variable,  but  mostly  below  the  average  of  the  year. 

The  mean  temperature  of  May,  64-7,  was  below  the  average,  which  is 
66-3.  That  of  June,  74-5,  was  equal  to  the  average  for  this  month,  and 
that  of  July,  75-1,  was  much  under  the  average  of  sixteen  years  (78-4). 

In  nine  out  of  the  preceding  years  the  thermometer  rose  higher  during 
the  month  of  May  than  in  that  month  in  1849 ;  in  nine  years  again  in 
the  same  period  it  rose  higher  in  June  than  in  the  corresponding  month 
of  1849;  in  all  the  sixteen  vears  it  was  warmer  in  July  than  in  that  month 
in  1849. 

It  is  worth  remarking,  however,  that  the  lowest  temperature  in  those 
three  months  never  Avas  so  low  as  it  was  almost  always  in  the  corresponding 


MEDICINE   AND    SURGERY.  ,  77 

months  of  the  sixteen  preceding  years;  so  that  the  changes  were  never 
so  great  as  they  usually  are  at  that  season.  As  usual  easterly  and  south- 
easterly winds  prevailed  during  the  period  in  question.  The  uncommon 
quantity  of  rain  in  July,  together  with  the  unusual  low  temperature  of 
that  month,  corresponds  with  the  rapid  decrease  of  epidemics;  so  much 
so  that  should  I  feel  inclined  to  ascribe  any  influence  over  this  mysterious 
disease  to  the  weather  I  could  not  help  coming  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
weather  during  the  prevalence  of  the  disease  was  remarkable  and  almost 
providentially  favorable  and  that  probably  had  the  season  been  Avarm,  as 
we  frequently  have  it,  the  cholera  would  have  raged  even  more  violently 
and  fatal  than  it  did. 

That  the  epidemic  cholera  would  be  almost  fatal  during  the  month 
of  June  was  expected  by  every  physician  who  bore  in  mind  that  in  that 
month  more  than  in  any  other  of  the  twelve,  dysentery  and  sporadic  chol- 
era make  their  appearance  among  us. 

I  proceed  now  to  give  a  condensed  view  of  the  atmospheric  phenomena 
during  the  thirteen  weeks  in  which  the  cholera  prevailed.  As,  according 
to  the  reports  of  our  city  authorities,  the  week  begins  with  Tuesday,  I  have 
been  obliged  to  follow  the  same  arrangement. 

May  1  to  7 — Weather  favorable,  often  cloudy;  rain  only  once,  1.78, 
with  thunder:  barometer  high,  gradually  falling;  extremes  of  temperature, 
39  degrees  (on  the  1st)  and  88.5  degrees  (on  the  3d) ;  the  mean  temperature, 
65.5  degrees;  prevailing  winds,  south  and  east.  Number  of  deaths  from 
cholera,  78. 

May  8  to  11 — Weather  favorable;  rain  twice,  0.62,  without  thunder; 
barometer  on  the  whole  falling;  extremes  of  temperature,  52  degrees  (on 
the  10th),  and  8.10  (on  the  11th);  mean  temperature,  66.3  degrees;  prevail- 
ing winds,  northeast  and  some  west.     Number  of  deaths  from  cholera,  193. 

May  15  to  21 — Weather  for  several,  days  very  fair;  otherwise  variable; 
rain  twice,  only  0.31,  without  thunderstorms;  barometer  rising,  then  fall- 
ing again;  extremes  of  temperature,  58  degrees  (on  the  18th),  and  82  de- 
grees (on  the  21st);  mean  temperature,  65.5  degrees;  prevailing  winds, 
northeast  with  some  southeast.     Number  of  deaths  from  cholera,  128. 

May  22  to  28 — Weather  partly  fair,  otherwise  variable;  no  rain  or 
thunderstorms;  barometer  little  higher  than  the  week  before;  extremes 
of  temperature,  50  degrees  (on  the  27th),  75  degrees  (on  the  22d);  mean 
temperature,  61.5  degrees;  prevailing  winds,  west  with  little  east  and  north- 
east.    Number  of  deaths  from  cholera,  118. 

May  29  to  June  4 — Weather  partly  fair  with  a  few  variable  days;  only 
slight  rain,  0.08,  with  thunder;  barometer  still  rising,  afterwards  slightly 
falling;  extremes  of  temperature,  51  degrees  (on  May  29),  and  88  degrees 
(June  3);  mean  temperature,  70.7  degrees;  prevailing  winds,  southwest 
and  some  southeast.     Number  of  deaths  from  cholera,  71. 

June  5  to  11 — Weather  rainy  and  stormy,  with  little  fair  weather; 
rains  heavy,  3.48,  on  three  days,  with  six  thunderstorms;  temperature  low, 
with  a  slight  rise  towards  the  end  of  the  week;  extremes  of  temperature, 
73  degrees;  prevailing  winds,  east  and  southeast,  with  little  southwest  and 
northwest.     Number  of  deaths  from  cholera,  139. 

June  12  to  18 — Weather  variable,  very  fair  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
week;  rain  only  on  one  day,  with  two  thunderstorms,  0.89;  temperature 
constantly  rising;  extremes  of  temperature,  60  degrees  (on  the  16th),  and 
89  degrees  (on  the  18th);  mean  temperature,  73.4  degrees;  prevailing  winds, 
west  at  first  and  then  easterly.     Number  of  deaths  from  cholera,  426. 


73  ONE   HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

June  19  to  25 — Weather  at  first  fair  and  then  variable  and  on  four  con- 
secutive days  rain}-,  1.43,  with  four  thunderstorms;  temperature  high  at 
first,  then  slightly  falling;  extremes  of  temperature,  67  degrees  and  94 
degrees  (both  on  the  19th) ;  mean  temperature,  7S.5  degrees ;  prevailing 
winds,  east  and  northwest.     Number  of  deaths  from  cholera,  G36. 

June  26  to  July  2 — Weather  very  variable,  often  cloudy,  fair  only  for 
a  few  hours;  rainy  on  three  days,  0.58,  with  five  thunderstorms;  tempera- 
ture somewhat  lower  or  rather  constant;  extremes  of  temperature,  60  de- 
grees and  87.8  degrees;  prevailing  winds,  southeast,  with  some  northwest. 
Number  of  deaths  from  cholera,  739. 

July  3  to  9 — Weather  variable,  with  a  few  fair  days;  rainy  on  four 
days.  5.52,  with  four  thunderstorms;  barometer  about  the  same  as  last 
week  or  a  little  higher;  extremes  of  temperature,  65  degrees  (on  the  4th)7 
and  86  degrees  (on  the  9th);  mean  temperature,  75  degrees;  prevailing 
winds,  east  and  southeast.     Number  of  deaths  from  cholera,  654. 

July  10  to  16 — Weather  mostly  fair,  with  rain  on  three  days,  1.83,  and 
two  thunderstorms;  barometer  rising  considerably;  extremes  of  tempera- 
ture, 62  degrees  (on  the  15th),  and  90  degrees  (on  the  10th  and  11th) ;  mean 
temperature,  78.4  degrees;  prevailing  winds,  east,  south  and  west.  Num- 
ber of  deaths  from  cholera,  669. 

July  17  to  23 — Weather  even  fairer  than  in  the  week  before;  rain  only 
one  day,  0.21,  with  a  thunderstorm;  barometer  slightly  but  gradually  fall- 
ing; extremes  of  temperature,  63  degrees  (on  the  17th),  and  88  degrees- 
(on  the  19th);  mean  temperature,  78.8  degrees;  prevailing  winds,  at  first 
southeast  and  then  north  and  northeast  and  northwest.  Number  of  deaths 
from  cholera,  269. 

July  24  to  30 — Weather  variable,  more  cloudy  again;  rain  on  four 
days,  1.81,  and  one  thunderstorm;  barometer  falling,  then  rising  again; 
extremes  of  temperature,  65  degrees  (on  the  30th),  and  88  degrees  (on  the 
29th);  mean  temperature,  71.1  degrees;  prevailing  winds,  west  and  south, 
with  some  east  wind.     Number  of  deaths  from  cholera,  100. 

The  following  exhibits  the  number  of  cholera  cases  admitted  into 
three  of  the  hospitals,  with  the  number  of  deaths: 

Whole  number  of  cholera  cases  admitted  into  the  St.  Louis  Hospital.  .1,330 

Died 510 

Discharged 820 

Cases  admitted  into  the  City  Hospital  from  3 [ay  to  September  in- 
clusive           57 

Discharged 27 

Owing,  to  the  location  of  this  hospital,  being  a  mile  and  a  half  from 
the  city,  it  was  not  used  to  any  considerable  extent  as  a  receptacle  for 
cholera  patients. 

Between  the  2d  and  20th  of  July  there  were  admitted  into  the  First 

Ward  Hospital,  all  cholera 82 

Died  of  this  number 21 

During  this  period  several  of  the  nurses  and  attendants  employed  in 
attending  to  the  sick  were  attacked  with  cholera — one  of  whom  died — 
making  the  whole  number  of  cholera  cases  87  and  22  deaths.  This  was 
one  of  the  temporary  hospitals  established  by  the  "committee  of  health," 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  ij  9. 

and  it  was  therefore  only  in  operation  a  short  time,  being  under  the  med- 
ical charge  of  Dr.  Wilson. 

I  cannot  close  this  article  without,  paying  a  merited  tribute  to  the 
citizens  of  St.  Louis  generally  for  the  humane  and  gallant  manner  in 
which  they  bore  themselves  throughout  the  epidemic.  Notwithstanding 
the  misrepresentations  which  were  circulated  abroad;  there  was  no  un- 
usual panic,  no  flinching  from  duty  whatever.  At  a  time  when  hired  at- 
tendants could  not  be  had  associations  of  young  gentlemen  were  formed  for 
the  express  purpose  of  nursing  the  sick.  And  the  Sisters  of  Charity,  with 
characteristic  kindness,  were  ever  ready  to  volunteer  their  services,  and, 
wherever  the  arrows  of  death  fell  thickest  and  fastest,  there  they  were  to 
be  found  amid  the  sick  and  dying,  regardless  of  their  own  personal  safety 
and  comfort,  and  through  the  administrations  of  the  gospel  to  every 
denomination,  nobly  did  their  duty,  and  by  their  untiring  zeal,  ministering 
to  the  spiritual  wants  of  the  people,  proved  how  sincerely  devoted  they 
were  to  their  whole  work  in  which  they  were  engaged.  Several  of  them,, 
whose  memories  will  not  soon  be  forgotten,  sacrificed  their  lives  in  the 
work.  As  to  the  physicians,  although  they  were  unable  to  stay  the  arm. 
of  the  destroyer,  they  were  unwearied  in  their  attention  to  the  sick  and 
ever  ready  to  sacrifice  themselves  for  the  good  of  others.  The  melancholy 
record  of  deaths  among  them  sufficiently  proves  how  devoted  they  were- 
in  the  cause  of  humanitv. 


CHOLERA  EPIDEMIC  IN  ST.   LOUIS  IN  1866.* 

No  better  history  of  the  epidemic  of  cholera  of  f866  can  be  written 
than  that  by  Eobert  Moore,  a  civil  engineer  of  St.  Louis.  Mr.  Moore  was-' 
for  a  long  time  City  Sewer  Commissioner,  and  has  given  the  study  of  epi- 
demics considerable  attention,  particularly  those  epidemics  which  are  in- 
fluenced by  sewage. 

''The  precise  route  by  which,  cholera  reached  the  city  of  St.  Louis 
in  1866  is  not  altogether  certain,  but  it  probably  came  by  rail  from  New 
York,  and  not>  as  heretofore,  by  way  of  the  Mississippi  Biver.  Its  first 
appearance  was  in  the  week  ending  August  3,  during  which  there  were 
five  deaths  from  this  cause.  But  there  had  been  good  reason  to  expect  if 
for  many  months.  During  the  autumn  of  1865  the  Governor  of  the 
State,  Thomas  H.  Fletcher,  had  called  the  attention  of  Mayor  Thomas 
to  the  probable  coming  of  cholera  during  the  ensuing  year,  and  suggested 
the  propriety  of  preparing  for  it.  The  Mayor  heartily  indorsed  this 
suggestion  and  endeavored  to  get  the  City  Council  to  take  the  necessary 
measures.  But  his  appeal  met  with  no  response.  In  the  spring  of  the- 
following  year  his  efforts  to  this  end  were  renewed,  but  with  no  better 
result.  The  Council  steadily  refused  to  do  anything.  The  cholera  was 
not  here,  and  it  was  argued  that  any  measures  of  preparation  for  it 
would  frighten  strangers  and  injure  business,  so  that,  when  it  finally 
appeared,  the  city  was  wholly  unprepared  to  fight  it.  There  was,  it  is 
true,  a  so-called  Board  of  Health,  which,  as  in  1849,  consisted  of  a 
committee  of  the  Council  and  a  health  officer,  but  they  had  neither  the 
authority  nor  the  money,  even  if  they  had  the  knowledge  necessary  to 
stamp  out  a  pestilence. 

"The  disease,  therefore,  spread  with  great  rapidity.     During  the  sec- 

*By  Robert  Moore,  C.  E.,  St.  Louis, 


80  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

ond  week  of  its  presence  it  caused  120  deaths.  For  the  third  week  the 
number  rose  to  754,  and  in  the  fourth  week,  ending  August  24,  it  reached 
991.  or  an  average  of  142  per  day. 

"By  this  time  the  need  of  some  vigorous  and  concerted  measures 
to  fight  the  enemy  had  become  so  great  that  volunteers  had  once  more 
to  come  to  the  rescue.  This  time,  however,  the  organization  took  the 
form  of  a  committee  of  citizens  in  each  ward.  who.  acting  in  concert 
with  the  Mayor,  visited  from  house  to  house,  furnishing  nurses  and 
medicine^  to  those  who  needed  them.  During  the  next  week  after  the 
work  began  the  mortality  fell  to  about  half  that  of  the  previous  week, 
and  steadily  declined  thereafter,  until,  for  the  week  ending  October  30, 
the  number  of  deaths  were  only  thirty,  and  a  month  later  the  disease 
had  wholly  disappeared. 

"The  total  number  of  deaths  due  to  the  epidemic  this  year  was 
3,527,  although  Dr.  McClelland  report  on  cholera  in  the  United  Stated 
in  1ST3  sives  the  number  of  deaths  from  this  cause  in  St.  Louis  in  I860 
as  8,500 — a  statement  which  has  been  frequently  copied  and  generally 
accepted  by  the  newspapers.  It  so  happens,  however,  that  we  have 
two  independent  enumerations  to  guide  us  in  this  matter — one  made  by 
the  Board  of  Health,  the  other  made  after  the  epidemic  was  over  by 
the  city  assessors,  as  the  result  of  a  house  to  house  inquiry.  The  total 
of  the  latter  enumeration  falls  short  of  the  former,  but  when  we  add  to 
it  the  death-  in  the  City  Hospital,  as  given  by  the  books  of  that  institu- 
tion, we  get  exactly  the  same  number,  3,527,  as  given  by  the  Board 
of  Health,  so  that  the  correctness  of  this  figure  may  he  considered  as 
fully  established.  The  rate  of  mortality  which  it  represents  is  17.3-10  pe: 
thousand  of  population. 

"'The  location  of  the  deaths  in  this  year,  as  given  by  the  assessors' 
reports,  with  the  approximate  mortality  per  thousand  for  each  block, 
is  shown  on  a  map  which  accompanies  this  paper.*  I  will  not  attempt 
any  discussion  of  the  facts  revealed  by  this  map  any  further  than  to  say 
that  it  shows  in  a  very  striking  manner  the  close  relation  between  cholera 
and  filth.  Those  parts  of  the  city  where  the  people  and  their  habitations 
were  clean,  and  where  no  veils  were  used  for  drinking  water,  escaped  al- 
most entirely,  and  the  whole  force  of  the  epidemic  was  spent  upon  those 
parts  where  the  houses  and  the  people  were  unclean  and  well  water  wa- 
in most  frequent  use.  Whilst  'Kerry  Patch/  and  "Trench  Town*  show  on 
the  map  in  deep  black.  Stoddard's  Addition  is  almost  blank.  The  man 
whose  food  and  drink  were  free  from  filth  would  seem  to  have  been 
as  safe  in  St.  Louis  in  the  midst  of  the  epidemic  as  if  he  had  been 
a  thousand  miles  away. 

CHOLERA  SINCE  1866. 

■"In  June  of  the  next  year.  186?,  cholera  appeared  once  more  and 
threatened  again  to  sweep  the  city.  But  this  time  a  real  Board  of  Health, 
with  adequate  powers  and  with  Dr.  John  T.  Hodgen  at  its  head,  had 
been  organized.  It  is.  therefore,  no  surprise  that  in  spite  of  its  earlier 
start,  the  cholera  in  1867  caused  but  684  deaths,  or  less  than  one-fifth  of 
the  number  of  the  previous  year. 


*For  lack  of  space  this  map   is  omit:ed  here.    Readers  desiring  to  consult  it  wi'.l 
find  it  in  "A  Sanitary  Survey  of  St.  Douis,"  edited  by  Dr.  George  Homan.— Ed. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


81 


"In  1Sv3,  when  cholera  appeared  again,  it  was  hardly  recognized  as 
such,  and  the  victims,  as  counted  by  Dr."  McClellan,  from  reports  of  local 
physicians,  numbered  only  392. 


APPENDED   TABLE,    SHOWING   MORTALITY  OF   CHOLERA   IN   ST.    LOUIS. 


Month.  1849. 

January     36 

February     21 

March    7g 

April     125 

May     554 

June     1,746 

July     1,6S9 

August     415 

September    18 

October     3 

November     3 

December    .3 


Totals     4,317 

Population     63,471 

Rate  per  1,000   68.1 


1850. 

13 

4 

2 

12 
80 
174 
45S 
59 
16 
21 


883 
77,860 
11.34 


1851. 


1 

9 

47 

505 

233 

37 

9 


845 

83.715 

10.10 


1852. 

4 

3 

1 

2 

44 

230 

274 

98 

41 

53 

31 

21 


1854. 

1 

2 

10 

91 

190 

479 

53S 

136 

20 
4 

13 


1866 


2 
2,388 

1,082 
51 

4 


1867 


1873 


103 

321 
225 
20 

1 


802       1,534       3,527  684  392 

90,111    104,060    204,327    212,360    267,620 

8.91       14.75       17.26         3.22         1.47 


Eemarks. — The  figures  of  population  of  18-19  and  1866  are  from  enu- 
merations made  by  the  city  authorities-  those  for  1850  are  from  the  United 
States  census.  For  other  years  the  population  is  computed  by  compound 
interest  formula,  assuming  the  annual  rate  of  increase  from  one  census 
to  another  to  be  constant.  While  a  great  many  more  deaths  per  thousand 
inhabitants  occurred  in  1849,  still  in  1866  the  month  of  August  shows  a  to- 
tal of  2,388,  or  642  more  than  in  June,  1849,  the  latter  month  being  gen- 
erally considered  the  most  fatal  from  cholera  St.  Louis  has  ever  known. 

6 


OXE    HUNDRED   TEARS    OF 


CHAPTEE  V.— YELLOW  FEVEE  LY  ST.  LOUIS  IX  1878  AND  181 

During  the  summer  of  L878,  as  is  well-known,  yellow  fever  raged  in. 
the  principal  cities  of  the  South  to  an  alarming  extent. 

The  exodus  was  30  great  that  many  of  the  smaller  towns  were  a! 
depopulated.     Those  that  did  not  succumb  to  the  disease  and  were  finan- 
cially able  to  leave  new  to  Norther  cities  by  rail  or  by  the  steamboats  ply- 
ing upon  the  Mississippi. 

But  for  the  prompt  action  of  Air.  C.  W.  Francis,  then  Health  Com- 
missioner of  St.  Louis,  .there  is  no  doubt  that  St.  Louis,  situated  as  it  is,, 
being  -  ssible,  both  by  rail  and  water,  would  have  suffered  very  ma- 

terially. He  promptly  opened  Quarantine  Hospital  as  soon  as  the  first 
case  was  discovered  in  the  city,  placing  Dr.  Henry  C.  Davis,  then  assistant 
physician  at  the  Female  Hospital,  in  charge  as  superintendent.  This 
was  about  the  middle  of  July. 

In  about  twenty  days  after  this  the  work  of  caring  for  the  sick  at 
this  institution  had  grown  so  that  Mr.  Francis  asked  for  volunteers  from 
the  corps  of  young  physicians  then  stationed  at  the  City  Hospital  to 
assist  Dr.  Davis.  Dr.  F.  T.  Outley,  Dr.  Jacob  Friedman  and  the  writer 
responded  to  this  call.  We  found  this  noble  young  physician  overwhelmed 
with  work.  Not  only  did  he  have  the  sick  and  dying  to  care  for,  but  the 
stopping  of  boats  at  all  hours  of  the  day  and  night,  the  discrimination  of 
the  disease  in  the  sick  in  the  palatial  cabins,  as  well  as  those  on  deck,  and 
their  isolation  from  healthy  individuals,  and  their  removal  to  the  hospital 
wards,  to  say  nothing  of  the  worry  connected  with  the  holding  of  b  - 
often  to  the  disgust  of  the  captains  in  pharg  . 

These  manifold  duties  slowly  but  surely  undermined  his  iron  consti- 
tution, and  he,  too,  succumbed  to  the  disease,  and  died  on  October  15, 
after  a  seven  days"  illness.  Thus  ended  the  life  of  one  of  the  many  martyrs 
to  a  noble  profession.  As  soon  as  it  was  known  to  the  employes  of  this 
institution  that  Dr.  Davis  was  dead  the  greater  number  immediately  left 
for  the  city,  and  those  that  were  left  in  charge  had  from  that  time  on 
till  the 'closure  of  the  hospital  to  contend  with  poor  and  inexperienced  help, 
many  staying  not  longer  than  two  or  three  days  after  being  appointed. 

The  first  positive  case  of  yellow  fever  in  this  city  was  in  the  person 
of  William  P.  O'Bannon,  who  arrived  from  New  Orleans  on  July  11,  1878. 
He  was  a  citizen  of  St.  Louis  and  had  gone  with  his  uncle  in  June  a-  -  - 
ond  clerk  on  board  the  steamer  Commonwealth.  He  died  on  the  19th  of 
July.  1878.  t 

The  next  case  was  Capt.  Nelson,  a  man  68  years  of  age.  His  case  de- 
veloped about  August  10. 

The  first  patient  (Julian  Loewe)  admitted  to  Quarantine  Hospitai 
came  from  Memphis  on  the  railroad  on  August  IS.  The  first  patient 
taken  off  a  steamboat  coming  from  the  South  was  James  Payton,  taken 
from  the  steamer  Colorado. 

There  were  received  at  the  hospital  between  August  18  and  October 
22,  127  patients:  about  88  of  these  had  yellow  fever.     The  other  eases 


*By  Dr.  Walter  B.  Dorsetu  St.  Louis.  :;: 

**Author's  note:— For  valuable  information  in  the  preparation   of  this  article  I 
am  indebted  to  Mr.  C.    TV.   Francis,  form  erly  Health  Commissioner  of  SL.   Louis. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  83 

were  classed  as  intermittent  fever.  Thirty-seven  of  the  yellow  fever  pa- 
tients died. 

In  addition  to  the  above  there  were  35  cases  of  persons  coming  from 
other  cities  to  St.  Louis  between  July  8  and  September  25,  who  were  sup- 
posed to  have  had  yellow  fever;  J 9  of  these  people  died.  Among  these 
35  was  William  P.  O'Bannon,  mentioned  above.  None  of  these  cases  were 
at  Quarantine. 

In  addition  to  the  number  of  cases  and  deaths  at  Quarantine  there 
were  about  10  bodies  taken  off  boats  during  the  summer,  they  having 
died  on  the  boatig,  and  were  buried  at  Quarantine  Cemetery. 

During  the  season  of  1878  there  were  IS  citizens  of  St.  Louis  who 
contracted  the  yellow  fever;  10  of  these  persons  died.  Five  of  these  per- 
sons who  died  were  employes  of  the  Health  Department,  among  them  Dr. 
Henry  C.  Davis,  spoken  of  above. 

The  treatment  of  yellow  fever  patients  at  Quarantine  Hospital  was 
mostly  directed  towards  alleviating  symptoms  as  they  presented  them- 
selves. Quinine  proved  of  no  value  as  a  prophylactic  agent.  When  the 
temperature  arose  to  what  was  considered  a  dangerous  degree,  quinine 
seemed  to  have  some  power  in  depressing  it.  Cases  of  this  kind,  however, 
were  exceptionable  for  the  reason  that  the  drug  was  rejected  by  vomiting 
as  soon  as  taken.  One  case  was  treated  for  a  time  with  inhalation  of 
super-oxygenated  air.  The  inhalation  of  the  mixture  of  oxygen  with 
atmospheric  air  has  a  decided  soothing  effect  upon  the  patient,  but  nothing 
more,  perhaps  than  was  to  be  expected,  as  oxygen  has  a  well-known 
anesthetic  power  when  inhaled  in  large  quantities.  The  case  upon  which 
this  test  was  made  was  a  severe  one.     The  patient  died. 

CLASSIFICATION    AND    SUMMARY    OF    ALU    CASES    OF    YELLOW    FEVER 
OCCURRING  IN   ST.   LOUIS  AND  ITS  VICINITY  IN  1878. 

Recov- 
ered. Died.  Total. 

Cases   of  yellow   fever  treated  in  the  city   of  St.   Louis  in   persons 

coming  from  points  where  the  disease  was  prevalent   16  19  35 

Cases  of  yellow  fever  treated  at  Quarantine,  from  all  sources 59  38  97 

Cases  of  yellow  fever  arising  by  contagion  in  St.  Louis  and  suburbs, 

not    treated   at    Quarantine    4  3  7 

Cases  of  yellow  fever  arising  by  contagion  in  St.  Louis  and  suburbs, 

treated    at    Quarantine 3  8  11 

Cases  of  yellow  fever,  or  closely  simulating  that  disease — where  con- 
tagion could  net  be  demonstrated— occurring  in  St.  Louis  and 
suburbs,    not  treated  at   Quarantine 1  11  12 

Cases  of  yellow  fever,  or  closely  simulating  that  disease— where  con- 
tagion could  not  be  demonstrated— occurring  in  St.  Louis  and 
suburbs,  treated  at  Quarantine 1  1 

Cases    of    yellow    fever    treated    in    St.    Louis,    its    suburbs    and    at 

Quarantine  in  the  year  1878    80  71         151 

Cases  of  yellow  fever  treated  in  St.  Louis,  etc.,  and  at  Quarantine, 

in  persons  from  cities  where  the  disease  prevailed  (exotic  cases)  72  48         120 

Cases  of  yellow  fever  arising  in  St.  Louis  and  suburbs,  in  residents, 

or  persons  who  had  not  been  to  the  South  (indigenous  cases) —    8  23  31 

The  number  of  deaths  by  yellow  fever,  imported  and  of  domestic 
origin,  occurring  properly  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis  and  its  suburbs,  was 
thirty-three;  of  these  fourteen  were  indigenous  cases  and  nineteen  from 
abroad.  Thirty-eight  deaths  are  also  recorded  at  Quarantine,  making  a 
grand  total  of "  seventy-one  deaths  by  yellow  fever  of  domestic  and  ex- 
traneous origin  conjointly. 

The  number  of  deaths  by  yellow  fever  of  domestic  origin  was  twenty- 
three  out  of  thirty-one  cases,  of  which  nine  deaths  occurred  at  Quarantine, 
the  patients  having  been  removed  thither,  and  fourteen  in  St.  Louis  and  its 
suburbs. 


84  ONE    HUNDRED   YEARS   OF 

During  the  summer  of  1879  there  were  forty-nine  persons  received 
at  Quarantine  supposed  to  be  suffering  from  yellow  fever,  of  whom  thirty- 
five  proved  to  have  yellow  fever;  of  these  thirty-five    four  died. 

This  is  in  refutation  of  the  idea  that  yellow  fever  cannot  be  contracted 
in  this  latitude,  and  is  proof  that  it  only  requires  the  ind action  of  the 
fever  germ  into  our  midst. 

Literature,  although  scant  on  this  subject,  tells  us  that  it  has  been 
contracted  even  as  far  north  as  Chicago,  Avlien  the  temperature  and 
humidity  of  the  atmosphere  were  favorable  to  the  dissemination  of  the 
germ.  This  should  teach  the  authorities  of  municipalities  the  value  of 
strict  quarantine  regulations  during  the  prevalence  of  this  disease  in 
Southern  cities. 

Since  the  acquisition  of  Cuba  and  Porto  Eico  to  our  country  much 
good  work  has  been  done  towards  sanitation  in  the  cities  of  these  two 
islands,  notably  in  Havana,  as  evidenced  by  the  report  of  the  New  Or- 
leans Commission  recently  appointed  for  the  investigation  of  this  matter. 
When  this  plague  spot  has  once  been  thoroughly  renovated  little  fear  can 
be  entertained  for  the  spread  of  this  dread  disease  to  any  alarming  extent 
in  this  country.  Like  the  Asiatic  cholera,  it  will  become  only  a  matter  of 
past  histor};'.  Still,  sanitation  in  all  that  it  means  in  large  cities,  and 
the  enforcement  of  strict  quarantine  regulations,  should  ever  be  uppermost 
in  the  minds  of  those  into  whose  hands  the  country  at  large  intrusts  its 
lives. 

Nothing  can  be  more  dreadful  than  an  epidemic  of  yellow  fever,  unless 
it  be  Asiatic  cholera. 

The  sights  as  witnessed  by  the  writer  while  attending  to  his  daily  du- 
ties of  taking  off  the  boats  these  people  who  were  fleeing  for  their  lives  is  an 
experience  never  to  be  forgotten.  Wives  that  had  buried  their  husbands, 
and  in  many  instances  several  children:  husbands  that  had  lost  their  wives 
and  all  their  children;  orphaned  children  in  charge  of  Sisters  of  Charity, 
and  in  many  instances  total  strangers,  fleeing,  they  did  not  know  where, 
but  escaping  from  what  they  felt  assured  was  certain  death.  It  certainly 
was  distressing  in  the  extreme. 


THBLE     SHOWING 


Cases  and  Deaths  of  Contagious  Diseases 

Tor  the  Past  Porty-Nine  Years, 

Ending  March  31st.  1899. 

for  this  publication  by  Dr.  Walter  B.  Dorsett.) 


YEARS. 

•g£- 

Dipbthe- 

c™„ 

Scarlet- 
Pever. 

Typhoid- 

Cerebro 

Spinal 

Measles. 

Consump- 
tion. 

Cholera. 

- ,  -  %  - 

1 

Q 

6 

0 

U 

fl 

O 

Q 

I 

Q 

U 

P 

U 

n 

a 

a 

3 

a 

(5 

89 

II 
502 

378! 

i: 

7 
7 
39 
22 
4 
28 
10 
159 
16 
2 
0 
2 
11 
101 
63 
111 
27 
IE 

240 
375 
9 
IT.;' 
837 
447 
603 
9( 

125 

■:i> 
227 
157 
222 
179 
ill 
I'.T 

191 
151 
101 
11C 

22C 
304 

194 

1051 |      865 

174 1      820 

220            1      696 

33o| 10 

3531                1351 
368                  534 
323] 5 

4.210 
4,388 
4,714 
3,832 
6,440 
5,231 
3,602 
4,065 
4,231 
4,765 
4,978 
4,170 
5,236 
5,951 
6.893 
6,157 
9,099 
6,538 
5,193 
5,884 
6,670 
6,265 
8,047 
8,551 
6,506 
7,532 
6,019 
5,660 
6,002 
6.167 
6,636 
8,410 
7.845 
8,177 
7.887 
7,490 
8,268 
9,155 
9.015 
8,004 
8,409 
9.530 
10,225 
10,303 
8,710 
9,425 
9,897 
9,251 
9.699 

94,442 

144,188 

414 
324 
324 
328 
461 

-!.,s 
in  i 

f,.i: 
1.7 1 
ID 
59! 
568 
Tf.l 



13 
1 
1 
7 
7 
2 
4 
3002 
684 

I 
3 

1 
5 

131 

48 

71 
68 
76 
61 
56 
164 

16! 
161 

li: 
L57 
385 
653 
42E 
372 
sy 

95: 

2fr 
214 
23 
243 
19i 

r.-jf 
209 
192 

li'. 

26; 

:i: 

114 
150 

:;■• 

21f 

:"::;. 
16 

61 

51 
!iL 
79 
61 
78 
63 
72 
15". 

1.! 

85 

i;: 

6! 

Hi: 
134 

:>>. 
109 
1« 
1SS 
167 

71 

IK 

i:'~ 
i::i 

ii. 

513 
611 

133€ 

948 
lie 
731 
586 

ass 

827 

580 

27 
28 
55 
263 
68 
4< 

ll 
JM 
124 
40 
36 
39 
47 
108 
34( 
349 
161 
164 
149 
48 
30 

r.'i 

9-1 
109 
153 
55 
26 

6 
27 

25 





350 
427 

■Kill 
::ii-J! 
iM 

392 
281 
464 

!'■•'. 

28 
S 
112 
32 
39 
67 
36 
61 
70 
55 

3! 
25 
55 
27 
64 

35 
54 

6 
40 
31 

7 

36 
7 

26 
7 

44 
6 

10 

11 

202 
269 

131 
131 
103 

74 

133 
19J 

168 

1871 
1872 
1873 

if, 
79 
178 
34 

"eo 

30 
28 
122 

j:ir 
66 

3] 
24 
32 
33 
33 
7 
10 
16 

25 
20 
17 

81 

230 
52 

..... 
471 

406 
1686 

*:\ 
617 

314, 829 
318,794 

323,759 

T-'l 

.;» 

730 
781 
781 

87C 

845 
888 

:nr. 

655 

869 
v.2 
..vl 
875 

|...H. 

1026 

9 

104 
3 

361,466 

41 
233 
29 

1661   . 

1251 

1241 

1161 
1331, .     , 

137) 

1721 

5141        37 
1711        55 
1721        28 
1001        27 
118         18 

35M 
296 

1 1 " 
liKir 
691 
95 
721 
5": 
987 
3191 

1441 

mi 

1" 
SO 

i( 

52 

26 

5 
5 

3 

■:.-. 
n 

] 

3f 

■1 
3 

l.v«is-:i:i 

99 

143 

li.TT 

640.000 

•Organization  of  the  first 
•**  Population  taken  from 


Board   of   Health. 

United  States,  cens 


•*  Antitoxin  In  Reneral  use 
i  each  10  years.  Intermediate  : 
of  cases  of  Typhoid  Fever  a> 


i.  ||  No  record. 

■  approximate. 

as  a  great  many  physicians  c 


MEDICINE   AND   SURGERY.  gg 


CHAPri'ER  VI.- -THE  LAST  HALF  CENTTFBY. 

MATTERS  AND  THINGS  MEDICAL  IN  GENERAL-A   BRIEF  RETROSPECT 
OF  HALF  A  CENTURY.* 

From  the  above  title  it  will  be  seen  that  I  have  given  myself  ample 
scope  to  say  whatever  occurs  to  me,  without  reference  to  logical  sequence. 
Not,  however,  ''Like  orient  pearls  at  random  strung/"'  but  rather  "the  ran- 
dom strung,  minus  the  orieut  pearl.** 

I  do  not  agree  with  the  late  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  in  his  famous 
declaration.  "If  all  the  medicines  in  the  world  were  cast  into  the  sea  it 
would  be  all  the  better  for  mankind  and  all  the  worse  for  the  fishes/"'  But, 
if  instead  of  all,  he  had  said  nine-tenths  of  all  the  medicine  in  the  world  1 
would  be  disposed  to  say  amen.  We  have  too  many  medicines  and  far  too 
much  of  it  is  daily  prescribed  and  daily  swallowed  without  being  pre- 
scribed for  the  good  of  those  who  swallow  it.  But  the  fact  is,  the  vast 
majority  of  mankind,  and  especially  of  womankind,  are  firm  believers 
in  the  efficacy  of  medicine,  and  hence  they  like  to  be  dosed.  If  the  doctor 
refuses  to  give  it  to  them  they  will  take  it  in  spite  of  him.  It  is  not  at 
all  to  be  wondered  at,  therefore,  that  there  should  be  a  disposition  on  the 
part  of  the  profession  to  gratify  them  in  this  regard.  But  I  venture  the 
assertion  that  the  older  the  physician  grows  and  the  wider  the  range  of 
his  experience  becomes  the  less  medicine  he  will  give  and  the  more  reliance 
he  will  be  disposed  to  place  in  the  vis  medicatrix  naturae.  The  young  doc- 
tor is  the  special  patron  of  the  apothecarv  and  the  hope  of  the  drug 
manufacturer. 

Dr.  Holmes,  to  whom  allusion  has  been  made — whose  recent  death 
saddened  men  of  letters  of  more  than  one  continent,  and  who  so  ad- 
mirably united  in  his  own  person  the  poet,  the  philosopher  and  the  physi- 
cian— with  all  his  accomplishments,  was  very  much  of  an  agnostic  in  med- 
icine, but  his  leaning  in  that  direction  tended  more  to  rational  conservatism 
than  to  the  belittling  of  his  own  profession.  Indeed,  I  am  persuaded  that 
a  moderate  amount  of  scepticism  in  medicine  is  highly  desirable — enough 
at  least  to  insure  reflection  and  to  prevent  the  too-ready  adoption  of  new 
and  untried  theories.  Credulity  in  medicine,  not  less  than  in  religion,  is 
the  fruitful  source  of  error — all  the  miserable  brood  of  isms  and  pathys 
which  have  disgraced  the  profession  and  cursed  the  world  are  its  legiti- 
mate offspring.  We  should  learn  to  avoid  the  two  extremes,  blind  credul- 
ity, which  believes  everything,  and  stolid  agnosticism,  which  believes  noth- 
ing, and  adopt  the  true  philosophy,  "prove  all  things,  and  hold  fast  that 
which  is  good." 

I  have  recently  celebrated  the  53d  anniversary  of  my  arrival  in  St. 
Louis,  then  a  flourishing  town  of  20,000  inhabitants,  and  already  beginning 
to  attract  national  attention.  Since  then  busy  time  has  brought  many 
and  important  changes.  Indeed,  I  may  say  that  nothing  now  remains  just 
as  I  then  saw  it,  even  the  Mississippi  Biver  has  undergone  vast  changes  in 
its  relative  importance.  Then  it  was  the  highway  of  travel  and  the  sole 
channel  of  commerce;  now  it  is  of  but  secondary  importance  in  these  re- 


*By  Dr.  "W.  M.  M.cPheeters,   St.  Louis.     Read  before  the  tit.    Louis   Medical  So- 
ciety,   December    15,    1594. 


86  ONE    HUNDRED   YEARS    OF 

gards,  having  given  place,  in  large  part,  to  more  rapid  transit  by  rail.  The 
old  Planters'  House,  just  then  completed,  having  served  its  day  and  gen- 
eration, has  given  place  to  a  new  and  more  magnificent  structure.  But 
these  physical  changes — great  as  they  are — are  so  obvious  that  they  need 
not  be  enumerated.  I  will  therefore  restrict  myself  to  matters  and  things 
medical. 

Of  all  those  whom  I  found  practicing  medicine  here  on  my  arrival, 
but  a  solitary  one  now  remains:  the  others  have  all  passed  into  the  other 
world.  Of  the  one  remaining — then,  as  now,  he  was  a  fine  specimen  of  the 
genus  homo,  as  well  as  the  genus  medico.  Of  course,  I  allude  to  Dr.  J.  B. 
Johnson,  who  preceded  me  hut  a  few  months,  but  whom  I  found  always 
actively  engaged  in  laying  the  foundation  of  his  subsequent  deserved  suc- 
cess. A  few  months  later  brought,  first  Dr.  Moses  and  then  Dr.  Pope, 
both  of  whom  became  prominent,  one  as  a  practitioner  of  medicine,  the 
other  as  a  surgeon  of  national  renown.  The  former  still  lives  in  dignified 
retirement,  the  other  came  to  a  tragic  death  in  a  foreign  city,  beloved 
and  regretted  bv  all. 

In  the  fall  of  184.1  I  found  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  in  full  and 
vigorous  operation,  having  been  chartered  bv  the  Legislature  in  1837,  hold- 
ing meetings  monthly  from  May  to  November  and  semi-monthly  the  rest 
of  the  year.  In  1842  it  contained  a  membership  of  about  fifty.  The 
meetings  were  proportionately  as  well  attended  then  as  they  are  now, 
while  the  papers  read  and  the  discussions  had  were  of  no  inferior  character. 
There  was  also  manifested  a  commendable  esprit  du  corps  and  a  strict  ad- 
herence to  professional  etiquette.  Indeed,  St.  Louis  at  that  time  con- 
tained physicians  of  recognized  ability  and  reputation.  Dr.  Englemann, 
distinguished  as  a  botanist  and  general  scientist;  Dr.  Wislizenus,  for  his 
careful  and  accurate  meteorological  observations,  and  Dr.  Beaumont,  re- 
nowned for  his  physiological  researches  and  his  experiments  on  digestion, 
afforded  by  the  rare  opportunity  he  had  of  looking  into  the  interior  of  the 
stomach 'of  Alexander  St.  Martin,  and  noting  its  normal  workings.  Be- 
sides these  there  Avere  a  number  of  other  intelligent,  educated  physicians, 
such  as  Drs.  Lane,  McCabe,  Moore,  Eeyburn,  Sykes,  Adreon,  Prather,  Mere- 
dith Martin  and  others.  These  men  were  all  skillful  and  successful  prac- 
titioners, and  let  me  say  that  the  pneumonia  they  had  to  treat  yielded  as 
readilv  to  the  lancet,  and  the  rheumatisms  they  encountered  to  the  col- 
chicum  and  nitrate  of  potash  treatment,  as  do  the  same  diseases  now  to 
modern  antipyretics.  I  mention  these  facts  that  the  younger  members  of 
the  profession  may  know  what  kind  of  men  their  predecessors  were — that 
they  were  abreast  of  the  times  in  which  they  lived. 

Specialism,  as  it  exists  at  the  present  day.  with  its  advantages  and 
evils  (greatly  beneficial  when  kept  within  certain  bounds,  otherwise  not), 
was  not  in  vogue  at  that  time.  The  nearest  approach  that  came  to  it 
was  in  the  case  of  a  certain  Kentuckian,  who  undertook  somewhat  of  a 
monopoly  in  this  line.  One  morning  he  hoisted  his  sign,  which  read,  "Dr. 
Price,  Phvsician,  Surgeon,  Aurist,  Oculist  and  Accoucher,"  but  die  soon 
broke  down  under  the  weight  of  his  undertaking  and  left  for  parts  un- 
known. 

In  November,  1840,  prior  to  my  arrival,  the  celebrated  Dr.  Joseph  1ST. 
McDowell,  assisted  by  his  friend  and  colleague.  Dr.  John  S.  Moore,  estab- 
lished the  first  medical  college  west  of  the  Mississippi  Eiver,  as  the  Medi- 
cal Department  of  Kemper  College,  but  popularly  known  as  the  McDowell 
College,  which  started  out  with  31  matriculants.     Fresh  from  the  Univer- 


JOHN  S.    MOORE. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  37 

sity  of  Pennsylvania  and  the  wards  of  the  Blockley  Hospital,  Philadelphia, 
I  had  the  pleasure  of  occasionally  listening  to  the  second  course  of  lectures 
in  this  pioneer  institution.  This  was  the  day  of  small  beginnings  in  the 
•way  of  medical  teaching  in  St.  Louis;  but  as  "tall  oaks  from  little 
acorns  grow,"  so  this  parent  college,  after  undergoing  various  evolutions 
and  changes,  both  in  name  and  organization,  stands  to-day  as  one  of  the 
heading  medical  institutions  in  the  West,  the  Missouri  Medical  College. 
All  honor  to  its  original  founder,  as  well  as  to  those  who  have  so  ably 
■and  successfully  broadened  and  deepened  the  foundation  which  he  laid. 
Two  years  later  the  eminent  surgeon,  Dr.  Charles  A.  Pope,  assisted  by 
D#\  Litton  and  others,  established  a  second  medical  college,  as  the  Medical 
College  of  the  St.  Louis  University,  which  in  its  turn  has  undergone  like 
•changes,  and  is  now  known  and  honored  as  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College 
or  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Washington  University.  To  it  belongs 
the  credit  of  having  been  the  first  Western  medical  college  to  adopt  the 
ihree  years-  graded  course  of  study,  a  distinction  of  which  it  may  well  be 
proud. 

At  the  risk  of  antagonizing  some  whose  friendship  I  value  and  whose 
motives  I  respect,  I  venture  the  opinion  that  it  would  have  been  well  for 
the  profession  and  for  the  cause  of  medical  education  if  the  establishment 
of  medical  colleges  had  ceased  with  the  two  already  mentioned:  for,  how- 
ever, it  may  be  to  the  interest  of  those  whose  ambition  it  is  to  become 
professors,  I  fail  to  see  how  the  profession  at  large  is  benefited,  or  the  cause 
of  medical  education  is  advanced  by  the  multiplication  of  medical  schools — 
higher  medical  education,  I  mean,  not  the  mere  granting  of  degrees. 

The  St.  Louis  Mullanphy  Hospital  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity  was  the 
only  hospital  here  when  I  arrived.  This  institution  was  founded  in  1828, 
and  the  original  building  erected  on  a  lot  situated  on  the  corner  of  Fourth 
and  Spruce  streets,  donated  by  John  Mullanphy.  In  it  the  city's  sick 
were  cared  for,  attended  by  a  physician  appointed  by  the  city  and  paid  for 
per  capita.  The  City  Hospital  was  not  completed  for  occupation  until 
1846,  when  a  building  131  feet  long  and  50  feet  wide  was  erected  on  the 
present  site  at  a  cost  of  $17,000,  and  with  a  capacity  for  accommodating 
ninety  patients.  Drs.  John  S.  Moore  and  M.  M.  Pallen,  health  officers, 
appointed  by  Mayor  Bernard  G.  Pratt,  were  charged  with  the  duty  of  re- 
moving the  city's  sick  from  the  St.  Louis  Hospital  and  of  inaugurating 
the  new  institution.  Dr.  David  0.  Glascock  was  appointed  first  resident 
physician  at  a  salary  of  $200  a  year,  including  board  and  lodging.  The 
original  building  ^-as  almost  completely  destroyed  by  fire  in  1856.  All 
the  sick  were  safely  removed  save  one,  an  insane  Italian,  who  rushed  back 
into  the  flames  after  having  been  taken  out.  In  1857  the  hospital,  greatly 
enlarged,  was  rebuilt  at  a  cost  of  $62,000,  constituting  the  front  portion  of 
the  present  building. 

As  early  as  1842,  for  the  double  purpose  of  aiding  the  sick  and  bene- 
fiting its  founders,  Drs.  Moses,  Pope,  J.  B.  Johnson,  George  Johnson,  J. 
Clark  and  the  Avriter  associated  themselves  together  and  established  the 
first  public  dispensary.  At  first  this  institution,  which  was  well  patronized 
from  the  start,  was  sustained  by  private  contributions,  mainly  through 
the  kindly  efforts  of  Madame  Gausche,  but  subsequently  obtained  a  small 
animal  appropriation  from  the  city,  and  was  kept  up  for  a  number  of  years, 
and  until  the  work  of  gratuitous  attendance  upon  the  poor  by  means  of 
free  public  dispensaries  was  taken  up  by  the  medical  colleges  and  other 
interested  parties.     It  is  worthy  of  remark  that,  although  fifty-two  years 


88  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

have  elapsed,  three  out  of  the  six  physicians  associated  in  this  dispensary 
still  survive. 

As  yet  St.  Louis  had  no  medical  journal,  but  this  want,  if  want  it  wasr 
was  supplied  by  Dr.  Linton,  who,  in  April,  1843,  started  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  a  monthly  publication,  and  the  first  of  its 
kind  west  of  the  Mississippi,  with  which,  before  the  termination  of  the 
second  year,  I  became  connected  as  associate  and  managing  editor,  and  so 
continued  until  its  suspension  on  account  of  the  war.  in  1862.  And  here 
let  me  say  of  Dr.  Linton,  that,  both  by  his  writing  and  by  his  teaching,  he 
has  impressed  his  genius  upon  the  profession  of  this  city  and  surrounding 
country,  as  no  other  man  has  done.  He  was  both  a  logician  and  a  medical 
philosopher. 

About  ibis  time  the  profession  was  strengthened  by  the  advent  of 
Dr.  M.  M.  Pallen,  who  soon  became  popular,  both  as  a  practitioner  and 
as  a  teacher,  and  later  on,  in  1S45,  by  that  of  Dr.  S.  Pollak,  who  still  re- 
mains, a  bright  connecting  link  between  the  profession  past  and  pres- 
ent. Of  him  I  will  say,  as  he  is  not  present,  that  this  society  never  had 
a  more  faithful,  useful  or  honored  member  than  he. 

The  year  1849  is  memorable  in  the  history  of  St.  Louis  and  in  the 
annals  of  the  medical  profession — first,  because  of  the  great  fire  which  oc- 
curred in  May  and  which  destroyed  so  large  a  part  of  the  business  por- 
tion of  the  city,  but  chiefly  on  account  of  the  terrible  epidemic  of  cholera 
which  prevailed  throughout  the  whole  of  that  year,  but  with  peculiar  se- 
verity from  May  to  August.  Few  modern  communities  have  been  so  se- 
verely scourged  as  was  this  devoted  city  during  that  memorable  period. 
With  an  estimated  population  of  70,000,  at  least  one-fourth  of  whom  took 
refuge  in  flight  at  the  approach  of  the  disease,  the  mortality  for  the  year 
was  8,108.  mainly  from  cholera.  During  the  months  of  June  and  July 
alone  there  were  5,108  deaths.  It  was  like  going  into  a  continuous  battle 
for  sixty  days  and  coming  out  each  day  with  a  loss  of  nearly  100  killed. 
As  is  always  the  case  the  medical  profession  stood  manfully  to  their  post 
during  all  these  dark  days,  encountering  the  dangers  of  contagion  and 
risking  their  own  lives  in  their  efforts  to  save  others.  Xor  was  this  done 
without  severe  loss  on  their  part  and  the  sacrifice  of  many  valuable  lives. 
Had  these  devoted  physicians  fallen  in  battle  amid  the  clash  of  contending 
armies,  they  would  have  been  esteemed  heroes — their  valor  would  have  been 
heralded  to  the  world  and  they  would  have  been  accorded  military  hon- 
ors at  their  burial.  And  yet  these  brave  doctors  were  as  really  and  truly 
heroes  and  as  much  entitled  to  fame  as  the  proudest  warrior  that  ever  fell 
on  the  battlefield.  Such,  however,  is  the  estimate  the  world  places  on 
bravery  when  exhibited  under  different  but  no  less  trying  circumstances. 

During  the  year  of  the  cholera,  as  well  as  the  decade  immediately  pre- 
ceding it,  St.  Louis  accjuired  the  reputation  for  general  unhealthiness  ancl 
excessive  bills  of  mortality — especially  infantile  mortality — which  it  has 
not  yet  outlived  and  which  still  clings  to  it.  It  cannot  be  denied  that  at 
that  time  there  was  some  ground  for  this  unenviable  notoriety.  Then  the 
sanitary  condition  of  the  city  was  anything  but  good.  We  had  no  under- 
ground sewers,  only  surface  drainage.  The  growth  of  the  city  was  so  rapid 
that  the  streets  were  only  partially  and  imperfectly  paved,  the  alleys  were 
filthy  and  in  and  around  the  city  were  numerous  sinkholes  or  small  pools 
filled  with  stagnant  water.  Besides,  at  that  period  St.  Louis  was  made 
the  objective  point  where  hundreds  and  thousands  of  all  conditioned  Eu- 
ropean emigrants  gathered  to  be  distributed  throughout  the  entire  Miss- 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  39 

issippi  Valley.  Some  idea  as  to  the  extent  to  which  this  cause  operated 
may  be  had  when  it  is  stated  that  on  June  28,  1849,  350  foreigners  were 
landed  on  the  wharf  from  a  single  steamboat,  the  "New  Uncle  Sam,"  nor 
was  this  an  unusual  occurrence.  These  unfortunate  emigrants,  recently 
off  shipboard,  debilitated  by  the  long  sea  voyage  and  in  the  worst  possible 
sanitary  condition,  arrived  during  the  pestilence  of  a  fierce  epidemic,  and 
finding  fresh  meat  and  green  vegetables — to  which  the}r  were  unaccus- 
tomed— abundant  and  cheap,  they  indulged  to  their  hearts'  content,  and 
in  too  many  instances  paid  the  penalty  with  their  lives.  Is  it  any  wonder 
that  under  such  circumstances  our  bills  of  mortality  should  have  been 
so  excessive?  But,  fortunately,  all  these  causes  have  long  since  ceased  to 
operate,  and  to-day  St.  Louis  claims,  and  justly  claims,  to  be  one  of  the 
healthiest  cities  in  the  land,  and  it  is  high  time  that  this  claim  is  generally 
recognized. 

In  the  springs  of  1848-49  respectively  there  graduated  two  young 
physicians.  The  one  in  the  Missouri  and  the  other  in  the  St.  Louis  Med- 
ical College,  one  hailing  from  Illinois,  the  other  from  Missouri,  but  both 
locating  in  this  city.  They  soon  became  prominent,  first  as  anatomists  and 
then  as  surgeons.  Both  filled  with  marked  ability  prominent  professorial 
chairs.  Both  presided  over  this  society.  Both  were  honored,  by  being 
elected  president  of  the  National  Medical  Association  and  both  were  re- 
warded by  large  and  lucrative  practices.  Here,  however,  the  analogy 
ceases.  One  was  suddenly  cut  off  in  the  midst  of  his  usefulness — at  the 
very  noontide  of  his  success — profoundly  regretted  by  all.  The  other  still 
lives,  the  honored  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College. 
You  all  know  to  whom  allusion  is  made — Drs.  Hodgen  and  Gregory.  To- 
ward the  close  of  the  "40s  there  also  graduated  from  the  medical  colleges 
of  this  city  a  number  of  young  men,  all  of  whom  have  become  prominent, 
all  of  whom  have  been  honored  by  this  society,  and  all  of  whom  still  con- 
tinue to  adorn  the  profession.  Among  these  may  be  mentioned  Drs.  Al- 
leyne,  Maughs,  Atwood,  Elsworth  Smith  and  Papin. 

As  a  matter  of  some  interest  I  wish  to  place  on  record  a  brief  his- 
tory of  the  formation  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association.  In  1850 
I  attended  the  American  Medical  Association,  held  in  Cincinnati.  At 
that  meeting,  although  so  near,  Missouri  was  poorly  represented;  not  a 
delegate,  as  I  remember,  outside  of  St.  Louis,  and  but  few  from  the  city. 
Then  we  had  no  State  organization  and  few,  if  an}7,  medical  societies  save 
one  in  this  city.  The  poor  showing  which  Missouri  made  in  comparison 
with  other  "Western  States  was  a  source  of  mortification  to  those  of  us 
who  were  present.  On  returning  from  the  meeting,  and  in  order  to  wipe 
out  this  reproach,  I  introduced  into  this  society  the  following  preamble 
and  resolution,  which  was  unanimously  adopted: 

''Whereas,  In  the  opinion  of  this  society,  the  time  has  arrived  when 
it  is  both  expedient  and  desirable  to  unite  the  medical  profession  of  the 
State  of  Missouri  for  the  purpose  of  mutual  protection  and  improvement^ 
therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  That  a  committee  be  appointed  to  address  the  regular  mem- 
bers of  the  medical  profession  throughout  the  State,  inviting  them  to  meet 
in  general  convention  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis  on  Monday,  the  4th  clay  of 
November  next,  for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  State  medical  association, 
with  auxiliary  societies  in  each  town  and  county  in  the  State." 

In  accordance  with  this  resolution  a  committee  consisting  of  Drs.  W. 
W-  McPheeters,  John  B.  Johnson,  S.  Gratz  Moses,  George  Englemann  and 


•90  ONE    HUNDRED   YEARS    OF 

George  Perm,  prepared  a  circular  and  sent  it  to  every  member  of  the  reg- 
ular profession  in  the  State  whose  address  could  he  obtained,  inviting  and 
urging  them  to  he  present  at  the  proposed  convention.  The  result  was 
that  on  November  4,  1850,  a  large  number  of  physicians  from  all  parts  of 
the  State  assembled  in  this  city,  and,  after  due  deliberation,  formed  a  State 
association,  adopted  a  constitution  and  by-laws,  elected  officers  and  urged 
the  formation  of  auxiliary  societies  throughout  the  State.  Dr.  Thomas  of 
Boonville  was  first  president  and'  Dr.  Alleyne  of  this  city  secretary.  This 
association  continued  to  meet  annually  and  did  efficient  work,  as  will  be 
seen  from  its  published  transactions,  until  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil 
War  in  1861,  when  it  was  temporarily  suspended,  as,  indeed,  was  every- 
thing else  civil  until  the  close  of  the  war  in  1865,  when  it  was  reorganized 
into  the  present  State  Medical  Society. 

Prior  to  1857  the  office  of  Coroner  of  this  city  was  filled  by  a  non- 
medical man.  At  a  political  convention  held  that  year  I  had  the  pleas- 
ure of  placing  in  nomination  as  the  first  medical  Coroner,  our  venerable 
and  honored  ex-president,  Dr.  L.  Charles  Boisliniere,  who  was  triumphantly 
elected  by  the  people  the  following  November.  Since  this  time  this  im- 
portant office  has  been  accorded  to  the  medical  profession,  to  whom  it 
rightfully  belongs. 

But  enough  of  what  you  may  regard  as  ancient  history.  Xo  attempt 
has  been  made  to  give  a  complete  record  of  medical  events  or  of  medical 
men  during  the  past  half  century.  Had  this  been  my  design  there  are 
many  worthy  names  omitted  which  would  certainly  have  been  entitled  to 
honorable  mention.  Xor  has  it  come  within  the  scope  of  this  paper  even 
so  much  as  to  allude  to  the  many  distinguished  physicians  who  have  come 
into  deserved  prominence  in  later  years,  as  I  have  confined  myself  strictly 
to  ante-bellum  times. 

The  past  is  certainly  not  without  its  lessons  of  instruction;  but  when 
we  compare  the  present  state  of  medical  knowledge  with  what  it  was 
fifty  years  ago  the  change  is  found  to  be  wonderful,  along  certain  lines 
marvelous.  With  these  changes  you  are  all  familiar.  I  will,  therefore,  not 
weary  you  with  their  recital.  But  think  for  a' moment  of  the  heaven-born 
immunity  from  pain  afforded  by  anesthesia;  the  certainty  in  diagnosis  and 
prognosis  brought  about  by  the  microscope  and  by  physiological  chemistrj^; 
the  inestimable  blessing  conferred  on  general  surgery  and  on  obstetrics 
by  antiseptics,  which,  by  simply  excluding  dirt  and  insisting  on  absolute 
cleanliness,  has  shut  off  the  cause  of  inflammation  and  almost  completely 
removed  the  danger  of  pyemia  and  septicemia.  Consider  the  revolution — - 
or  rather  the  new  creation — wrought  in  gynecology  as  the  result  of  Ameri- 
•can  genius  and  the  revelations  made  by  abdominal  surgery.  Fifty  years 
ago  it  was  considered  almost  certain  death  to  cut  into  the  abdominal  cavity; 
now  the  danger  has  been  so  minimized  that  it  has  become  an  operation  of 
daily  occurrence  and  of  comparative  safety.  My  attention  was  recently  di- 
rected to  this  subject  by  reading  the  report  of  a  case  published  in  the 
Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  for  1845,  just  fifty  years  ago.  Dur- 
ing that  year  the  Hon.  Hugh  S.  Lagure  of  South  Carolina,  then  Attorney- 
General  of  the  United  States,  while  on  a  visit  to  Boston,  was  taken  with 
symptoms  of  bowel  obstruction,  for  which  he  was  attended  by  two  of  Bos- 
ton's most  distinguished  surgeons.  The  difficulty  was  readily  recognized, 
and  all  the  known  medical  remedies  were  applied,  but  to  no  avail.  Death 
followed,  and  on  post-mortem  examination  the  colon  was  found  to  be 
doubly  twisted  with  mesentery  as  an  axis.  An  operation  seems  never  to  have 


■  ■■ 


LOUIS    CHARLES   BOISLINIERE. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  9  J. 

been  thought  of — indeed,  Dr.  Bigelow,  in  commenting  on  the  case,  says: 
''Intestinal  strangulation,  Ave  have  reason  to  believe,  is  a  fatal  disease,  ex- 
cept in  rare  instances  in  which  spontaneous  restoration  of  the  parts  may, 
under  favorable  circumstances,  take  place."  The  resources  of  art,  he  says, 
are  unavailing,  unless  lyy  resort  to  a  dangerous  and  unjustifiable  operation. 
And  four  years  later,  in  1847',  Yelpeau  pronounced  ovariotomy  to  be  a  cruel 
and  barbarous  operation.  And  yet,  who  does  not  know  that  the  valuable 
life  of  this  distinguished  statesman  might,  in  all  human  probability,  have 
been  saved  by  a  simple  laparotomy.  But,  sad  to  relate,  this  comparative 
humanity  which  has  been  so  frequently  demonstrated,  has  been  made  the 
occasion  for  the  unnecessary  and  reckless  cutting  into  the  abdominal 
•cavity,  as  though  the  danger,  instead  of  being  so  greatly  diminished,  Avas 
wholly  removed.  To  such  a  disastrous  extent  has  this  abuse  been  carried 
that  conservative  surgery  has  been  compelled  to  assert  itself  sharply.  With- 
out pursuing  this  subject  further,  but  in  view  of  all  that  has  been  accom- 
plished in  the  recent  past,  who  will  undertake  to  limit  the  possibilities 
of  the  future  or  say  what  seeming  impossibilities  may  not  yet  be  accom- 
plished ? 

Lest,  however,  in  our  "self -congratulation,"  we  should  be  exalted  above 
measure,  Ave  have  only  to  consider  Avhat  yet  remains  to  be  done;  for,  not- 
withstanding the  discovery  of  the  bacillus  tuberculosis  and  the  high  hopes 
excited  by  "tuberculin,'''  consumption  still  continues  to  be  a  reproach  to  the 
profession,  and  AA'here  once  thoroughly  established  is  as  little  amenable  to 
treatment  and  as  certainly  fatal  hoav  as  it  eA'er  has  been.  Scarlet  fever 
and  diphtheria  will  invade  the  nursery  and  rob  our  households  of  the 
brightest  and  most  cherished  jeAvels.  (What  is  to  be  the  outcome  of  the 
"anti-diphtheritic  seropathy"  yet  remains  to  be  seen.  Let  us  hope  and 
pray,  however,  that  it  may  prove  as  efficacious  in  mitigating  the  virulence 
of  diphtheria  as  Avas  vaccination  in  the  case  of  smallpox.)  We  have 
no  sure  cure  for  rheumatism,  no  successful  treatment  for  typhoid  fever, 
nor  for  Bright's  disease,  nor  for  a  score  of  other  diseases  not  necessary  co 
mention.  It  is  obvious,  therefore,  that  whilst  progress  has  been  steady 
and  rapid,  the  goal  of  professional  desire  has  not  yet  been  reached,  and 
that  there  are  still  in  reserve  for  the  future  scientific  discoverer  laurels  as 
bright  and  as  fadeless  as  those  which  adorn  the  brow  of  a  Lister,  a  Koch 
or  a  Sims. 

I  have  alluded  to  the  personnel  of  the  profession  of  fifty  years  ago;  let 
me,  in  conclusion,  say  a  Avorcl  of  the  profession  of  to-day.  and  make  men- 
tion of  the  fact  that  St.  Louis  has  a  doctorate  of  which  any  city  might 
justly  be  proud.  Especially  is  this  true  of  its  junior  members,  and  surely 
there  neA'er  was  so  auspicious  a  time  for  entering  the  ranks  of  medicine  as 
now.  The  young  man  is  to  be  congratulated  who  comes  in  at  this  golden 
juncture,  provided  he  is  prepared  by  a  thorough  preliminary  and  profes- 
sional training,  to  make  the  most  of  his  opportunities.  In  him  there  is  a 
future  bright  and  alluring;  Avhilst  he  avIio  is  lacking  in  these  essential  pre- 
requisites is  only  to  be  pitied. 

Be  assured,  Gentlemen,  the  cause  of  medical  education  in  this  country 
will  continue  to  advance  until  the  present  three-years'  course  of  study  will 
have  given  place  to  one  of  at  least  five  years'  duration,  with  corresponding- 
educational  requirement. 


92  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS   OF 


THE  MEDICAL  PROFESSION  OF  ST.   LOUIS  FROn  1860  TO  1900.* 

I  would  not  have  the  title  of  this  article  lead  one  to  interpret  the 
thought  that  the  writer,  of  his  own  knowledge,  was  able  to  give  the  his- 
tory of  the  medical  profession  of  St.  Louis  for  forty  years,  as 'the  impres- 
sion might  he  produced  that  he  was  one  of  the  antiquities;  as  a  matter  of 
fact  he  is  but  a  few  years  beyond  forty.  All  of  the  points  regarding  the 
profession  prior  to  1S65  were  received  from  others,  but  I  am  confident 
that  they  are  authentic.  It  was  my  pleasure  and  profit,  about  1864,  to 
become  a  member  of  the  family  of  the  late  Dr.  John  T.  Hodgen  of  St. 
Louis,  who  for  many  years  was  the  leader  of  the  profession  of  the  Miss- 
issippi Valley  in  the  realm  of  medicine  and  surgery  and  medical  educa- 
tion. Though  but  a  small  boy  coming  from  the  country,  conditions  had 
been  such  as  to  make  me  probably  more  than  usually  thoughtful  and  ob- 
serving for  my  age.  Dr.  Hodgen,  my  benefactor,  friend,  relative,  was  more 
— he  was  my  patron  saint.  I  had  in  the  beginning  quietly  determined  in 
my  own  mind  that  I  would  study  medicine,  and  if  possible  do  so  when  I 
had  sufficiently  advanced  in  general  knowledge  under  his  tutelage.  In 
consequence,  from  the  beginning  of  my  association  with  him,  it  was  my 
pleasure  to  spend  all  the  time  possible,  when- not  in  school  or  engaged  in 
other  duties,  as  his  companion  in  his  drives,  and  serving,  as  he  fre- 
quently remarked,  as  an  animated  hitching  post  on  the  outside  while  he 
was  engaged  with  his  duties  with  his  patients. 

The  hospitals  of  St.  Louis,  the  medical  college  of  which  he  was  dean 
and  the  medical  society  in  which  he,  together  with  the  leading  men  of  the 
city  at  that  time  were  active  workers,  were  constant  sources  of  interest 
and  entertainment  to  me.  I  early  engaged  in  keeping  his  professional 
books  and  his  books  as  dean  of  the  college.  This  daily  constant  associa- 
tion with  him  and  his  labors  threw  me  a  great  deal  during  all  these  years 
with  the  active  workers  of  the  medical  profession  of  St.  Louis  and  the 
surrounding  country. 

The  War  of  the  Eebellion,  while  of  great  advantage  to  the  city  of 
Chicago,  was  a  terrible  blow  to  the  city  of  St.  Louis.  St.  Louis  was 
the  leading  city  of  that  which  had  been  a  slave  State,  and  for  a  consid- 
erable part  of  the  early  years  of  the  war  was  a  focus  of  excitement.  The 
city  was  split  from  center  to  circumference  by  passion  and  prejudice. 
The  medical  profession,  like  all  other  interests,  was  divided,  many  of  its 
members  going  into  the  medical  department  of  the  Confederate  Army 
or  of  the  Union,  as  their  feelings  should  prompt.  Many  of  the  Southern 
sympathizing  physicians,  either  from  indiscreet  remarks  or  excessive  feel- 
ing upon  the  part  of  the  Federal  authorities,  were  banished,  and  as  a 
result  forced  into  Confederate  service.  The  medical  colleges  were  closed. 
The  Missouri  Medical  College,  that  which  had  been  known  as  the  Mc- 
Dowell College,  then  located  on  Eighth  and  Gratiot  streets,  was  confis- 
cated (it  being  the  personal  property  of  Dr.  McDowell,  and  he  being  a 
violent  secessionist).  The  St.  Louis  Medical  College  was  interrupted  in 
its  work  but  a  short  time,  its  faculty  being  mostly  composed  of  loyal 
men. 

Dr.  Hodgen,  in  his  service  in  the  Department  of  Anatomy  and  Surgery 
in  the  college  work,  equipped  himself  superbly  for  duties  which  confronted 
him  at  the  beginning  of  the  war.     He  was  an  intimate  personal  friend  of 

*Dr    I.   N.   Love,   St.   Louis. 


CHARLES   A.   POPE. 
Ex-Presidenr  Missouri   State   Medical    Association,   1855. 


MEDICINE   AXD    SURGERY.  93 

President  Lincoln  and  the  two  private  secretaries  of  the  latter.  Mr.  John 
Gr.  Xieholay  and  Mr.  John  Hay  (the  present  Secretary  of  State  in  President 
McKinlev's  Cabinet)  were  fellow  townsmen  of  Ms  and  personal  friends. 
This  influence,  together  with  that  of  the  leading  loyal  men  of  St.  Louis, 
Gov.  Gamble,  then  Governor  of  the  State,  Mr.  James  E.  Yeatman  and  oth- 
ers, enabled  Dr.  Hodgen  to  take  front  rank  in  the  surgical  work  of  the 
Bebellion. 

The  location  of  St.  Lonis  made  it  an  objective  point  for  many  mili- 
tary hospitals  providing  for  the  wounded  sick  up  and  clown  the  Mississippi 
Eiver.  In  addition  Dr.  Hodgen  was  Surgeon-General  of  the  Western 
Sanitary  Commission,  an  organization  which  developed  early  in  the  war, 
with  headquarters  at  St.  Louis,  and  which  collected  and  disbursed  millions 
of  dollars  in  the  inters! s  and  to  the  comfort  of  the  suffering  soldiers  of  the 
Union  Army. 

Dr.  E.  II.  Gregory,  before  locating  in  St.  Louis  before  the  war,  had 
been  engaged  in  practice  in  the  country  districts  of  Missouri.  He  was  a 
graduate  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College,  and  even  before  the  "60s  was 
a  loyal  and  faithful  surgical  adjunct  of  Dr.  Charles  A.  Pope,  the  leading 
surgeon  of  St.  Louis,  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Col- 
lege and  dean  of  the  same.  Dr.  Gregory  served  as  assistant  and  later 
as  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  for  a  number  of  years  and  later  as  adjunct  to 
the  Chair  of  Surgery  to  Dr.  Pope  at  the  Mullanphy  Hospital,  then  located 
at  Fourth  and  Spruce  streets. 

These  long  and  faithful  years  01  service  to  science,  to  the  dreary 
details  of  anatomy  and  to  the  slavish  duties  in  the  wards  of  the  hospitals 
and  the  dissecting  rooms  resulted  in  Dr.  Gregory  becoming  the  natural 
successor  to  Dr.  Pope  as  Professor  of  Surgery.- though  Dr.  Hodgen  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Pope  as  dean  of  the  college. 

Pope  and  McDowell,  in  the  earlier  da  vs.  were  the  two  great  rival 
surgeons,  with  their  loyal  satellites,  directly  antagonistic  to  each  other. 
Both  were  strong  men,  and  yet  as  different  from  each  other  as  oil  from 
water.  Dr.  Pope  was  learned,  cultured,  gentle,  genial,  gentlemanly  al- 
wavs.  sensitive  as  a  woman,  high-minded,  noble  and  an  aristocrat  by 
birth,  association  and  marriage.  He  had  married  into  one  of  the  oldest 
and  best  families  in  St.  Louis,  the  OTallons.  and  the  enormous  wealth 
which  came  to  him  enabled  liini  to  take  a  first  place,  not  only  in  the 
profession,  but  in  the  social  world  as  well,  and  he  was  equipped  and  en- 
dowed to  shine  in  both.  Dr.  McDowell,  his  rival  in  the  realm  of  surgery, 
was  almost  his  opposite,  a  rough  diamond,  a  strong  man,  strong  in  his 
hereditv,  strong  in  his  equipment,  lacking  much  of  the  culture  and  re- 
finement of  Dr.  Pope,  possessed  though  of  much  more  force  and  originality. 
In  these  later  days  many  of  his  qualities  which  gave  him  a  place  in  the 
front  rank  as  a  pioneer  surgeon,  would  to-day  in  the  minds  of  prudes  oc- 
casion his  prompt  retirement  as  a  buffoon  or  a  boor:  but  it  is  probable, 
considering  the  primitive  conditions  that  were  about  him,  that  he  was  the 
man  for  the  hour  in  representing  those  interests,  those  elements  which 
were  across  the  line  from  the  influences  which  Dr.  Pope  could  command.  It 
is  also  probable  that  Dr.  McDowell  accommodated  himself  to  the^  emer- 
gence as  he  interpreted  it.  I  am  sure  that  he  had  the  brightness  of  intel- 
lect to  have  met  the  necessities  of  the  situation  had  he  been  born  fifty  years 
later. 

Dr.  Pope,  backed  by  the  great  wealth  and  social  prestige  of  the  0*1  al- 
Ion  family,  with  a  magnificent  medical  college  building  and  museum  as 


94  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

his  own  persona]  property,  was  surely  in  a  position  of  great  professional 
power,  and  he  enjoyed  this  power  to  the  fullest  and  wielded  it  entirely 
in  the  interests  of  science  and  humanity.  After  many  years  of  pre-emi- 
nence and  absolute  leadership  he  was  urged  and  influenced  to  abdicate  by 
family  persuasion.  His  family  were  socially  ambitious  and  took  no  pride 
in  his  great  professional  success,  a  success  which  absorbed  him  to  the  ex- 
clusion of  all  social  pleasures.  He  finally  yielded  to  the  pressure  and  re- 
tired when  in  the  zenith  of  his  fame,  joining  his  family  in  Paris,  France, 
which  was  to  be  his  permanent  home.  Within  a  year  the  mental  depres- 
sion pronouncedly  manifest  in  letters  to  his  friend  Hodgen  in  St.  Louis, 
produced  by  the  feeling  that  he,  having  deserted  his  noble  life  work, 
was  on  the  shelf,  so  to  speak,  of  little  service  to  any  one,  resulted  in  a 
moment  of  temporary  insanity  in  his  suicide  by  his  cutting  his  throat.  A 
sad  ending,  indeed,  to  a  great  life. 

But  Dr.  Pope  just  before  had  returned  to  Paris  from  a  short  trip 
to  St.  Louis,  where  he  had  full  opportunity  to  see  how  fully  his  place 
was  being  filled  by  Hodgen  and  Gregory,  how  slightly  essential  he  was 
after  all  to  those  whom  he  had  served,  how  soon  we  are  forgot,  as  dear 
old  Eip  Van  Winkle  put  it  truly.  He  realized  the  truth  of  the  thought: 
"For  so  much  pride  that  Ave  take  in  it,  what  is  glory?  The  noise  of  a 
concert  of  men,  blind  if  they  be,  moreover,  deaf."' 

Dr.  Hodgen  was  a  liberal  contributor  to  the  literature  of  his  pro- 
fession almost  from  the  beginning  of  his  career.  As  teacher  and  pro- 
fessor of  physiology,  he  was  most  lucid  and  instructive  to  his  class. 
He  had  the  rare  faculty  of  put  ting  the  same  proposition  in  at  least  half 
a  dozen  different  ways,  so  that  every  member  of  his  class  could  grasp  his 
thoughts,  no  matter  how  slow  he  was  of  comprehension.  T  remember  dur- 
ing these  years  seeing  most  interesting  articles  from  him,  contributed  to 
Column's  Rural  World  (on  vegetable  physiology),  a  farmer's  paper,  which 
was  then  and  is  now  edited  by  the  Hon.  Norman  J.  Gorman,  who  was  a 
member  of  the  Cabinet  of  President  Cleveland,  being  the  first  Secretary 
of  Agriculture. 

Dr.  Hodgen  had  the  mechanical  ingenuity  which  enabled  him  to  be 
a  most  successful  surgeon  from  the  artistic  standpoint,  and  this  added  to 
his  studiousness.  wonderful  working  power,  superb  judgment  and  calm 
helpful  personality  made  him  the  ideal  surgeon.  He  devised  numerous 
surgical  procedures  and  instruments,  the  most  important  of  which  was  the 
Hodgen  suspension  splint,  the  same  being  a  modification  and  improvement 
of  the  Nathan  E.  Smith  splint.  During  the  several  years. that  Dr.  Hodgen 
taught  and  practiced  surgery  his  numerous  pupils,  wdio  are  now  scattered 
all  over  America,  were  carefully  taught  the  application  of  this  splint  and 
have  uniformly  been  enthusiastic  users  of  the  same.  It  was  most 
agreeable  to  me  when  abroad  to  find  that  the  Hodgen  splint  was  in  gen- 
eral use  and  much  appreciated  in  the  hospitals  of  London  and  other  for- 
eign cities. 

Among  the  last  of  Dr.  Hodgen's  contributions  to  the  interests  of  his 
profession  was  a  paper,  written  by  request  for  the  North  American  Eeview 
(being  one  of  the  four  leading  surgeons  of  America  selected  to  discuss 
the  question),  upon  the  surgical  management  of  the  case  of  President 
Garfield.  This  paper  was  a  thoughtful,  generous  presentment  of  the  dis- 
cussion of  the  President's  case  along  the  lines  of  conservative  surgery.  As' 
we  look  back  Ave  realize  to  the  fullest  that  had  President  Garfield,  with  his 
crushing  gunshot  spinal  cord  injury,  or  Dr.  Hodgen  a  little  later,  with  his 


THOMAS    KENNARD. 


MEDICINE    AXD    SURGERY. 


U-> 


fatally  ruptured  gall  bladder,  been  under  the  care  of  the  profession  five 
years  later — yes,  two  years  later — their  lives  would  probably  both  have 
been  saved. 

Dr.  John  S.  Moore,  for  many  years  dean  of  the  old  Missouri  Medical 
College  (McDowell),  practiced  medicine  in  St.  Louis  veil  onto  forty  years. 
He  was  born  and  bred  a  Southerner  and  had  ail  the  courtly  manners  of 
the  typical  Southern  gentleman.  Dr.  Moore  was  Professor  of  the  Theorv 
and  Practice  of  Medicine  and  was  an  able,  helpful  teacher.  He  had  a 
large  practice  and  was  greatly  beloved  by  his  patients. 

Dr.  Charles  W.  Stevens  was  one  of  the  original  cbarter  members  ot 
the  faculty  of  the  old  St.  Louis  Medical  College.'  associated  for  years  with 
Drs.  Pope-  Gregory,  Linton  and  others.  He  was  connected  with  some  of 
the  oldest  families  in  St.  Louis,  possessed  of  wealth,  which  made  him  in- 
dependent and  gentle,  amiable  and  modest  almost  to  the  point  of  timidity. 
He  was  Professor  of  Anatomy,  and  this  dry  subject  was  only  made  en- 
dura  We  by  the  kindly,  genial  personality  of  Dr.  Stevens.  Indeed,  he  was. 
a  kind  and  gentle  character,  beloved  by  all.  He  was  the  intimate  personal 
friend  of  all  his  associates.  For  many  years  he  was  superintendent  of  the 
County  Insane  Asylum.  Whatever  duties  he  assumed  he  performed  con- 
scientiously. 

Dr.  Thomas  Kennard  was  almost  in  a  general  way  the  opposite  of 
Dr.  Stevens.  He  was  red-headed,  bluff,  frank,  abrupt  and  frequently  rnis- 
understood,  but  conscientious  and  straight  as  a  die.  He  was  greatlv  re- 
spected by  his  fellows  ami  a  wonderfully  well-informed  man.  though  in 
consequence  of  his  tendency  toward  stepping  upon  others"  toes  he  never 
did  much  practicing,  though  whoever  had  him  for  a  physician  had  an  effi- 
cient, honorable,  faithful  and  helpful  one.  Dr.  Kennard  was  almost  an. 
authority  upon  many  subjects,  but  more  particularly  upon  materia  lnediea. 
Among  other  features  of  Dr.  Kennard  which  were  so  pronounced  as  to  be 
a  characteristic,  was  that  his  handwriting  was  so  perfect  as  to  look  almost 
like  copper  plate.  One  who  ever  saw  a  prescription  written  by  Dr.  Ken- 
nard could  never  forget  it.  I  remember  on  several  occasions  to  have  dis- 
cussed this  talent  of  his.  ami  to  have  suggested  to  him  that  the  majority 
of  physicians  could  not  afford  to  write  as  clean  cut  and  clear  a  hand  as 
he  did,  as  they  would  make  manifest  their  errors  in  prescription  writing. 
He  agreed  with  me  that  the  obscure  writing  of  doctors  was  oftentimes  more 
for  the  purpose  of  covering  the  errors  of  the  genitive  ease  in  their  latin 
forms  than  to  obscure  the  ingredients  going  to  make  up  the  prescription 
for  their  patients. 

Among  the  leaders  of  the  profession  of  St.  Louis  in  the  early  "60s  was 
Dr.  M.  L.  Linton,  who  was  born  in  Kelson  County,  Kentucky,  in  1S08.  Dr. 
Linton,  like  Dr.  Hodgen  and  Dr.  Gregory,  was  a  product  of  Old  Ken- 
tucky. He  early  determined  that  he  would  be  a  physician,  graduating 
later  at  the  Transylvania  College,  Lexington.  Ky.  Dr.  Linton  for  a 
time  practiced  in  Kentucky,  and  having  met  Dr.  Charles  A.  Pope  of  St, 
Louis  while  abroad,  was  later  appointed  to  the  Chair  of  Theory  and  Prac- 
tice in  the  Medical  Department  of  the  St.  Louis  University.  Dr.  Linton 
was  a  constant  student,  not  only  of  medicine,  but  of  the  allied  sciences 
and  general  literature.  He  became  a  very  learned  man.  He  was  no 
mean  poet,  and  was  competent  to  hold  his  own  in  any  discussion  upon  al- 
most anv  subject.  He  wrote  a  work,  entitled  "Outlines  of  Pathology.'"r 
which  would  be  a  credit  to  any  man.  He  established  the  St.  Louis  Med- 
ical Journal  in  1S43,  the  first  medical  journal  west  of  the  Mississippi  Eiver, 


f)Q  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS   OF 

and  this  he  edited  with  great  ability,  possessing  the  entire  confidence  of 
the  profession.  Dr.  MePheeters  was  associated  with  him  in  the  editorial 
charge  of  this  journal. 

As  an  evidence  of  Dr.  Linton's  literary  skill  and  firm  belief  in  nat- 
ure's ability  to  wrestle  successfully  with  most  diseases,  I  quote  a  few 
lines  from  his  "Outlines  of  Pathology:"  "A  masterly  inactivity,  so  far 
as  the  administration  of  drugs  is  concerned,  is  often  the  best  evidence 
of  medical  skill.  To  know  when  not  to  act  is  as  precious  a  piece  of 
knowledge  as  to  know  when  and  how  to  act.  Indeed,  a  knowledge  of  one 
is  a  knowledge  of  the  other.  The  physician  is  the  minister  and  not  the 
tyrant  of  nature — that  he  may  aid  her  when  her  actions  are  too  feeble — 
that  he  may  repress  her  ardor  and  that  he  may  change  her  direction. 
What  physician  pretends  that  he  can  directly  cure  a  case  of  typhoid  fever? 
and  yet  all  admit  that  the  physician  can  do  something — can  be  of  some 
service.  Yea.  of  great  service.  Everybody  that  think-  and  observes 
knows  that  the  human  system  is  so  beneficently  constructed  that  it  can 
act  as  its  own  doctor  in  many,  we  may  say  the  majority,  of  cases.  Every 
physician  knows  the  majority  of  cases,  say  of  typhoid  fever,  will  pass 
through  all  their  stages  safely  and  terminate  in  health  without  the  doc- 
tor's  aid.  This  does  not  prove  that  a  physician  might  not  have  been 
serviceable.  It  only  proves  that  nature  can  cure  disease,  or.  what  means 
precisely  the  same  thins-,  that  diseases  get  well  themselves.  But  every  one 
knows  also  that  in  many  cases  of  depression,  the  system  cannot  rise  to 
reaction  without  aid  which  the  physician  can  employ,  and  here  he  becomes 
a  support  of  nature." 

Illustrating,  too.  that  Dr.  Linton  believed,  even  in  those  early  days 
before  we  knew  anything  of  bacteriology,  before  Pasteur.  Koch.  Behrmg 
and  other  front  rank  workers  in  germ  discoveries  had  been  dreamed  of, 
that  disease  might  originate  from  microbic  cause,  he  wrote:  "May  not  the 
cancer  cell  and"  tubercle  be  due  to  a  parasite     of     animal     or     vegetable 

oriain  ?"  , 

'"  Says  Mrs.  Annie  Linton  Sawyer  regarding  the  death  of  her  father: 

My  father  died  the  first  day  of  June,  1S72,  in  the  65th  year  of  his  life ,at  his 
lovelv  home,  Mamesa  (his  gift  to  my  mother  in  remembrance  of  her  f^f™*,* 
and  goodness  to  him),  near  the  retreat  of  Ms  cherished  friends  the  sons  of  Do|oki 
His  warm  friend.  Dr.  E.  H.  Gregory,  and  his  apprcvea  son-m-law  Dr.  Amos  sa^ 
ver.  received  hi?  last  breath  and  lovingly  closed  the  gentle,  ^arejes  that  looked 
for  the  last  time  on  earth,  but  I  believe  are  looking  now  on  his  field  of  labor  ana 
loved  ones  from  his  father's  mansion.  inv,nr=i     and 

He  fondlv  hoped  his  gifted  young  son  would  carry  on  his  io^ed  labors,  ana 
had  brother  Ben  lived,  doubtless  the  mantle  of  my  distinguished  father  would 
have  fallen  on  his  shoulders,  but  God  walled  that  he  should  soon  follow. 

As  the  little  group  of  his  own  stood  around  him,  Dr.  Gregory  said:  inere  lies 
the  purest  man  I  ever  knew.    He  proved  to  be  the  pearl  of  virtues. 

On  the  5th  of  Ju«e  we  laid  him  away  in  the  beautiful  Calvary  to  sleep  m  tne 
shadow  of  the  cross  until  the  sounding  of  the  judgment  trumpet,  with  an  assur- 
ance on  which  hand  o(  his  Savior  he  would  arise. 

Dr.  John  Lawton,  a  very  striking  picture,  an  old  bachelor,  who  must 
have  been  65  or  TO  years  of  age  when  the  war  was  at  its  height,  practiced 
in  St.  Louis  in  a  quiet  way.  He  was  a  typical  representative  of  the  physi- 
cian of  the  old  school.  He  was  more  than  6  feet  tall,  always  walked  with 
a  cane  and  was  the  personification  of  dignity.  He  had  no  thought  of  his 
profession  as  a  money-making  calling.  He  worked .  earnestly  and  con- 
sistently.    He  died  in  the  early  ;?'0s. 

Dr.  William  Dickinson,  an 'ex-president  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  So- 
ciety, was  the  leading  oculist  of  St.  Louis  between  1860  and  1870.  As 
time 'passed  his  brilliant  wife,  who  had  been  his  life's  companion,  died, 


JKsk 

JmSBm 


PROF,  II.   L.   LIXTOX. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY-  97' 

and  the  doctor  never  after  seemed  possessed  of  the  same  enthusiasm  and 
ambition  in  his  work.  He  died  about  1890,  having  lived  very  quietly 
during  the  last  ten  or  fifteen  years  of  his  life. 

Dr.  John  Waters,  one  of  the  medical  college  teachers  and  leading 
debaters  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  from  I860  to  1870,  was  recog- 
nized as  a  leading  thinker  and  writer.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  his  life 
had  not  been  prolonged,  as  he  would  surely  have  taken  a  high  place  in  the 
annals  of  the  medical  profession  of  America. 

Dr.  E.  S.  Eraser  from  1860  to  1880  was  one  of  St.  Louis'  best  "all 
round""  physicians;  enjoyed  an  enormous  practice,  which  he  left  to  his 
talented  son.  Dr.  Sam  H.  Frazer. 

Dr.  Moses  M.  Pallen,  the  leading  practitioner  and  teacher  in  obstetrics  in 
St.  Louis  for  thirty  years,  was  a  strong  man  viewed  from  every  stand- 
point. 

Whether  in  the  sickroom,  the  college  amphitheater  or  the  hall  of  the 
medical  society  he  was  equally  forceful,  helpful,  graceful,  successful. 
But  few  physicians  had  a  more  loyal  following,  and  the  same  may  be  said 
of  his  successor.  Dr.  L.  Ch.  Boisliniere,  who  endeared  himself  to  patients 
and  colleagues  by  his  uniformly  generous  conduct.  He  was  essentially 
the  young  doctor's  friend  and  nothing  ever  seemed  to  give  him  greater 
pleasure  than  an  opportunity  for  doing  them  a  kindness.  In  this  con- 
nection the  personality  of  Dr.  T.  L.  Papin  should  appear,  as  he  worked 
in  the  same  department,  both  as  physician  and  teacher.  He  belonged  to 
one  of  the  oldest  and  best  families  here,  and  in  all  his  relations  he  ever 
gave  evidence  of  the  genial,  kindly,  cultured  gentleman. 

Dr.  William  L.  Barrett,  born  and  bred  in  St.  Louis,  enjoyed  from 
1869  to  about  1885  a  very  large  and  most  lucrative  practice  in  the  depart- 
ment of  gynecology.  He  had  been  a  special  pupil  under  the  great  Dr. 
Emmett  in  the  Woman's  Hospital  of  Xew  York,  and  with  his  strong 
social  and  family  connections  in  St.  Lords  was  soon  able  to  secure  first 
place.  He  taught  in  his  special  department  in  the  St.  Louis  Medicai 
College  for  many  years  and  was  a  most  able  and  successful  teacher. 
His  brother,  Mr.  Arthur  B.  Barrett,  was  Mayor  of  St.  Louis  in  1875. 

Dr.  Barrett  was  not  only  an  able,  intellectual,  successful  physician, 
but  was  possessed  of  a  heart  as  gentle  and  tender  as  a  woman's,  a  soul 
simple,  sincere,  serene,  happiest  when  serving  others.  He  died  in  the 
harness  a  martyr  to  duty  in  the  prime  of  life.  Would  that  he  had  been 
more  selfish.  He  demonstrated  clearly  the  thought  that  the  good  and 
the  best  die  all  too  soon. 

Comparatively  speaking,  the  scientific  spirit  in  St.  Louis  in  the  early 
days,  and  even  before  the  '"60s,  was  stronger,  so  far  as  expression  in  medi- 
cal society  work  was  concerned,  than  to-day.  The  St.  Louis  Medical 
Society  met  in  various  places,  one  of  the  last  during  its  migratory  period 
being  the  hall  at  Sixth  and  St.  Charles  streets.  Later  it  made  perma- 
nent arrangements  with  the  Board  of  Education  to  convene  regularly  in 
their  hall,  which  for  many  years  was  in  the  Polytechnic  Building  at 
Seventh  and  Chestnut  streets,  but  for  the  past  ten  years  has  been  at  Ninth 
and  Locust. 

All  are  familiar  with  the  fact  that  Dr.  William  Beaumont,  in  the 
earlier  davs  before  the  war,  he  being  an  army  surgeon  located  at  this 
point,  Had  under  his  observation  as  a  patient,  one  Alexis  St.  Martin, 
a  victim  of  gunshot  wound  in  the  stomach.,  which  resulted  in  a  fistulous 
opening.     Efsewhere  in  this  volume  a   complete  history  of  this   case  is 


98  °NE    HUNDRED   YEARS    OP 

given  more  in  detail.  Suffice  it  to  say  here  that  Dr.  Beaumont,  through, 
the  careful  study  of  this  case,  persistent  watching  of  the  digestion  of 
food;,  keeping  a  record  of  his  observations,  contributed  more  definitely  to 
the  real  knowledge  of  stomachic  digestion  than  any  one  who  preceded 
him. 

t  fancy  that  the  remoteness  of  St.  Louis  from  the  Eastern  centers  of 
civilization  had  stimulated  the  local  profession  here  to  a  greater  zeal 
and  enthusiasm  along  scientific  lines  than  might  otherwise  have  occurred, 
and  besides  the  profession  was  made  up  of  strong  men — men  who  were 
experienced  and  well  educated  before  coming  here.  Furthermore,  it  will 
be  remembered  that  St.  Louis  was  practically  a  Southern  city — a  city 
located  in  a  slave  State — indeed,  a  city  that  had  had  slave  markets  in. 
her  midst.  These  conditions  favored  the  fact  of  the  profession  being 
composed  largely  of  educated  gentlemen,  the  same  as  the  profession 
throughout  the  various  parts  of  the  South.  In  other  words,  the  line  of  de- 
markation  was  so  definitely  drawn  by  the  blighting  hand  of  slavery  be- 
tween the  cultured  and  the  uncultured,  that  the  profession  was  largely 
made  up  of  cultivated  gentlemen,  and  this  fact  had  much  to  do  in  main- 
taining high  ideals  and  the  proper  esprit  du  corps. 

The  meetings  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  were  uniformly  well 
attended.  Indeed,  the  number  in  attendance  was  even  larger  than  it  is 
to-day,  and  all  of  the  best  men  of  the  town  were  there  racling  papers  and 
engaging  actively  in  the  debates.  As  a  boy  in  my  teens  I  have  many 
!imes  and  oft  been  present  at  these  discussions  and  had  my  youthful 
blood  warmed  and  my  medical  ambitions  aroused  by  the  splendid  manifes- 
tations of  scientific  zeal.  The  debates  between  Pallen,  Linton,  Pope, 
J.  B.  Johnson,  William  Johnston,  Lemoine,  Gregory,  Kennard,  Boisliniere,. 
John  S.  Moore,  McPhecters,  Hodgen,  Waters,  Hammer  and  two  score  or 
more  strong  men  and  true,  were  of  a  character  to  arouse  the  appreciation 
of  any  lover  of  science,  and  hot  times  they  used  to  have,  too.  They 
handled  each  other  during  these  debates  without  gloves,  yet  always  as 
gentlemen.  Tenderfeet  had  no  place  there.  When  a  man  presented  a 
paper  or  a  thought  he  had  to  fight  for  it,  and  I  have  seen  these  argu- 
mentative gladiators  bring  their  text  books  to  the  society  by  the  dozens  to 
present  their  cptotations  therefrom  and  the  evidence  in  black  and  white 
to  sustain  them  in  their  positions. 

There  were  times  when  the  hot  Southern  blood  of  some  members  tem- 
porarily took  possession  of  their  judgment,  and  things  were  said  and  done 
that  were  regretted,  but  the  true  gentleman's  apology  was  always  promptly 
forthcoming. 

1  recall  among  these  events  one  which  was  of  special  seriousness.  The 
gentle,  sensitive  Dr.  S.  T.  Xewman  read  a  paper  before  the  society  which 
was  most  carefully  prepared,  as  were  all  of  his  papers,  the  product  of 
much  study  and  profound  thought.  It  Avas  followed  by  one  in  opposi- 
tion by  Dr.  G.  M.  B.  Maughs,  the  eccentric,  brainy,  heroic  worker  and 
teacher  in  ^vnecology,  who  came  here  at  the  close  of  the  war,  having  at 
one  time  previously  been  Mayor  of  Kansas  City.  Dr.  Maughs  was  always 
robust  and  pronounced  in  his  positions,  but  not  always  gentle  and  choice 
in  his  selection  of  phrases.  In  his  reply  on  the  criticisms  of  Dr.  New- 
man's paper  he  was  terrific,  and  viewed  even  at  this  distance  it  seems 
that  he  was  almost  brutal.  Dr.  Newman  was  wounded  almost  beyond  the 
point  of  endurance,  and  it  was  feared  by  many  friends  that  serious 
trouble  would  result.     Special  committees  were  appointed  to  adjust  the 


*!V 


ADAM    HAMMER. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  99 

differences,  but  this  was  never  very  successfully  accomplished.  A  sort 
of  armed  neutrality  was  maintained.  Had  not  Dr.  Newman  heen  pos- 
sessed of  the  gentle,  tender,  Christian  character  that  he  was,  the  result 
would  have  heen  far  different. 

Dr.  Adam  Hammer  was  a  very  learned  man.  a  typical  representative 
of  the  severe  German  scientific  spirit,  thoroughly  wrapped  up  in  path- 
ology and  the  studies  related  to  his  life  work.  He  was  prohahly  one  of 
the  ahles  pathologists  and  theoretical  surgeons  that  St.  Louis  ever  pos- 
sessed. He  was  positive,  dogmatic,  almost  dictatorial  in  the  announce- 
ment of  his  views  at  time,  and  this  naturally  often  led  to  friction.  One 
of  the  most  serious  quarrels  that  was  ever  known  in  the  profession  of  St. 
Louis  and  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  was  that  between  Dr.  Hammer  and 
Dr.  A.  P.  Lankford,  who  came  to  St.  Louis  about  1869  or  1870.  Brilliant, 
brainy  and  a  born  surgeon,  Dr.  Lankford  had  been  a  special  pupil  of 
the  elder  Gross,  and  with  such  opportunities,  possessed  of  great  profes- 
sional enthusiasm  and  great  intellectual  attainments,  he  was  superbly 
ecpiipped  for  his  work.  He  was  offered  and  accepted  the  Chair  of  Sur- 
gery in  the  same  college  with  Dr.  Hammer.  Dr.  Lankford  had  many 
charms,  was  more  than  6  feet  tall,  built  like  an  Apollo,  with  a  person- 
ality gentle,  persuasive,  magnetic,  rarely  equaled,  a  ready  memory,  grace- 
ful address  and  wonderful  versatility  and  power  of  expression,  which  all 
endeared  him  to  his  students.  These  qualities,  this  American  dash 
whicb  he  possessed,  naturally  was  not  agreeable  to  the  C-erman  peculiari- 
ties of  Dr.  Hammer.  The  antagonisms  which  were  early  aroused  finally 
resulted  in  a  break,  culminating  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  having  a 
trial  against  Dr..  Hammer  for  alleged  unprofessional  conduct,  resulting 
in  his  condemnation  and  expulsion.  By  the  way,  this  case  became  cele- 
brated when  Dr.  Hammer  appealed  to  the  courts  for  justice,  and  the 
latter  granted  him  an  injunction  against  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society, 
on  the  ground  that  they  had  no  authority  to  delegate  three  members  of 
the  society  to  try  a  recalcitrant  member,  and  that  the  society  should 
have  tried  him  in  an  open  session  of  the  society  and  given  him  completer 
opportunities  for  defense,  suggesting  that  a  committee  of  such  limited 
numbers  might  easily  be  prejudiced.  This  decision  of  the  court  gave 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  a  case  of  "fright/'  impressing  them  with 
the  thought  that  they  had  no  authority  to  remove  offending  members. 

It  is  interesting  to  recall  that  in  some  of  the  scenes  and  even  de- 
bates in  these  earlier  days  personal  blows  were  given  and  taken,  and  on 
rare  occasions  pistols  were  drawn. 

During  the  years  to  which  I  have  referred  the  medical  society 
rested  under  a  disadvantage,  so  far  as  the  public  was  concerned,  of  hav- 
ing the  proceedings  published  freely  in  the  secular  press,  and  not  al- 
ways to  its  advantage  from  the  standpoint  of  dignity  and  decorum.  One 
of  the  brilliant  newspaper  men  of  the  early  days  took  special  pleasure 
in  attending  the  society  meetings,  and,  as  is  often  the  case,  he  lost  sight 
of  the  scientific  features  in  his  appreciation  of  the  friction  and  undigni- 
fied incidents.  I  refer  to  Mr.  Phil  Ferguson,  wdio  was  more  familiarly 
known  as  "Jenks."  He  had  a  keen  sense  of  humor,  and  he  took  particular 
pleasure  in  manifesting  it  in  his  reports  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  So- 
ciety proceedings.  There  can  be  no  question  that  this  spirit  of  levity, 
which  prevailed  in  the  reports  in  the  daily  press  of  the  St.  Louis  Medi- 
cal Society  proceedings  was  the  occasion,  along  about  1878,  of  Dr.  John 


100  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

T.  Hodgen  introducing  a  resolution  providing  for  executive  sessions  and 
the  retirement  of  the  daily  press  reporters.  This  law  prevailed  for  a 
year  Or  two  and  then  went  into  a  state  of  "innocuous  desuetude."  Four 
or  five  years  ago  it  was  again  brought  into  force.  There  can  be  no  ques- 
tion that  the  best  scientific  good  of  local  medical  societies  is  best  sub- 
served by  such  rules. 

The  relations  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  with  the  American 
Medical  Association  have  been  intimate  almost  from  the  beginning.  At 
the  seventh  annual  meeting  of  this  national  association,  which  was  held 
in  St.  Louis  in  May,  lSoi,  Dr.  Charles  A.  Pope  was  elected  president, 
Dr.  E.  S.  Lemoine  having  been  secretary  of  the  association  in  1853.  Dr. 
Lemoine  is  still  with  us  in  St.  Louis,  actively  engaged  in  practice,  and, 
though  70  years  of  age,  is  seemingly  good  for  one  or  two  more  decades  of 
work.  He  has  been,  and  is,  one  of  our  strongest  and  best  men  and  an 
ideal  family  physician.  He  is  now  one  of  the  seven  members  of  the  "Old 
Guard  Medical"  of  St.  Louis,  along  with  Dr.  J.  B.  Johnson,  Dr.  Simon 
Poilak,  Dr.  E.  H.  Gregory,  Dr.  Thomas  OTteilly,  Dr.  William  Johnston 
and  Dr.  William  M.  McPheeters. 

The  twenty-fourth  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation was  also  held  in  St.  Louis  in  May,  1873,  under  the  presidency  of 
Dr.  Thomas  M.  Logan  of  California,  who  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.  C. 
The  thirty-seventh  annual  meeting  was  held  in  St.  Louis  in  May,  1886, 
under  the  presidency  of  Dr.  William  Brodie  of  Detroit,  Mich.,  and  at 
the  close  of  this  meeting  our  much-appreciated  and  eminent  Dr.  E.  H. 
Gregory  was  elected  president,  this  being  the  third  time  that  the  honor 
of  the  presidency  had  fallen  to  St.  Louis.  The  first  time,  as  previously 
stated,  it  fell  to  Dr.  Charles  A.  Pope,  and  at  the  annual  meeting  held  in 
Xew  York  Chvv  in  June,  1880,  the  honor  was  given  to  oar  noble,  gentle, 
generous,  much  beloved  and  eminent  Dr.  John  T.  Hodgen,  who  was 
born  at  Hodgenville,  Ky.,  January  27,  1S26,  and  died  in  St.  Louis  April 
28,  1882. 

St.  Louis  has  furnished  hardly  as  many  writers  and  contributors  to 
the  literature  of  the  profession  as  other  cities  of  the  same  size,  and  cer- 
tainly not  as  many  as  she  should  have  done,  and  more  particularly  in 
these  later  years,  but  what  has  been  done  has  been  well  done.  Drs.  H.  H. 
Mudd,  E.  H.  Gregory,  T.  F.  Prewitt,  G.  Baumgarten,  John  Green,  W.  C. 
Glasgow,  Ptobert  Barclay,  H.  N.  Spencer,  A.  J.  Steele,  John  Bryson,  Thos. 
F.  Eumbold,  J.  K.  Bauduy,  JST.  B.  Carson,  William  Porter,  A.  H.  Meis- 
enbach,  A.  C.  Bernavs,  T.  C.  Witherspoon,  H.  Tuholske,  Joseph  Grindon, 
M.  H.  Post,  H.  W.  Loeb,  John  Young  Brown,  Y.  H.  Bond,  C.  H.  Hughes, 
W.  A.  Hardaway  and-Ohmann-Dumesnil  all  have  been  more  or  less  lib- 
eral contributors  to  the  medical  journals  of  the  country.  Their  work  is 
all  of  a  high  order  of  merit.  Drs.  Mudd,  Baumgarten,  Glasgow,  John 
Green  and  Hardaway  furnished  important  articles  for  several  cyclopedias 
and  systems  of  medicine  which  have  been  published  in  recent  years.  Dr. 
Hardaway  has  contributed  very  definitely  to  the  accepted  knowledge  in 
dermatology.  Dr.  J.  K.  Bauduy  has  held  high  rank  as  a  neurologist,  and 
has  written  a  most  valuable  volume  upon  the  subject.  Dr.  Thomas  Bum- 
bold*  in  the  earlier  clays,  wrote  a  special  work  on  the  diseases  of  the  nose 
and  throat,  which  contained  much  of  original  matter.  Indeed,  Dr.  Bum- 
bold  was  probably  the  pioneer  in  this  department  of  the  work  in  the 
United  States.     Dr.  A.  C.  Bernavs  certainly  deserves  credit  for  having  per- 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  101 

formed  some  of  the  most  serious  and  dangerous  operations  in  abdominal 
surgery,  being  the  first  in  some  instances  and  among  the  first  in  many 
to  perform  these  operations  in  America,  promptly  publishing  his  results. 

Dr.  H.  H.  Mudd  has  ranked  as  a  careful,  conscientious,  conservative 
surgeon,  holding  probably  the  first  place  in,  St.  Louis  for  the  ten  or 
fifteen  years  prior  to  his  recent  death,  having  had  the  advantage  of  the 
personal  association  with  Dr.  Hodgen  as  a  partner  for  fifteen  years  be- 
fore the  latter's  death.  Dr.  Charles  Hamilton  Hughes,  the  eminent  neu- 
rologist, has  for  years  edited  and  published  the  Clinist  and  Neurologist, 
contributing  liberally  to  the  permanent  literature  of  his  specialt}r,  and 
reflecting  credit  upon  our  city. 

Dr.  Louis  Bauer,  who  for  many  years  practiced  orthopedic  surgery 
in  St.  Louis,  coming  here  after  the  war  from  Brooklyn,  founded  the  St. 
Louis  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  serving  as  its  dean  almost  to 
the  last,  dying  a  few  years  ago,  more  than  SO  years  old.  He  was  the 
pioneer  of  orthopedic  surgery  in  America.  He  wrote  a  most  valuable 
work  on  the  subject,  and  was  one  of  the  most  original  and  skillful  sur- 
geons along  these  lines  in  the  country.  He  was  possessed  of  great  scien- 
tific ability  and  marked  mechanical,  ingenuity. 

Dr.  John  Green  and  Dr.  C.  C.  Michel  have  both  ranked  high  in  the 
realm  of  opthalmology  and  contributed  definitely  to  the  permanent 
knowledge  of  the  profession. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  there  is  much  difference  between  the  pro- 
fession of  St.  Louis  now  and  that  of  twenty,  twenty-five  and  thirty  years 
ago.  The  city  has  more  than  doubled ;  the  profession  has  probably  quad- 
rupled. In  those  earlier  clays  we  all  knew  each  other;  we  were  closer 
together  all  the  time,  and  at  frequent  intervals  got  very  close  together. 
The  conditions  accompanying  metropolitanism  have  enlarged  the  pro- 
fession and  scattered  it  to  a  marked  degree.  The  rapid  growth  of  St. 
Louis,  its  prominence  as  a  safe  commercial  center  and  its  substantial 
character  has  attracted  physicians  from  all  over  the  country,  and  the 
profession  is  not  the  intimate,  closely  related  family  that  it  was  in  the 
earlier  days. 

The  recent  consolidation  of  the  two  oldest  medical  colleges  of  St. 
Louis,  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  and  the  Missouri  Medical  College,  to 
form  the  Medical  Department  of  Washington  University,  can  but  be  for 
the  general  good  of  the  profession  and  the  interests  of  higher  medical 
education.  Nearly  all  the  States  now  require  from  licentiates  to  practice 
not  only  a  diploma,  but  an  examination  before  a  proper  State  Board  of 
Examiners,  and  we  are  safe  in  feeling  that  even  more  glorious  days  are 
before  us  as  a  profession  than  those  we  have  passed. 


102  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OP 


CHAPTER  VII— IN  WESTERN  MISSOURI. 

The  advance  of  the  physician  and  surgeon  in  Western  Missouri  has 
kept  pace  with  the  advance  of  all  other  professions  and  trades.  There 
was  a  time  in  the  early  clays  when  the  West  was  a  wilderness  that  the 
doctor  rode  horseback  through  the  forests  with  his  medicines  and  his  in- 
struments in  his  saddlebags.  His  word  was  law  with  his  patients.  But 
he  was  a  man  of  honor  and  seldom  betrayed  his  trust.  If  he  knew  less 
of  the  practice  of  medicine  than  he  does  now,  he  was  at  least  as  faithful 
and  as  respected  as  he  has  ever  been.  Medicine  and  surgery  have  made 
wonderful  advances  since  his  early  days  before  the  war.  But  the  esteem  in 
which  he  was  held  had  no  room  for  growth.  It  is  a  high  honor  to  say 
that  the  best  doctors  of  to-day  have  kept  that  integrity  and  uprightness 
for  which  they  were  so  highly  regarded  in  the  past. 

Methods  and  the  men  have  changed.  The  methods  have  advanced 
wonderfully  and  so  have  the  men.  The  courtly  old  doctor  of  the  past  has 
given  way  to  the  inquiring,  aggressive,  industrious,  modern  young  prac- 
titioner of  the  present,  with  a  world  of  old  traditions  to  help  him  in  his 
honorable  career. 

Kansas  City  was  a  village  in  the  forests  when  the  first  missionaries 
came  to  save  souls  and  mend  broken  bodies  more  than  half  a  century 
ago.  For  the  first  physicians  were  the  French  missionary  priests,  who 
worked  among  the  Indians.  After  them  came  the  regular  physicians. 
Life  was  hard  and  stern  in  those  days  to  the  professional  man,  but  he 
had  a  duty  to  perform  which  nerved  him  and  helped  him  to  endure. 

The  best  remembered  of  the  pioneer  doctors  of  Western  Missouri 
was  Dr.  Joseph  W.  Wood.  He  was  a  famous  surgeon  in  his  time,  not 
only  in  this  State.,  but  in  the  United  States.  His  reputation  at  one  time 
was  national,  and  Eastern  medical  colleges  tried  vainly  to  induce  him  to 
join  their  faculties.  Dr.  Wood  went  to  Kansas  City  long  before  the  war. 
He  died  about  1S93.  His  specialty  was  the  operation  on  the  stomach  and 
bladder.  He  was  the  originator  of  an  operation  to  remove  a  stone  from 
the  bladder  without  cutting  the  abdomen.  In  female  operations  he  clipped 
the  cincture  off  the  urethra  and  dilated  the  urethra  without  cutting  the 
walls  of  the  abdomen.  He  was  one  of  the  few  surgeons  in  the  world  in 
his  time  who  could  perform  the  operation  with  success. 

Dr.  Wood  came  to  Missouri  from  Kentucky.  He  was  a  student  of 
the  famous  Dr.  Dudley  *of  Transylvania  University,  and  was  graduated 
from  the  university  in  the  class  of  1836.  He  went  to  Liberty,  Mo.,  near 
Kansas  City,  and  practiced  there  many  years,  but  removed  to  Kansas 
City  before  the  war.  He  would  never  take  the  time  to  teach  medicine.  All 
his  time  was  occupied  with  his  practice.  He  was  in  demand  not  alone  in 
Kansas  City,  but  his  services  were  called  for  all  over  the  Western  coun- 
try. Once  he  went  to  New  Mexico  to  cut  off  a  man's  feet.  He  was  a  pow- 
erful man  physically.  He  Avas  positive  in  his  opinions  and  would  not 
tolerate  contradiction  or  dispute  about  his  theories.  He  was  proud  of 
his  work  and  had  an  unconquerable  love  for  his  profession.  He  died 
of  operation  on  his  leg,  which  withered  in  his  old  age. 

Dr.  G-.  M.  B.  Maughs  was  the  war  Mayor  of  Kansas  City.  He  is  still 
living  now,  near  Fulton,  Mo.,  in  retirement.     Dr.  Maughs  was  considered 


A.    B.   SLOAN. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  203 

a  great  obstetrician  in  his  rime.  He  located  in  Kansas  City  before  the 
war.  He  was  an  old  line  Whig  before  there  was  a  Republican  party.  He 
had  not  been  long  in  Kansas  City  before  he  became  interested  in  poli- 
tics, and  in  1860,  just  at  the  opening  of  the  Civil  War,  he  was  elected 
Mayor  on  the  Democratic  ticket.  The  following  year,  1861,  he  left 
Kansas  City  and  went  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  made  a  big  success  as  a  doctor 
•of  women" s  diseases.  He  made  a  fortune  in  St.  Louis'  and  retired  a  good 
•many  years  ago  to  Fulton,  where  lie  still  lives.  He  is  remembered  in 
Kansas  City  as  a  tall,  slender  man,  high-tempered  and  ready  to  fight  on 
-small  provocation. 

The  doctors  of  to-day  in  Western  Missouri  are  not  the  doctors  who 
practiced  medicine  in  the  "60s.  Xearly  all  the  older  physicians  are  dead 
or  rerired.  In  Kansas-  City  probably  the  two  oldest  physicians  that  are 
still  practicing  are  Dr.  D.  E.  Porter  and  Dr.  E.  W.  Sehauffler.  These 
two  physicians,  after  a  residence  in  Kansas  City  of  over  thirty  years,  are 
as  busy  as  ever  with  their  patients  and  their  medicines.  Both  of  these 
men  have  interesting  things  to  say  about  the  practice  of  medicine  in  the 
early  days,  when  Kansas  City  was  a  village. 

"I  came  to  Kansas  City  in  1868,''"  said  Dr.  Sehauffler,  "and  I've  prac- 
ticed medicine  ever  since  in  the  city  that  was  a  village  then.  Dr.  D.  R. 
Porter  was  here  two  years  before  me.  We  were  both  young  men  in  the 
profession  and  soon  became  good  friends. 

"When  I  came  to  Kansas  City  there  wasn't  a  hospital  in  the  place, 
not  even  a  private  hospital.  The  younger  doctors  saw  the  necessity  of 
such  an  institution,  but  the  older  ones — the  mqssbacks — fought  the  idea 
vigorouslv.  The  young  doctors  started  a  boom  for  a  city  hospital.  I 
was  one  of  them.  Three  or  four  of  us  got  together  in  1869  and  had 
some  lawyers  draw  up  a  bill  to  vote  funds  for  a  city  hospital.  I  forget 
liow  much  we  wanted.  A  special  election  was  called  to  decide  this  matter 
wdiether  the  bonds  should  be  voted.  Then  we  young  doctors  went  hard  to 
work  to  persuade  men  to  vote  the  bonds.  The  older  doctors  and  the  other 
mossbacks  fought  us  hard  and  steadily.  At  5  o'clock  the  vote  seemed 
overwhelmingly  against  us.  Made  desperate  by  this,  we  young  doctors 
started  out  to  bring  in  voters.  We  rode  about  town  arguing,  pleading 
and  begging  with  men  to  vote  for  the  hospital.  We  would  ride  up  to  a 
group  of  working  men  at  work  on  a  building  and  call  out  to  them:  "Do 
you  want  a  free  city  hospital  in  this  town — a  hospital  that  wont  cost 
you  a  cent  ?  Then  go  to  the  polls  right  away  and  vote  for  it.'*  We  per- 
suaded the  bosses  to  let  the  men  off  the  job  to  vote  for  us.  The  result 
of  our  hard  work  was  that  the  mossbacks  were  beaten  and  the  town  got 
Its  first  hospital. 

"The  principal  credit  for  this  work  is  due  to  Dr.  A.  B.  Taylor,  who 
lias  long  been  dead.  In  Dr.  Taylor's  mind  the  idea  was  first  born  to  have 
a  oily  hospital  in  Kansas  City.  He  lived  long  enough  to  see  his  idea 
carried  out."' 

This  was  the  first  hospital  in  the  western  part  of  Missouri.  In  Kan- 
sas City  now  there  are  four  large  private  hospitals — St.  Joseph's,  the  Ger- 
man, the  Scarritt  and  the  Lniversity — besides  two  railroad  hospitals — the 
Missouri  Pacific  and  the  Memphis. 

In  the  early  days  in  Kansas  City  the  doctors  did  not  ride  in  bug- 
gies. They  straddled  horses  and  carried  their  medicines  and  their  instru- 
ments in  saddle  bags.  Buggies  were  useless,  because  where  the  doctors 
had  to  o-o  there  were  no  roads  and  the  trees  grew  close  on  each  side  of  the 


104  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

cow  paths.  Often  the  doctors  would  have  to  dismount  and  climb  on  hands 
and  knees  up  the  sides  of  the  steep  and  rocky  bluffs.  When  they  got  to 
their  destination  they  threw  their  horse's  rein  over  the  fence  post  and 
walked  into  the  house  in  cowhide  boots. 

There  were  no  specialists  in  those  days.  Every  doctor  was  a  gen- 
eral practitioner.  The  Kansas  City  doctors  practiced  as  much  in  the  sur- 
rounding country  as  in  the  town.  Xow  the  line  between  the  country  and 
the  city  doctor  is  plainly  drawn. 

Dr.  D.  Ii.  Porter  went  to  Kansas  City  after  a  course  of  medicine  at 
the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College  thirty-four  years  ago,  when  there 
was  not  a  railroad  in  the  town.  He  found  four  or  five  physicians  prac- 
ticing in  a  town  of  4,000  inhabitants.  Business  was  good  and  all  the 
doctors  prospered.  "The  physicians  were  all  of  them  honorable  men  in 
those  early  days,"  says  Dr.  Porter.  "Commercialism  had  not  yet  affected 
the  profession  of  medicine  in  the  "West.  There  were  no  'divine'  healers  or 
Christian  Scientists;  there  were  no  quacks.  Malaria  and  pneumonia  were 
very  common  in  the  town,  but  the  physicians  knew  how  to  treat  those 
diseases.  I  believe  they  had  better  results  then  than  they  have  now. 
Drugs  were  purer,  I  believe.  They  seemed  to  act  better.  There  were 
four  drug  stores  in  the  town,  and  each  store  had  its  own  prescription 
clerk,  who  carefully  compounded  every  prescription.  They  were  kept 
busy,  too — as  busy  as  the  doctors.  Xo  such  thing  as  a  proprietary  medi- 
cine was  known  in  the  town.  Druggists  were  genuine  pharmacists  then 
and  doctors  were  gentlemen.  The  doctor  was  a  man  of  such  honor  and 
respeetabilitv  that  he  took  his  place  beside  the  clergyman.  He  was  as 
necessary  to  a  man  about  to  make  his  will  as  the  lawyer. 

"In  1866  the  cholera  broke  out.  It  came  from  emigrants  from  St. 
Louis  who  landed  at  the  river  levee  August  12,  1866.  These  emi- 
grants were  cpiartered  in  the  south  part  of  town  at  the  city's  expense. 
Most  of  them  died.  The  first  case  in  the  city  was  that  of  a  Miss  Kelly, 
who  kept  a  boarding  house  for  Irishmen.  I  treated  her.'  She  got  well. 
The  epidemic  spread  and  killed  117  men,  women  and  children.  During 
cholera  times  it  was  like  Sunday  all  the  week  around  in  the  town.  There 
was  no  business,  there  were  few  people  on  the  streets.  The  sale  of  green 
vegetables  was  prohibited.  Every  effort  was  made  to  stop  the  epidemic. 
The  last  case  was  late  in  Kovember.  Since  then  there  have  been  a  few 
sporadic  cases  of  cholera  in  Kansas  Cit}r,  but  never  an  epidemic." 

Dr.  Porter  still  practices  medicine.  He  was  one  of  the  charter  mem- 
bers of  the  Kansas  City  Medical  College.  He  is  still  treasurer  of  the 
institution.  In  spite  of  his  age  he  is  still  strong,  active  and  unusually 
vigorous. 

Dr.  I.  W.  Bidge  has  been  retired  twenty  years,  but  the  old  settlers 
now  and  then  induce  him  to  make  a  professional  call.  He  is  wealthy  and 
has  no  more  need  to  visit  patients.  Dr.  Bidge  is  probably  the  first  of  the 
physicians  now  alive  Avho  came  to  Kansas  City.  He  arrived,  a  boy,  not 
yet  22,  June,  1818.  He  was  a  graduate  of  the  Transylvania  University 
of  Kentucky,  but  had  previously  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  I.  S.  Warren 
of  Lafayette  County,  Missouri.  Here  is  Dr.  Ridge's  story  in  his  own 
words : 

"There  Avere  a  few  men  practicing  medicine  when  I  got  here  in  '48. 
All  of  these  were  men  whose  medical  knowledge  was  got  from  reading 
books  without  the  supervision  of  any  regular  physician.  There  was  old  Dr. 
Larkens.     He  was  a  Baptist  preacher,  a  sort  of  missionary.     Then  there 


T.  B.   THRUSH. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


105 


was  old  Dr.  Huttons,  who  knew  more  about  botany  than  he  did  about 
medicine.  But  he  practiced,  notwithstanding.  There  was  Dr.  Bracl- 
shaw,  who  had  taken  a  course  of  lectures  in  Virginia,  and  Dr.  J.  D.  Hand, 
who  had  had  the  same  training.  Both  these  men  left  for  California  the 
following  year  when  the  cholera  broke  out. 

"Indeed,  nearly  every  one  who  was  able  left  Kansas  City  in  1849  to 
escape  the  pestilence.  But  almost  400  remained,  and  half  of  these  died 
of  the  plague.  I  was  left,  the  only  regular  physician  in  this  cholera  in- 
fested town.  I  lasted  six  months,  waiting  on  the  sick,  and  then  I,  too, 
caught  the  cholera.  I'll  never  forget  my  feelings  as  I  lay  ill  alone  in 
my  house.  1  had  constantly  the  sensation  that  ice  water  was  trickling 
in  little  streams  along  my  skin.  I  sent  110  miles  Avest  into  Kansas  for 
a  physician.  When  my  messenger  got  on  my  horse  and  started  out  I 
felt  sure  I  would  never  see  him  again.  Day  after  clay  passed,  and  I  still 
lived.  At  last  my  messenger  returned  with  a  doctor.  He  was  Dr.  Charles 
Robinson,  who  afterwards  became  Governor  of  Kansas.  Eobinson  stayed 
two  days  and  two  nights  with  me  and  left  me  at  last  to  die.  He  said  to 
me:  'Maybe  the  medicine  will  take  hold  on  }rou.  If  it  does,  }rou'll  live. 
But  if  it  doesn't,  you'll  die.'  It  took  hold  and  I  lived.  Robinson  went 
to  California.  I  met  him  a  quarter  of  a  century  afterwards  and  we  em- 
braced one  another  in  tears. 

"In  those  early  days  I  often  rode  150  miles  to  see  a  patient.  I  had 
a  practice  in  some  of  the  remotest  parts  of  the  State.  In  1866  the  sec- 
ond plague  of  cholera  struck  the  town.  I  was  then  city  physician.  The 
second  plague  was  not  so  bad  as  the  first,  but  hundreds  died  of  it  and  the 
doctors  had  a  hard  time  of  it.  I  remember  I  once  found  five  men  lying 
dead  in  one  boarding  house  on  the  levee." 

Of  the  older  physicians  few  were  better  known  than  Dr.  Simeon  S. 
Todd,  who  died  October  19  last.  Dr.  Todd  was  73  years  old.  He  was  the 
first  city  physician  and  the  first  president  of  the  Board  of  Health  in  Kan- 
sas City.  He  was  known  to  every  old  physician  here.  In  his  more  active 
days  he  was  a  noted  practitioner.  He  Avas  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Kansas  City  Medical  College  and  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Society 
of  Science,  Letters  and  Arts  of  London.  For  several  years  he  had  re- 
tired from  the  general  practice  of  medicine,  but  he  continued  a  special 
practice  up  to  the  time  of  his  death. 

Dr.  Todd  was  born  in  Vevay,  Ind.,  in  1826.  He  received  a  good  edu- 
cation in  Greek,  Latin  and  French,  and  at  19  began  the  study  of  medi- 
cine under  Dr.  William  Davidson  of  Madison,  Lid.  Dr.  Davidson  was 
a  licentiate  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Edinburgh.  Before  he 
had  finished  his  medical  course,  however,  the  Mexican  War  broke  out,  and 
Simeon  Todd  caught  the  war  fever.  In  1847  he  left  his  tutor  and  went 
to  Rushville,  Ind.,  where  he  enlisted  in  the  Fifth  Regiment  of  the  Illinois 
Volunteer  Cavalry.  He  was  stationed  at  Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo.,  and  put 
in  charge  of  thirty  convalescents  there.  He  went  next  to  Kew  Orleans, 
and  in  July,  1848,  he  joined  his  regiment  on  the  Rio  Grande.  In  No- 
vember he  was  mustered,  out  of  service. 

After  the  Avar  he  resumed  his  study  of  medicine  in  the  Indiana 
Medical  College^  La  Porte,  Ind.,  and  was  graduated  in  1S49.  He  moved  to 
Lawrenceburg,  Ky.,  where  he  was  married  in  1850  to  Judith  Ann  Ridgway. 

But  Dr.  Todd  eaught  the  gold  fever  that  year,  just  as  he  had  caught 
the  war  fever,  and  he  Avent  to  California  on  the  first  impulse.  It  was  a 
lucky  move  for  him.     He  practiced  medicine  and  mined  at  the  same  time 


106  ONE    HUNDRED    TEARS    OF 

for  two  year?  hi  the  mining  towns  of  Puma  Comity.  California.  He  used 
to  tell  the  old  physicians  here  he  could  have  been  rich  if  he  wanted  to, 
but  he  didn't  want  to.  In  order  to  get  rid  of  some  of  his  wealth  he 
said  he  sank  a  hole  a  thousand  feet  deep  in  a  mountain  side,  though 
there  was  little  chance  of  striking  ore.  He  had  one  very  good  mine, 
though,  and  one  day  as  he  sat  panning  gold  out  of  the  gravel  near  the 
stream  he  saw  a  very  pretty  girl  come  down  the  bed  of  the  creek.  She 
was  Lotta  Crabtree.  who  afterwards  became  an  actress  of  considerable 
celebrity.  It  was  the  custom  of  the  miners  of  those  days  whenever  a 
woman  came  to  the  mines  to  let  her  put  her  hand  in  the  "pay  gravel*'  and 
take  out  as  much  gravel  and  gold  as  she  could  get  in  one  handful.  So 
Dr.  Todd  gallantly  held  out  his  pan  and  Lotta  took  a  great  handful  and 
got  a  good  amount  of  gold  out  of  it. 

Dr.  Todd  moved  soon  to  San  Francisco  and  continued  to  practice 
there  until  the  Civil  War.  He  was  appointed  then  a  surgeon  in  the 
army,  but  was  not  with  the  troop  in  action.  He  was  stationed  at  the  Pre- 
sidio of  San  Francisco  and  afterwards  had  charge  of  the  hospital  at  Drum 
Barracks,  near  Wilmington,  Cal. 

Dr.  Todd's  wife  died  during  the  war,  and  he  determined  to  change 
his  residence.  On  the  way  to  California  in  1850  he  had  passed  through 
Kansas  City,  then  a  small  town  on  the  river  bluffs.  He  was  so  much  im- 
pressed  with  the  tilace,  though,  that  he  remembered  it  in  all  his  years 
of  residence  in  California.  Kansas  City,  he  often  said,  would  be  a  big 
place  some  day.  So,  after  his  wife's  death,  he  determined  to  come 
here,  build  up  a  practice  and  make  Kansas  City  his  home. 

He  came  here  in  September,  1865.  The  next  year  Asiatic  cholera 
broke  out  in  the  little  town  and  128  persons  in  the  population  of  5,000 
died.  Dr.  Todd  was  appointed  city  physician  and  president  of  the  Board 
of  Health.  The  next  year  he  was  married  to  Mrs.  Thirza  F.  Dean,  widow 
of  Dr.  "William  H.  Dean.  He  established  the  Kansas  City  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1869.  The  college  at  first  had  its  quarters 
in  his  office  at  the  northwest  corner  ol  Eighth  and  Main  streets,  which 
he  occupied  for  twenty  years.  Later  it  moved  and  became  the  Kansas 
City  Medical  College.  Dr.  Todd  was  presiding  officer  of  the  college  for 
thirteen  years. 

A  book  on  obstetrics  won  him  a  fellowship  in  the  Society  of  Science, 
Letters  and  Arts  in  London  in  188?.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Kan- 
sas City  Medical  Society,  the  American  Medical  Association,  the  Missouri 
State  Medical  Association  and  the  Kansas  State  Medical  Society. 

Dr.  Todd's  second  wife  died  several  years  ago,  and  he  married  Miss 
I'.  W.  Williams.  His  two  former  wives  were  Quakers,  but  Miss  Williams 
was  not.  Dr.  Todd  was  one  of  the  charter  members  of  Dr.  J.  E.  "Roberts' 
church.  The  Church  of  This  World,  and  was  one  of  its  principal  sup- 
porters. 

Dr.  Todd  left  a  very  valuable  library  of  classical  books.  He  had 
spent  hundreds  of  dollar-  gathering  material  for  a  history  of  his  family. 
He  was  of  Scotch-Irish  descent  and  had  traced  his  family  back  to  the  sev- 
enth century.  The  family  history  was  in  manuscript,  almost  finished, 
when  he  died. 

Dr.  T.  B.  Lester,  father  of  Dr.  Charles  Lester,  the  present  County  Cor- 
oner, was  a  famous  character  in  his  day.  Fie  was  a  prominent  general  prac- 
titioner, besides  being  something  of  a  politician.  He  was  born  in  1821  in 
Virginia :  went  to  Illinois  in  1835  and  studied  medicine  later  under  Dr.  M. 


UNIVERSITY    HOSPITAL,    KANSAS    CITY. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY,  1Q7 

W.  Hall  of  Salem,  111.  He  was  in  the  Mexican  War  as  surgeon  in  Company  I, 
First  Illinois  Infantry.  He  was  in  charge  of  the  general  hospital  at  Santa 
Fe,  X.  M..,  in  1847,  and  held  it  till  the  close  of  the  war.  In  1851  he  went 
to  Kansas  City,  where  he  remained  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  taught  the 
principles  and  practice  of  medicine  in  the  Kansas  City  Medical  College. 
In  187"?  he  was  president  of  the  faculty.  In  1870  he  was  president  of  the 
Medical  Association  of  Missouri.  He  contributed  many  articles  to  med- 
ical journals  and  was  widely  known  as  a  writer  on  medical  subjects  in 
other  papers.  Dr.  Lester  served  the  city  as  Alderman  in  1857-8  and  as 
.member  of  the  Board  of  Education  in  1867-70.  He  died  February  21, 
1888,  aged  61. 

The  homeopathic  school  in  Kansas  City  has  had  a  remarkable  growth. 
One  of  its  pioneers  Avas  Dr.  Peter  Baker,  who  died  eight  or  nine  years 
ago.  He  located  in  Kansas  City  about  the  time  of  the  Civil  War  and  be- 
came a  big  man  in  his  profession.  His  daughter  was  married  to  Willard 
E.  Winner,  the  capitalist,  who  built  the  Winner  bridge.  Dr.  Baker  was 
not  a  writer,  but  he  had  a  very  large  practice. 

Dr.  William  D.  Foster,  bomeopathist,  located  in  Kansas  City  in  1875. 
He  was  a  partner  of  Dr.  W.  H.  Jennev.  Both  Dr.  Foster  and  Dr.  Jenney 
are  well-known  homeopathists. 

The  best-known  homeopathist  in  Kansas  City,  perhaps  in  the  State, 
is  Dr.  Moses  T.  Bunnels.  He  was  secretary  of  the  State  Homeopathic 
Society  when  it  had  twenty-five  members,  and  he  built  its  membership  to 
200.  He  was  elected  president  of  the  society  in  1890.  He  was  elected 
honorary  member  of  the  Homeopathic  Society  in  Kansas  City  in  1886. 
In  1896  he  was  president  of  the  Missouri  Valley  Homeopathic  Medical  So- 
ciety. Dr.  Bunnels  is  an  extensive  writer  on  homeopathic  medical  treat- 
ment. His  paper  on  Health  and  Study,  read  before  the  Missouri  Insti- 
tute of  Homeopathy  in  St.  Louis  in  1890,  was  copied  in  papers  all  over 
the  country.  Another  paper  on  The  Influence  of  Diet  and  Habits  on  the 
Liver,  printed  in  the  Clinical  Beporter,  St.  Louis,  caused  much  comment. 
Dr.  Bunnels  has  been  in  Kansas  City  since  1885  and  has  a  large  prac- 
tice. 

Kansas  City  has  seven  medical  colleges,  including  the  three  schools — 
regular,  homeopathic  and  eclectic.  One  of  these  colleges  is  for  women's 
instruction  exclusively. 

The  Kansas  City  Medical  College  is  the  oldest  of  these.  Its  present 
officers  are:  Dr.  E.  W.  Schauffler,  president;  Dr.  Franklin  E.  Murphy,  sec- 
retary. This  college  was  founded  in  1869  and  the  first  class  was  graduated 
in  1870.  Its  founders  were  six  of  the  pioneer  physicians  of  Kansas 
City,  Dr.  D.  B.  Porter,  Dr.  E.  W.  Schauffler,  Dr.  Simeon  S.  Todd,  Dr.  A. 
B.  Taylor,  Dr.  F.  Cooley,  Dr.  T.  J.  Eaton.  Of  these  men  Dr.  Todd  and 
Dr.  Taylor  are  dead;  Dr.  Cooley  left  the  profession  and  Dr.  Eaton  is  now 
living  in  California.  It  was  organized  under  the  name,  The  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Kansas  City.  The  name  was  changed  to  the 
Kansas  City  Medical  College  in  1881.  The  course  of  medicine  was  recently 
extended  from  three  years  to  four  years. 

The  University  Medical  College,  the  second  oldest  in  the  city,  was 
organized  in  1881  as  the  University  of  Kansas  City  Medical  Department. 
It  was  reorganized  in  1888  as  the  LTniversity  Medical  College.  The  first 
class  was  graduated  in  1882.  It  contained  seven  members.  Eight  were 
graduated  the  next  year  and  fourteen  the  following  year.     This  college  has 


10S  ONE     HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

grown  steadily.  This  year  probably  130  will  graduate.  The  average 
daily  attendance  at  the  school  is  more  than  300~  Dr.  Charles  T.  Wain- 
wright  is  dean  of  the  school  and  holds  the  Chair  of  Clinical  Medicine  and 
Physical  Diagnosis.  Dr.  John  Punton,  secretary  of  the  school,  lectures 
on  nervous  and  rectal  diseases.  Dr.  Punton  is  an  expert  on  insanity.  Dr. 
Samuel  C.  James,  treasurer,  teaches  the  principles  and  practice  of  medi- 
cine. 

J.  X.  Jackson,  now  dead,  was  the  first  president  of  the  college.  Dr. 
J.  M.  Allen  succeeded  him;  then  came  Dr.  Wainwright.  But  Dr.  Wain- 
wright  resigned  to  become  dean  of  the  school,  and  Dr.  Logan  is  now 
president.  The  college  building  is  of  brick,  four  stories  high,  with  a 
large  amphitheater,  lecture  rooms,  chemical  laboratories  and  all  the  ap- 
pliances of  a  well-equipped  medical  college. 

In  connection  with  the  University  Medical  College  is  the  "University 
Hospital,  recently  remodeled.  Its  name  until  last  year  was  All  Saints' 
Hospital. 

One  of  the  more  recent  medical  colleges  is  the  Medico-Chirurgical 
College,  which  was  organized  March  14,  1897.  Dr.  C.  Lester  Hall  is  its 
president  and  Dr.  G.  0.  Coffin — now  city  physician  and  president  of  the 
Board  of  Health — is  its  dean.  It  was  reorganized  in  1898.  Its  first  class 
was  graduated  in  1898.  The  Medico-Chirurgical  School  has  made  rapid 
progress  since  it  was  organized  and  has  a  large  attendance. 

Kansas  City  has  one  women's  college.  It  is  called  the  Women's  Med- 
ical College  and  was  organized  five  years  ago.  There  women  are  taught 
thoroughly,  first,  the  principles  of  medicine,  and  secondly,  the  special 
branches  that  will  make  them  best  fitted  to  treat  women's  diseases.  Dr. 
F.  B.  Tiffany,  the  noted  specialist,  is  dean  of  the  school.  C.  A.  Dannaker, 
one  of  the  older  physicians,  is  secretary. 

A  homeopathic  school  exists  in  Kansas  City.  It  is  the  Kansas  City 
Homeopathic  Medical  College.  Dr.  L.  G.  Van  Acoyoc  is  its  registrar.  It 
has  existed  since  1888,  and  has  been  remarkably  prosperous.  Many 
homeopathic  physicians  have  been  graduated  in  its  twelve  years  of  ex- 
istence who  now  have  comfortable  practices. 

The  Kansas  City  University  College  of  Homeopathic  Medicine  and 
Surgery  was  organized  in  1896.  Its  first  class  was  graduated  in  1897.  Dr. 
W.  H.  Jenney  is  the  clean  of  the  school. 

Two  medical  publications  exist  in  Kansas  City.  They  are  the 
Kansas  City  Medical  Record,  published  by  Dr.  A.  L.  Fulton,  and  the  Kan- 
sas City  Medical  Index-Lancet,  edited  by  Dr.  John  Punton.  The  Index- 
Lancet  is  a  consolidation  of  the  Kansas  City  Medical  Index  and  the  paper 
called  Langdale's  Lancet.  It  has  a  large  circulation,  not  only  among  local 
physicians,  but  all  over  the  State  of  Missouri. 

St.  Joseph  has  two  medical  schools,  the  Ensworth  Medical  College 
and  the  Central  Medical  College,  both  regular  schools.  The  Ensworth 
School  was  organized  in  188?  as  the  St.  Joseph  Medical  College  by  a  union 
of  the  St.  Joseph  Hospital  Medical  College  and  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons.  It  was  reorganized  in  1888  as  the  Ensworth  Medical 
College.  ~  Thomas  H.  Doyle  is  the  president  and  Hiram  A.  Christopher 
the  secretary. 

The  Central  Medical  College  was  organized  in  1894,  Dr.  T.  E.  Potter 
is  its  secretarv. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  109 


MEDICAL  NOTES  FROM  PETTIS  COUNTY.* 

The  following  record  has  been  obtained  mostly  from  Dr.  John  W. 
Trader,  who  several  years  ago  wrote  a  necrological  report  of  physicians 
of  Pettis  Count}',  Missouri.  Dr.  Trader  relied  mainly  upon  information 
furnished  by  old  settlers,  and  especially  upon  that  furnished  by  the  late 
Maj.  William.  Gentry,  who  was  familiar  and  personally  acquainted  with  all 
these   families. 

These  reports  are  necessarily  brief,  as  nothing  is  attempted  beyond  an 
effort  to  preserve  the  history  of  those  persons  who,  in  many  instances,  were 
important  factors  in  the  first  settlement  of  our  county  and  the  medical 
history  of  the  century. 

Dr.  Christian  E.  Bidstrap,  a  native  of  Denmark,  settled  near  George- 
town, Pettis  Co.,  Mo.,  in  the  year  1S33,  on  a  farm;  practiced  medicine 
some  six  or  eight  3rears;  died  near  Clifton,  at  the  home  of  his  brother. 

Dr.  Moses  A.  Ferris  was  a  surgeon  in  the  volunteer  forces  from  Ken- 
tucky in  the  war  of  1812;  removed  from  Georgetown,  Ky.,  and  settled 
in  Pettis  County,  near  Longwood,  in  the  year  1833,  on  what  was  then 
known  as  the  Baker  farm.  The  doctor  was  a  representative  man;  in  addi- 
tion to  practicing  medicine  he  preached  to  the  early  settlers  and  married 
the  young  folks,  he  being  what  was  then  known  as  a  Beformed  preacher. 

The  doctor  practiced  medicine  ten  or  twelve  years  in  this  vicinity, 
and  died  suddenly  while  out  hunting,  of  what  was  supposed  to  have  been 
apoplexy. 

Dr.  William  J.  Westfield  settled  in  Georgetown  in  1834,  coming  from 
Kentucky.  He  was  what  was  generally  known  by  the  early  settlers  as 
a  "root  and  yarb  doctor.'*'"  He  cultivated  his  own  medical  plants  and  had 
quite  a  garden  of  herbs,  from  which  he  obtained  his  medical  supplies. 
He  left  no  family  in  the  county  and  no  evidence  of  when  or  where  he 
died. 

Dr.  WiJkins  Watkins  was  born  in  Virginia  in  the  year  1809  and 
settled  in  Pettis  County,  Missouri,  in  the  year  1838.  He  represented  this 
county  in  the  Legislature  in  the  year  1845  or  "46,  and  was  Eegistrar  of 
Lands  at  one  time  at  Clinton,  Mo.  He  moved  to  Salem,  Ore.,  in  1863, 
and  returned  to  Sedalia,  Mo.,  in  1867,  where  he  died  December  6,  1872. 

Dr.  Thomas  Evans  was  born  in  Yfashington  City,  D.  C,  October 
27,  1805;  educated  at  Columbia  College,  D.  C,  graduating  in  both  literary 
and  medical  departments.  He  came  to  Missouri  in  1832, 
and  moved  to  Pettis  County  in  1840,  and  located  on  a  farm 
on  the  eastern  border  of  the  county.  Here  he  lived  and  practiced 
medicine  until  he  sold  his  farm  and  located  in  the  town  of  Smithton  in 
the  year  1872,  where  he  resided  until  his  death,  which  occurred  September 
10,  1874.  Dr.  Evans  was  no  ordinary  man.  Deeply  imbued  with  the 
greatness  of  his  calling,  he  never,  by  word  or  deed,  lowered  the  standard 
of  his  profession.  His  reputation  extended  over  Cooper,  Saline,  Pettis, 
Morgan  and  Benton  Counties,  and  for  thirty-odd  years  he  served  the 
people  with  a  fidelity  that  vail  not  soon  be  forgotten.  He  never  held  a 
public  office.  Two  of  his  sons,  Drs.  E.  C.  and  W.  H.  Evans,  are  leading 
physicians  of  Sedalia,  Mo. 

Dr.  Edward  Spedden  settled  in  Georgetown,  Mo.,  in  the  year  1841: 


*By  Dr.  George  B.  McNeil,   Sedalia. 


110  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

was  born  and  reared  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Maryland;  died  in  George- 
town about  the  year  1S56.  He  was  a  physician  of  more  than  ordinary  ac- 
quirements: was  charitable  to  the  poor  and  modest  and  retiring  in  his 
deportment. 

Dr.  William  Turley  was  born  in  Cooper  County,  and  settled  in  Pettis 
*  !ounty  in  1854.  He  raised  a  company  and  was  mustered  into  the  Seventh 
Cavalry,  M.  S.  M.,  Col.  J.  P.  Phillips  commanding,  in  the  year  1862.  The 
doctor  accidentally  shot  himself  fatally  while  dismounting  his  horse  soon 
afterwards. 

Dr.  Benjamin  Franklin  Hughes  was  born  in  Cooper  County.  Mo.,  near 
Pilot  Grove.  November  20,  1830;  graduated  at  the  Missouri  Medical  College 
(McDowell's)  in  the  year  1855,  at  which  time  he  came  to  Pettis  County 
and  engaged'  in  practice.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War  he  was 
commissioned  surgeon  in  the  Federal  Army,  which  post  he  filled  until 
elected  as  a  delegate  from  this  district  to  the  convention  to  form  what  is 
known  as  the  Drake  Constitution  of  Missouri.  After  the  close  of  the 
war  he  resumed  medical  practice  in  Sedalia,  Mo.,  where  he  died  August  26r 
1879,  and  is  buried  in  the  Georgetown  Cemetery. 

Dr.  Thomas  Johnson  Montgomery  was  born  in  Danville,  Boyle  County, 
Kentucky,  August  9,  1812;  moved  to  Pettis  County,  Missouri,  in  the 
year  1858,  and  settled  near  Longwood;  afterward  moved  to  Georgetown. 
In  1861  he  was  appointed  surgeon  of  the  Seventh  Cavalry,  M.  S.  M.,  and 
in  1865  assumed  the  duties  of  medical  director,  Central  District  of  Mis- 
souri, until  the  close  of  the  war.  The  same  year  he  settled  in  Sedalia, 
and  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession.  Dr.  Montgomery  was  an  ex- 
traordinary man.  Endowed  with  a  line  mind  by  nature,  he  had  by  in- 
dustry and  an  indomitable  will  overcome  all  obstacles  and  towered  as  a 
nestor  among  the  members  of  his  profession;  was  granted  an  addendum 
degree  from  the  Starling  Medical  College  in  1855,  and  a  like  honor  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  in  1858.  He  filled 
many  places  of  honor  and  trust.  He  died  in  Sedalia,  Mo.,  May  17,  1877, 
and  was  buried  in  the  Sedalia  Cemetery  with  church  and  masonic  honors. 


liiiiiilWIIlftir 


LOUIS    T.    PIM. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  ill 


CHAPTER  V]II.— IN  THE  CIVIL    WAR* 

In  writing  up  a  history  of  the  medical  officers  who  served  in  various 
Missouri  regiments  during  the  war  of  1861  to  1865  it  is  impossible  at 
this  lafe  dte  to  do  more  than  classify  them,  giving  date  of  rank  and  mus- 
ter in  and  what  became  of  them:  their  trials  aud  sacrifices,  their  successflu 
endeavors  to  succor  the  wounded  on  the  field  of  battle,  their  own  per- 
sonal dangers  are  fresh,  no  doubt,  in  the  memory  of  those  living  and 
a  lost  story  to  those  who  have  passed  beyond  the  portals  of  the  grace. 
"Peace  to  their  ashes"  and  may  the  good  they  have  done  live  after  "them 
and  bear  good  fruit  for  posterity.  Out  of  391  surgeons  and  assistant  sur- 
geons who  served  a  greater  or  lesser  time,  six  died  in  service,  fifteen 
were  discharged,  commissions  revoked  or  vacated,  one  disappeared  and  was 
classified  as  a  deserter.  This  is  by  no  means  a  bad  showing.  How  many 
returned  home  broken  in  health,  some  of  whom  to  soon  die,  the  records 
do  not  show. 

To  Dr.  Philip  Weigel  was  given  the  position  of  Surgeon-General  of 
Missouri,  to  organize  the  medical  department  and  put  it  in  efficient  order. 
He  -erved  but  four  months  and  resigned.  The  position  was  then  ten- 
dered Dr.  John  T.  Hodgen,  a  man  energetic,  untiring  and  an  excellent 
organizer.  He  soon  brought  order  out  of  chaos,  and  by  a  system  of  exami- 
nations for  commissions  and  re-examinations  for  promotion  gave  the  State 
an  excellent  medical  staff,  dropping  those  who  proved  unfit.  His  report 
is  annexed. 

FROM  1863  REPORT. 

Headquarters  of  the  State  of  Missouri, 

Surgeon-General's  Office, 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  December  31,  1863. 

Hon.  Hamilton  R.  Gamble,  Governor  of  the  State  of  Missouri: 

Sir — I  have  the  honor  herewith  to  transmit  my  annual  report  for 
th  :  year  now  eded.     I  am,  sir,  Aery  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

JOHN  T.  HODGEX, 
Surgeon-General  of  the  State  of  Missouri. 

At  the  breaking  out  of  the  Rebellion,  in  the  spring  of  1861,  the 
affairs  of  the  Medical  Department  of  the  State  of  Missouri  were  in  a 
chaotic  condition,  a  thorough  organization  of  the  medical  department  of 
the  militia  never  having  been  effected. 

Although  the  office  of  Surgeon-General  was  one,  the  existence  of 
which  in  connection  with  the  military  organization  of  the  State  had 
been  recognized,  the  duties  of  the  office  had  not  been  clearly  defined;  for 
in  peaceful  times  there  appeared  little  necessity  for  the  maintenance  of  a 
complete  military  organization  of  the  State. 

'When,  therefore,  the  necessity  of  a  thorough  military  organization 
did  arise,  the  medical  department,  like  every  other,  found  nothing  but 
the  crude  materials  out  of  which  to  form  that  important  adjuvnt  to  the 

*Arranged  by  Dr.  William  A.   Wilcox,   St.   Louis. 


112  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

well-being  of  a  military  organization.  Two  important  steps  were  taken 
by  the  Chief  Executive  officer  of  the  State  to  effect  the  organization  of 
the  medical  department — the  appointment  of  a  Surgeon-G-eneral  and  the 
organization  of  a  medical  hoard. 

On  the  3d  day  of  January.  1862.  Dr.  Philip  VTeigel  was  commissioned 
Surgeon-General  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  and  entered  immediately  upon 
the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  the  office,  and  continued  until  the  10th  da}* 
of  May  of  the  same  year,  when  he  resigned. 

On  the  1st  day  of  September.  1862.  I  received  a  commission  as  Sur- 
geon-General of  the  State,  since  which  time  I  have  continued  to  discharge 
the  duties  of  that  office. 

On  the  first  day  of  February,  1862,  the  following  order  was  issued, 
calling  into  existence  a  medical  board: 

Headquarters  State  of  Missouri, 
Adjutant-General's   Office, 
■St.   Louis,   February  1,   1862. 
(Special   Order   No.    14.) 

A  medical   board,    to   consist   of  John   T.   Hodgen.    XL    D.,    Brigade    Surgeon    (of 
which  board  John  T.   Hodgen  will  act  as  president),   will  convene  at   St.   Louis  on   , 
Tuesday,    the  4th  inst.,   or  as   soon   thereafter  as   practicable,    for  the  examination 
of  candidates   for  appointment  as  surgeons  of  the   State  troops. 
Bv  order  of  the  Commander-in-Chief. 

WILLIAM    D.    WOOD, 

A.    Adjutant-General. 

On  the  12th  day  of  August,  1862,  Brigade-Surgeon  S.  H.  Melcher,  hav- 
ing been  ordered  to  duty  with  his  brigade,  then  at  Springfield,  Mo.,  his 
connection  with  the  medical  board  ceased,  and  on  the  12th  day  of  February, 
1863,  Dr.  Thomas  McMartin  was  appointed  to  fill  the  vacancy. 

Dr.  McMartin  having  resigned  and  Dr.  John  T.  Hodgen  having  been 
ordered  to  duty  at  Vicksburg,  the  following  special  order  was  issued: 

Headquarters  State  of  Missouri, 
Adfiutant-General's   Office, 
St.    Louis,    May    28,    1S63. 
(Special   Order   No.   102.) 

Dr.  R.  H.  Paddock  is  hereby  appointed,  pro.  temp.,  a  member  of  the  Board 
of  Medical  Examiners,  instituted  by  special  order  No.  14,  current  series,  from 
these  headquarters,  and  will  perform  the  duties  in  the  absence  of  Surgeon-Gen- 
eral John   T.   Hodgen,    President. 

By  order  of  the  Commander-in-Chief. 

ALEXANDER  DOWRY, 
Captain  and  A.  A.  Adjutant-General. 

Since  the  organization  of  the  board  281  gentlemen  have  been  exam- 
ined for  the  position  of  Surgeon  and  Assistant  Surgeon  of  the  Missouri  Vol- 
unteers, and  49  have  been  commissioned  Brigade  Surgeons,  Surgeons  and 
Assistant  Surgeons  of  the  Missouri  State  Militia. 

The  total  number  of  surgeons  and  assistant  surgeons  commissioned 
for  regiments  of  Missouri  volunteers  is  176.  The  total  number  of  brig- 
ade surgeons,  surgeons  and  assistant  surgeons  commissioned  for  the  Mis- 
souri State  Militia  and  Missouri  Volunteers,  amounting  to  288,  150  are 
all  that  have  been  examined. 

Most  of  those  commissioned  without  examination  were  in  the  service 
before  the  Medical  Board  organized. 

In  some  instances  since  the  organization  of  the  board  surgeons  and 
assistant  surgeons  have  been  appointed  on  the  recommendations  of  reg- 
imental officers  with  the  approval  of  the  medical  directors,  brigade,  di- 
vision and  corps  commanders,   and  then  onlv  when  regiments  were   in 


Niv 


&f 


" / * "/">' 

'Zj.'tfwffwwzU.   if  Q-ft'J't.    fj€?t>    (£\   JZ> 

parole  ©f  f*«aw,  iJ/ii  pf  we'//  not  Jr> 
/tAeaie  Ccftair-t,  tn^  see  aeetj  mififeee/ 

i 


i  of    'Mae,  /eefmmntf  io  me--®£tmu  of 

'■., -. ...,  tim'-iM//  msH 

':■■'*  ZZ%     <'':  ■  Q*  .  &&,    0e?»/ene/eu/eeey  ome/' 
Q9[  <%«xfi'¥>    %'  G^f  Gf.>  t&emmemc/; 

-/? (,!-u-t >(/<&<.  e/e  fi/'il.'/  i/se'r    >nu  ■_><./>.  met. 


i/et:  &-y,emt€<t  of  ifts  *~&$m* 


■it/   ee'/ef//f'/"e/,  f/// 


i/e.d  if**/  ^W/eehr/ 


f/<if(/    ///■/// 


/me-,4  ft/   /ft   /ttffei;  eee/ie'i   t/tefu 
t/eti  o/<  freer  tf it,  eju.j  t*f  /fft>  ftaeofo  fw  ifo  <iet~ 


ifore'te/  /-/  if'e   <% 


?¥ 


oi'vtnmtni 


t  of  i^ 


f 


t4/4.-l^£.^m  o/.^^fiM.S  ' 


£$&**  af^^^^^ff^f:'Z^%At  /M^lf-  S/^'^^^P^i'i^y  f 

{ij£/**fy /&#■}*/  s£^<~£ 


<'4/fte  aSiepo  neimeef  o/f/mjP  m*///  rtc4  $&.  eft  .tim feet  fee   ^Wmdtef  G?  ittiot 
.#>'///<>/('&/■'} .  a4  Zona  aa  /?<?  vswsz&ed  //■/  Jtmo/e,   ana iff,  few*  m  fetm  eefttet:  //.' 


,/,*. 


y 


<7 


^~}f'    .<£-    Zyf  *% 

jc^^r  fr^-tg^'-  /%£*zg^*£ 


PAROLE  OF   HONOR 
Given  James  C.   Nidelet,  surgeon  in  the  Confederate  Army,  June  26,   1865. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  113 

the  field,  a  distance  from  the  place  of  meeting  of  the  Medical  Board,  and 
when  the  exigencies  of  the  service  renclerd  it  impossible  to  allow  the 
applicant  to  visit  St.  Louis  for  the  purpose  of  being  examined.  Some 
months  since  I  addressed  a  communication  to  Col.  R.  C.  Wood,  Assistant 
Surgeon-General,  IT.  S.  A.,  informing  him  of  the  fact  that  a  number  of 
surgeons  and  assistant  surgeons  serving  with  the  Missouri  Volunteers  in 
the  field  had  not  been  examined,  and  requested  that  the  proper  steps  be 
taken  to  have  them  examined.  I  have  reason  to  believe  that  the  necessary 
orders  Avere  issued  from  the  Assistant  Surgeon-Gneral's  office,  but  think 
it  probable  that,  owing  to  the  changes  recently  occurring  in  the  location  of 
armies  of  the  Tennessee  and  the  Cumberland,  these  orders  have  not  been 
fully  carricl  out,  but  I  still  hope  they  will  be,  as  it  is  discreditable  to  the 
State  and  unjust  to  the  many  excellent  surgeons  and  assistant  surgeons 
— who  have  been  subjected  to  this  test — that  others  should  be  commissioned 
without  examination,  though  I  am  glad  to  say  I  have  no  reason  to  doubt 
the  qualifications  of  any  one  surgeon  or  assistant  surgeon  now  in  the 
■service.  Many  I  know  who  have  not  been  subjected  to  an  examination 
are  excellent  surgeons  and  assistant  surgeons,  and  have  done  efficient 
service  since  their  connection  with  the  army.  Surgeons  and  assistant 
•surgeons  of  the  enrolled  Missouri  Militia,  I  regret  to  say,  have  not  been 
examined,  but  this  seemed  unavoidable,  since  many  of  the  regiments  are 
in  remote  parts  of  the  State,  and  especially  since  these  officers  are  not  en- 
titled to  pay,  except  during  active  sen-ice,  and  the  term  of  active  service, 
in  most  instances,  has  been  very  short. 

During  the  past  summer  and  fail  I  have  visited  Memphis,  Helena, 
Vicksburg  and  Little  "Rock  and  have  made  diligent  inquiry  of  medical  di- 
rectors and  medical  inspectors  and  others,  and  from  their  report  and 
from  my  own  observation  I  am  confident  our  medical  staff  will  compare 
favorably  with  that  of  other  States;  and  this  is  particularly  flattering 
when  we  remember  that,  as  Missouri  Volunteers,  Missouri  State  Militia 
and  Missouri  Enrolled  Militia,  nearly  the  whole  population  of  the  State 
liable  to  military  duty,  has  been  embodied  in  one  military  organization  or 
another,  thus  making  a  much  larger  draft  upon  our  physicians  than  has 
been  necessary  in  any  other  State. 

I  would  most  respectfully  recommend  the  Medical  Department  of  the 
Enrolled  Missouri  Militia  be  thoroughly  organized.  I  am,  sir,  very  re- 
spectfully, vour  obedient  servant, 

JOHN  T.  HODGEN. 
Surgeon-General  of  the  State  of  Missouri. 


FROM  1864  REPORT. 

ANNUAL  REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON-GENERAL  OF  MISSOURI. 

Headquarters  State  of  Missouri, 

Surgeon-General's  Office, 
St.  Louis,  December  31,  1861. 

To  His  Excellency,  W.  P.  Hall,  Governor  of  the  State  of  Missouri : 

Sir — I  herewith  transmit  my  report  for  the  year  now  ended,  and 
in  so  doing  I  can  but  congratulate  those  in  authority,  in  considering  the 
many  difficulties  with  which  the  State  Governor  has  had  to  contend,  on  the 
■character  and  efficiency  of  the  officers  belonging  to  the  Medical  Depart- 


114  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

ment.  I  feel  that  the  Missouri  soldiers  owe  much  to  the  efficient  Medical 
Board  for  protecting  then,  against  pretenders,  who,  through  political 
favoritism,  might  have  gained  position  in  the  medical  staff  to  the  prejudice- 
of  the  service.  This  hoard  lias  not  recorded  anything  hut  professional 
qualifications  in  the  selection  of  medical  men,  and  the  Surgeon-General 
has  not  at  any  time  recommended  for  appointment  or  promotion  any  not 
declared  competent  by  the  hoard  of  the  State,  or  some  other  reliable  board, 
appointed  by  medical  directors  in  the  field. 

The  surgeons  and  assistant  surgeons  of  the  Enrolled  Militia  have  not 
been  subjected  to  examination,  as  they  should  have  been,  had  it  been 
possible,  under  the  pressing  circumstances  that  attended  their  call  to- 
the  field,  and  often  incompetent  persons  have  beeu  commissioned.  This 
is  to  be  regretted,  but  it  is  hoped  that  if  in  the  future  the  militia 
should  be  called  out  that  these  surgeons  and  assistant  surgeons  will  be 
required  to  be  examined  before  they  are  again  put  on  duty. 

The  necessity  for  employing  good  assistant  surgeons  for  the  attend- 
ance of  detachments  -with  which  there  could  be  no  commissioned  medical 
officer,  has  led  to  tire  employment  of  incompetent  persons,  in  many  in- 
stances whose  duties  have  been  discharged  in  very  irregular,  and  in  some 
eases,  unsatisfactory  manner.  Frequently  medical  supplies  have  been  ob- 
tained in  a  very  irregular  way,  sometimes  making  it  impossible  that  those 
furnishing  supplies  could  be  paid  hi  a  regular  way;  yet  a  commission  of 
regular  claims  has,  so  far  as  possible,  I  believe,  allowed  claims  that  were 
just  and  yet  irregular.  These  and  other  irregularities  have  occurred^ 
but  it  is  hoped,  as  officers  in  the  service  are  more  fully  acquainted  with 
their  duties,  they  will  not  occur  again.     I  am,  sir.  verv  respectfully, 

JOHN  T.  HODGEN, 
Surgeon-General  of  the  State  of  Missouri. 


e?#* 


(fcnfekrale  plates  sf  %mxmt 

WAB^DEPAHTMENf. 
^few    aie(.s'j$*it6y'    tn/tttm^J  Mat  t4eS  &fe*rt/*nt  /tat  aJt/tsintw/  pw 


In  the  Provisional  Army  is  the  serviSe  of  tne  Confederate  SS&es:  &  *&*d  ~m  *tti/~jfam?-  ;i 

'f£*  . .  JHJldtdrZ,,- . _ i -~ &y  ^*?*d]£dC4&}tf&^^  t4e#*aw/  «md>g  ■ 

/t/HWiti/ ant/" <>(jff  ,.{J£~klJLs. •     -    <Siffi*w&<"t&/--<!i£*wito'  uwf  t4w&<  mmmfta^m»*t(.  \<w/tm>i<,t  &he/ 

nfsttoHiat  ..f£l»**fyr~!gmfr  nit//  4e/  -«mm  mafat'M*^<suw«i«fayN'*'* "" 

&rmme</iktt/u/  «*■*'  Mctt/ti -  dut^a/,  A&tw/  &  'uttrnvtuateasfa/ '&  t»H  v&£w<atfrK#n?,  Mwtwfc  ;' 

'  t/fe  Q$//itte)n4  zm</  Qrat/tttefoP   *-j%emtaf'j  Cfyfibet  WttP  treetfe&intf  0P  mn*«e«yMzmee/  «/  Mil/ : 

<tftA#t'ufm«nt ;   ttnt/  wtM   vc<aP  /ttteP-.  <*f  atee/tfanen     ztSiaA  /#  Me  &€t$»t»nt  am/  Qrwfi?c&3&  - 

^Zviem/ i&e/  oa.i5K^,  4wmi&  <tm&m4  '/wtftetfp    -fiMd  «ft,  PSBSCKTBSS  «m/  UStmtm,  i^m?m#  '; 

at    fifr/'    *<trfte/    &*>f*/    wattP  ABB,  aEHXBSSteX,   w/ttt    tt/dkm&fa/,    a  Hi/  me/    STATE  m-    w£tm  yea/ , 

«m*.S  j^Hf,  /  .  /■  ■  yt, 


0 


FORM    OF    SURGEON'S    APPOINTMENT,    CONFEDERATE    ARMY. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


115 


CO 


0Z> 


CD) 

ZZ> 

CO 

vQ 

"v-O 

=X 

•"CD 

cz 

CO 

cz 
o 

CD) 

ZZ 

zzo 


o 


az> 


^  __ 


H   03  < 


2     =H      W    _-_- 


o 


„<?S 


!=!   P» 


X  B 


z  ~ 

x  x 

SS 


Ph     33 


C5       C 


<<1 


si 

z  3 

- 


::  7- 
>.  >. 


SS 


|     m    ? 


?~~     N    c£ 


fflg 

.P3 


X   X 


2    SS 


—  ^ 

-  "3 


Sffi 


7  1   f  I 

I*  if 

<< 

l         °° 

o   ££ 

Q       GO 
x  X 


c-t- 

■>.>. 

-  nl 
SS 


S       s0 


X  - 

—  a 
II 


— 

o 

> 

c 

~ 

a 

-'-' 

3 

■A^ 

!» 

5c  >c 

5P 

f^  ^ 

t-itH 

'-'rH 

t-"r-^ 

& 

c-t-" 

>.  >. 

>J>> 

E-i 

-    - 

m 

o 

SS 

% 

X   X 

o  p 


x  x 

ii 


o 

?![-," 

ai 

-  cd 
SS 

^ 

P 

o 

0) 

£ 

p 

X   X 

CJDCJO 
3  3 


a)  4) 

-     M 


§§ 


ss 


C5      £ 
-    «?3 


§s 


feg 


•gffl 

'  c 

>.- 

SS 

3W 

S3 


0     c« 


73 


116 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


o 


"S  M?3 


p 

OS 

££ 

< 

0) 

p 

6,6, 

* 

COM 

p 

^ 

M 

> 

H 

Q  O 

OJ  a> 

o 

5  f- 

C 
fe 

iH 
P 
P 
P 

< 

M 
H 
W3 

xa 

< 

g 

o 

<3 
P 
P 

02 
i* 

P 

H 
P 
P 

o 
w 

H 

a 
p 

o 

p 
p 

H 

w 
o 

p 


Sdd 

p  ^ 

P££ 


9  Sg 


P  o  §§ 


£2 
5  c 


<£ 


-  m  c 
°>03  d 

ci  c?  > 

ss  ^  »  - 

S  p.go 

^£  • 

—  r-C?    5 

P's-    .    r 
■O  a    •  ~ 

P§Q 


V.  - 

KM 

Q)   0 

rlrH 

,0.0 

_    fc 

££ 

<i>  oj 

+J  "^ 

>-.>-. 

03  d 

0)  o 
WU1 

§£ 

O  O  J 

r    so, 
O    be  br.» 


P    1-152 

CO  on  -  • 

-  s's"^ 


0)  o 
3  3 


O    ES 
S.    coco 


3     *d 


a     I 


U     KOI 


p         M 

^   eg 

g    £< 

1 

K 

P     . 

o  S~ 
S     »" 


^P 
O     . 

"         = 

03  03 
PO£ 


02  C 
u 


On 


§g 


'  37     ^ 


o  c 

00 


02  <1 


<K 


6  <m" 

1  s 

I 

O  C 


12    >-- 


bi 

O 

3 

O 

< 

£ 

cs 

Q 

<r 

- 

<< 

Tz 

ci 

«d 

ai 

oi 

■/. 

& 

CD 

<D 

P 

o 

1 

a 

03 

- 

3 

a> 

— 

Offl  be 

qj 

-.: 

— 

0 

i 

CG 

0) 

M 

£ 

63 

3 

E/3 

o 

p 
o 
> 

d 

K 

M 
P 

o 
o 

p 


P^KP 


riNri      . 


o  o 

be  C£ 


3o^ 
pSaa 

6c  OC—  •" 
[T)h  tc  to 

53J1JI 


^  bD   :  d 

o'S.    c 

~  a  d  ^ 

2  S «» > 

d-r  oiti 
■g  d  o  <n 

S  ^r  -J-  5 


> 


<£?, 


Ur-i 
0)  O 


— 

2 
— 

1-3 

CJjjN 

4(3 

c?PSp 


co  £3  co  ™ 

co=j?ooC2 

rH  04  i-l  T1 

d  ^  ^  °* 


casE 

OOO}" 

be  be  OC-S 
hhh  as 

pqpto 


^irl1-1 

,-£3VS" 


fc^S<i 


5  :  :f.  2 

O       t,  o 

Pc-5 

■  -03  —  <| 

bflife    .  - 

<h      .         O 


<u 

dfe 

CD'S 

to  0 
til  — 

■H    01 

£x 

P^ 


d  d 
T-5 


^    c/..; 


P  «,•  • 

O   S3 

P   SS 


d  - 


02^ 


60.2 


®<l      H   co<j 


hp: 


£o 
£'S 

0)  0) 
OS 

o 

■e°p 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


117 


a    a 


bd  o  £P  o 

2  bfl-<  cfi 

r^  sh      « 

3  ■-   3^  3 

ffl  o)  «  g  £ 

in  to  to  £  m 

0  <B  ctf  ^  ci 


CD  O 
80  g 

<X>  0 


01  0 
0  <B 
CO  to 

II 


U        toto 


c  >i  bfl  cjd  > 
sg?3ts 

iasas| 

-P  0  3  3 

00  —  H  *J  to>   ,_ 

.3  "o  O  O^ 

OS  £ 

3"   aaao 

to  OS  y,  -A  Y,  P 
rqt^  o  0  0011 


^  ij  y  9  ^  o 
2  "S3  2  2  2  o 


T  1  CO  CI 


!   *g^ 

>  ° 


3  —  ~ 

3    >«jto 


0  0  -^  ,s 
b  ^   - 

»s  3  a 


0  0H 

to  a  - 


a  ~ 


„  S    >>to  M 

a    ct «  .  • 
E-SoS 

<J  o    .-*-"  to 

rrj  *3  3  ^3  to 

0  <S  xj"  to 

cflto  c  d    • 

to   m   3   S    fl 

2  s  °  °  a 

ato  «  '-  o 


-022 


<x>to      1 
=g  ,  ra-3 1 

£  Ml  ^  + 

t_  0<0 

a^S  - 

to  H  to  (h 

Q|fflffl0 
0  SB  C  to 

<U   02        -Mr 

3  to+j  d 

b^'S  -  .& -1 


TO  to    rj 

PSo 

as- 

0  3  o 
J  MiC 

)•«  a 


ooB'oflPi 
.0^00 

go  .0 

^       °       d 


"V    *M     P     ^     [^ 

0  0  O  0  o 

3<H         1-1 
CI  to  to   tO  to 

to  a3  s  d  Sh 
0  Sh  <b  1h  0 


0 
!> 

to 

to§ 

to 
CO 

O 

C.'  CO 

to  to 

toto" 

4,    1861. 
h     28.     181 
h  29,  1862. 
25,   L862. 
3,    1864. 

10,   1861. 

'26,  1863. 
h    12,    1861. 
h  IS.  1863. 

st,  1S61. 

81,  1862. 
14,   1893. 

6,  1861. 
11,  1863. 

to1^' 

Oto 

CD 
CO 

^t^ 

T  - 

■to 
CO 
00 

to 

S3 

.0 

3 
to. 

O 

0  0) 

»H 

0  0 

53H  Si's  ^ 
■r.  v.  ^  -. 

"  — ■  ^  "  i^ 

5? 

H1  to 
2  ^ 

> 

O 

bn> 
3  0 

<^55 

Eh 

60.Q 

3  0 

<!fa 

02 

3 

% 

3 

to 

fi 

000 

to 

0  0 

000 

55 

t 

55 

3  d 
0  0 

55 
< 

h 

i 

0 
bJO 

0   0  0 

bX)  bJD  bB 

k 

fa 

55 

0  0 

be  00 

fe 

000 

bB  bfl  bfl 

P  0 
bfl  bo 

S5 

En 

LC 

55 

mmm 

0280 

2; 

3  3  3 

vimm 

3  3 
80  CO 

a 

to 

to 

«  a 
0  0 

0  j 

&Cbfl 

O 
0 

O  * 
P,  to 

K 

h 

to 

O  O  rt  tt! 

§iS.2.2 

Eh 
55 

0 

a  a  3  3  3 

50  6D-2.2.2 

Eh 

a  a 
0  0 
0  0 

bfl  bfl 

O 
0 

bfl 

H  3 

.2  M 

Eh 

fa 

aa 

0  0 
0  0 

bfl  bfl 

3 
O 

&fl 

« 

•„  to 

tn   ^1    tO   tO  tO 

55 

s 

t-    ^.    Tfl    tO 

^1  ^  to  to  to 

H 
Eh 

H  fci 

'to 'to 

0 
H 

M 

a 

—  - 

3  3 
UlTfl 

3 

> 

0 

3  to 

0 

3  3  to  to  £0 

3  3  to  to 
80  8Q-^,<| 

5> 

H 

H 

p  3  to  to  tn 

3  3 

ta 

to  to 

COM 

3 

C5^ 


0  — 
^'3 

°to 

Scd 


faM£^!2; 

to    ■  to  to  si 


0  C3  o  3 
>to    10    O 

oS^eh 


cS 


cc 


B|r7,-55to 

to1^  to  ^IJ 
3>~'  S  9  . 
O        O.     " 

EnSEffafa 


JiS 

s 

H 

O  cS 

U  be 

•-to" 

6 

tOto 

0 

bfl 
01 

aa 

^  to 

!» 

33-3 

r3  p 

Dhi 

hj 

^fc 

118 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


ppq 

cm 

5 

Nete 

o 

•_  -  ~ 

i  i  i 

—  T'T 

w 

hhh 

o 

O  O  O 

— ; 

dec 

Q>  <U   0) 

CN1   g    - 

09 

00  bob! 

oc  «  *H 

X 

x'  X   X 

32  cJ    & 

C3 

s 

z  z  : 

Qj 

•£  f^^3>rf 

ri 

-  =  = 

£  §  =  |  Z 

i  —  *  —  — 

o  o  o 

■w  o  >        g 

x  Z  Z 

uuu 

—  -  —  —,- 

1   I   - 

3)  ©  0)  <£    ;- 

X    X    X 

CfiC 

if  be  oc  2  — 

"  ~  r- 

x  'x  x  ?:  ~ 

C  a 

-,-  — 


Sfe- 


s 

=     5~ 


;^" 


m 

X 

g 

r. 

CO 

- 

- 

o 

:& 

4-J 

-=--■?" 


a   "_    -  7.  3 


—  ^  ^ 


----- 

-  c  - 

V       <-} 

-  *  - 
m  ^  c 


«?!: 


Si:-"'* 

-  c  ■-_.  C 

M_  - 

fci  4) 

—  =    X  < 

<  .'-  -    " 
if.  -    .c--; 
oo  to 

—  -.-Oee 

?i  £  d 

=    -   C   r    -    -  - 

t-i  h  -  —  - 
-J :  -  Z  -  at  .- 

-  £-     >  £-  £ : 


a)  a; 


OC     -       : 


c-  >.  -  - 


-  -  - 


i  -  -  -  -  - 

X   X 


I'-.I1-  - 
'x  x  i 


££^£^; 


& 

H 

fi  ■ 

&  Z 

<!  < 

g  I 

n  — 

OJ 

W  - 

<  g 

ft  S 

&  | 

o  lH 

H3 


Eh 

o 

H 

w 

m 

o 


TT    X    ;^    S    "" 


_•?" 


—  -  - 

££.  ^ 

O  O  j 

a)  a)  <i 

'Won  fc 


—  r^  V 

jc  ^2  _ 

i_-"i-"  — 

>  bi  :i 

:  -  ^ 

£«H 

E- 

^ 

■~ 

" 

fe 

6C 

!?; 

^ 

rt 

;  _:  5 

eon, 
eon. 
eon 
eon. 

stan 

Z 

fcJO-—  - 

B 

:r.  ;£  :l  ;t  — 

c3 

i.    X    X 

'~  '"  '—  ~  ■/ 

H 
z 

M 

—    X    j. 

02  *^< 

s 

x  a  x  x  < 

k 

H 

5> 

t 

0 

•tj    o 


5-oSN 

O 

S^-< 

—  -  - 

—  c  =c~  — 

z  z  - 
-  -_  - 
ir.  :r  in 


-  -  r 
c  -  - 

«5c 


111 

-; 

to     ■  TI 
^  ?J  ir 

7-1  tx  — 

h3 

O 

y  7 

'H  "  "H  in 

- '  — ■  _:  ~;    - 
—  —  rr    i  :o 

S  rH  I-H  ?0  C&  00 

OD                            ~" ' 

—  ::  ri 

3 

~   -r    -   1 

!> 

S^ 

„"*  M*as<»oi 

-c  >  >. 

0 

-•.     J     - 

-      -      ~ 

6 
1 

■J  b 
-,  .- 

^  ~   ^   ~   *   — 
1-5  H?  t-J  ^  <5  I-, 

- 

0  "C  4!  0,^  +J 

Q'-<  a  02  £0,  O 

O  o  c 

5 

ooo 

< 

=  =  c 

OOO 

11    V   .- 

Oj  O  0) 

X 

I   -  1 

DC  DC  r;- 

be 

br.  cc  bo 

bo  bo  bo 

t.  ^-  ■- 

«  t-  — 

m®^° 

a) 

< 

DPP 

a 

33P 
(3202  02 

j-i+j*j 

i- 

^_> 

X 

UilJ 

^j 

_  —  ^j 

y. 

gj-gacfl 

-  -  - 

E  s  ■" 
^  i.  ~ 

p 

o  S 

G^  a. 

o  o  3  ~  -  ~ 

-    -    -   X  X  ~ 

ij 

r    -   ;   ~  r.  .. 
«  ?  Si  m  ra  to 

or.  be  — ' 

32 

M  bo 

bo  oo  oil 

st  "-.'.  :£..-.-  — 

X    X    X 

■-  -  /. 

■-%.-•/.  X  X 

> 

^   —    -   X   X   XI 

X    X    X 

f- 

s 

333S1  X  X 

3  3  3  01  x   K 

-.<< 

iz; 

W 
H 
Eh 

mm< 

OQCC 

•/:  -/:  132  •<  -"J  -^ 

tE72  3;-i;<;< 

r: 

X 

-i 

-- 

-_- 

_ 

H 

■  T  i 

1   -'    .  ;^  .,  _ 

exi  —     .  ..■     . 

7l 

1 

'0- 

-,'  'rj   -  "I  :-  -- 
■-  S.  y_  •_;   -  — 
Z  -  -  -'-  Cu  05 

.     -.  j: 


o^t 


^•'    ^^-:-ri- 


1   r 


1-3  H3 


-T,J 

3  a 


.5^ 


r-i  C  be 

IS  -  -  -  r  -  = 

>> g  7    i     .013° 

--  2  „•  cj  tsj  -• 

—  >-  in    i_< 


!    I    3 

o  ?  C  IB 

XS  5  §  Jf  O-  3 

^    .  —  -      ...  tft 

-i - C_S 
:  -  -  >  ^  as 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


119 


3>> 


p  p 

0)   CD 

o  o 


10  to  to 


e?  p^p. 


o  o 

03  03 

bo  be 


§5* 

ions 


;<h 


+P         HH 
P    03^ 

*~  s 


-^o 


>>  >-.co 

Sd    - 


O   OHj 

o>  a)  a) 

P     P      <- 

2  2  "3 

■  3  3  o> 


jS        5! 


-  .-':r 


-     CO, 

«      d.QO 
H     5  <D  ® 


6  O 
4)  0) 
bo  be 


mm 

Q    03*    C3 

S3  3 

P      CO      31 


fc!    5  «j  «i 

W 

EH 


rt  ::  -i 

.__  ._- 

■2  x  x 


t. 


.  P 

fcffl 

CO  j 
"  3 

^5 


3  c3  3  f 
Oh  Oi-^ 

,ur3'3'3 
Jljjl)  j 


o  d  o 
a>  ai  a> 
it  or.  be 


q  cd  cd  c3 

be2.2.2 

p  to  co  ik 
3  co  to  io 


-hw 
P  — ." 


o  be  «  o 
*&«* 

a)  ^  u  <d 

co  3~  to 
2  o  a)  p 

s£5s 


°  6,     ,Q 

^    -   <8    r<   3 

MgMcS 
3  '3  -a  '3 


ai -a  to  p 
2  S  bo  S 

p   O  *  O  .3 


i  ,-r  r*i  coo  co 

£  >.  oil  £,  oi  >  >> 

p  a)  uj  »      fn     "  $  ®  w  o  2  3  _5  2  3 

<m^m     ly   <mm»  g  <J  pj  ^  z;  >-, 


o  o  o 
a;  a)  a> 
bo  be  bo 


q  d  d  c3 

*?    S3 .2 .2 

kA       j.   CO  10  S3 

p*       -  Ifi  V3  Ift 


o  o  b 

03   0)   0) 

or.  bx  be 


o  b  f3  as"  c3 

p    p    CO   CO  CO 
3   3   CO   ffl   03 

co  m  -ij  <i  <»j 


^  03   Clj   03 


;-?]• 


£-1     oq  '30 

sa's 


bo  r>  be  >  >> 
3  3  3  C3 
<^h^^h 


3  3  So 

M      o«i 

mils 


be.5  >,  s 

S-   01  OJ  03 


!QO 


0 
b 

c 
< 

J    •    • 

c  :  : 

is: 

mass's 

^ti»3H 


2  ^ 
u 

;0)       L 

ra  p      e 

^03- 
-g^3i 


CD   ^   OJ   OJ 

----- 


-:'j  v  -;  bo 

OO  °°  50  ^H 


bi  bfl  £  £ 

3  3^  3 


O  O 
0)  03 

be  be 


r>    ff-  P    P 

0   0*5 

OC  00-^  ~ 
P    P    OS   VJ 

2  3  in  »i 
COCX!<l<! 


»s«:s 


bcEJc 


<!<ii; 


«p3 
.  03   O 


O  P  3M 
P  <Ui>^ 


2  3  « 

P    P    03 

^p,K 


cd  OJ  O 


o  o 

0)   03 

be  be 


ili  to  to 
be  ■- 1  — 
p  •/.  x 

3  to  to 


u 

p  d  > 

03  03   O 


n 

0)^ 

3  ni^' 
O  P     "* 

A  °     ■ 


a* 
3  p 

^  CO 
03 


SQ" 


^  tp 

£  "   . 

<^  3 

VP  03 

Z  be 


P  to 


^s? 


m 


3  3 


120 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OP 


< 

Hi 

H 

> 
H 

o 

EH 
O 

H 

P 
R 


P 

3 
«l 

O 
'J 

ri 
P 

< 

H 

Pi 
P 

o 

03 


S  fa 

<  £ 

W  M 

02  fa 


P.  . 
P  >, 
02  t. 


CC 


•i.  - 

£    -  — 

~j  a  - 

-*£.- 
o  —  to 

&   EC 

i;  .d 

*£s 

§Ofa 


y,  CO  c=  CO 

c1  .  •  .  •    . 

2  00  CO  o 

«  c  a  o 

Pi  <<Q 


o  o 

cjDojO 


5  a  a 
co—  .-- 

^   01   w 
~   TT>    TfA 


G   M  to  ci 


.ar^ 


_  o 

.JH     (J) 

<  3 


Eh    0< 


o< 


1-5  1-5 


Hj      M     s 

ZS5     S 


iooS     in 
<~  -tj  co      o 

&o         roc 

__•_£_ 
K  o  -  a  - 

pop.    fl 
o-P£-o 

—  7  -  _  — 


§£sqS 


~  oc  —  CO  rj! 
X   -  ~7    '   ~ 


a  =  a  a 
o  o  o  o 

bO  bo  to  to 
s*  >H  (-,  t, 

a  a  a  a 

02  02  02  02 


A  a  a  a  a 

q  TO   TO   Co   TO" 

a  all-- 

3      &-.  to  :Z-  v.  ^ 

n        g   w    U,    fj.    to 

o 

fa 


^  "  ^  ^  ^: 
eo*S\  "^    - 

rt  —  t-  CO  i-l 

a  2?  c,  ^-^ 

5*  a  ,1)  a  y 


i —  ^  ^ 


bo 


l-3>-5 

6  58**3 

op      ^    . 


ta^i? 


3  p  S  S 
£  o  *  '£■ 


>H      P.  S?  Or" 


—  —  — 

c©  CO  CO  Tjl 


a  a^-2 

H5l-3^M 
^_  >■ 

oj  to  -4-1  a 
E  E  a  <b 

Kfae;3 


T^  ~  Tl" 

c  =  s 

■Saa 
o  p  ° 

'-'ars 
nj  o;  a) 
h  h  ^ 

flj   O   0J 


O  O  O  £. 

a)  <y  <d  r; 

to  to  to  ^< 

f-l  M  ►,  l-H 

a  c  c  «  o 

s-  H>  LO  'S  r/3 

^  k  m  tn  I 


S^c§ 


*J  bO^J 
o  3  o 

Q<0 


a  a 
o  o 

bo  bo 


tt.a  -a 

t-  •/■  » 

p  Ui  w 


co  — ^ 
t-i 

o  a  o 


^'>- 


-  s  j 

"^  bo 

rt  cc  - 

M  t.  o 


CO  ^-  CO  CO 


0_g  Qj  <C 

O  O  0  cj 

m  g  to  to 


g^S  g£§S 


^  ft 


bo>  jj 

_a  Po 


o  o  o 

<J  O  0 

to  CO  to 


t-,  M)  IQ  Ul 
<2  w  ui  w 


-H  CD  SI  — 


^j  bo  >  jj 

o  a  c  o 


to  bo  >> 

a  Pa 


a  a  a 


'-     L     - 

OcCO 


a  a 
o  o 

bob^ 
v.  u 

a  a 
rem 


to.  S«i 

t.  a  « 
p  t/j  t/j 


Q60O 


^  P  n 

OS   r> 


M-i  hi 


g§ 


tn  bote 

g  ^ 

V  a  « 

fa  o* 

fa  si 


02  ■< 


Eh   " 

O 

fa 


<H 


S  o 


o- 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


121 


sg 


-  1.1 


m 

■i.  r.  r. 

~  -  -  > 

■J.-.L 

bo 

::.  a  ::. 

■  r^  >~ — 

<< 

< 

<<< 

-  -7T"- 

S 

- 

6    * 

r 

_          T-l 

— .  - 

S        O 

-         - 

>.— ; 

.    - 

— 

—  > 

|    jg 

S®g 

—  ^  -?"- 

5E  :  " 

=-_ 

_-     —  - 

-  =  < 

•f.    — 

SSoo 

3  ii— 

"X 

o  — 
a  - 

-  ■-. 
>.  -  - 

Ssa§ 

-  ffl 

Is 


x  ■£  rc 


•/.  T.  X 
|g§ 


»" 

> 

-y 

gKoi 

°« 

- 

> 
2 

Z 

z: 

z 

x<  — 

£ 

3_u 
x< 

> 

z 

<j 

Z 

~ 

-^ 

z 

z 

z 

< 

z 

:£ 

_:£  _:£ 

z 

}!. 

z 

F 

EQ 

~ 

'S.-f. 

— 

X 

z 

:_ 

-  B 

z 

- 

— 

I   ~ 

~ 

z  ~  ~ 

z 

o  ~ 

— 

V. 

:/. 

j£ 

bO-S 

g 

z 

tl.± 

= 

> 

X 

uu 

> 

m< 

> 

0Q<M 

> 

x< 

r 

- 

s 

" 

— 

o 

fe 

~ 

~ 

h 

•       -"  __'  _"    "J    -g   L2    _'    CC  «   —    --' 

ill       ^s   s       z-^l~Mzz 


'■■'!.<     >   —.~H     -.      ■   •L'z.~<-7:&-/-—. 


—  u  it  G£  fr-  >  f£  r"f  P-  V-  f£ 

—  ii  ~  ~7i  £  —  xxx  XT. 

rj  __         -  _  _  <                           _,  _^ 

r  ^i  5  g, *  *  O  SSSSsSllS 

—  :_  x  m  H  '-  m  y-  -  -  -  -  ?-  5  £  2  ED 

i  —  a  ~j.  —  —  a  m  —  —  —  -  —  m  ra  -j.  m  to 

f"  X<<  ,  X<  <  ~  T.IT.T.«'« 


S  o  c 

_    -  ' 

s  mm 


&£ 


X< 


~  —  — 

3  S3 

^°s 

Sr. 

z<  = 

3  = 

v.    ■  a 


P  |  2  <  f  S 


S2     fc 


g|  I 


isa 


ONE      HUNDRED   YEARS    OF 


03 

r 

?■ 

< 

r> 

H 

£ 

w 

H 

CO 

>H 

yj 

Prl 

< 

J 

O  'l  S  rH  ^ 

«J  Q  C  ° '  -  - 

1-1  l— '  G  .      -    - 

xii  ?2* 

-ij:  M  Q   Pi—; 

S     o  fc  0Q  o 

-c  OPr-  —  ra 
Ov  &  Qj  Ov  OV 
C  hr^  G  C  ^ 

<h  P  E  .£  s-  <t  .2  P  a>  <u  P 


.   <*>  03 

Sag 

S-l  G 

03    to  2 

33   03  02  tfl  o 

P_^  (1)       +J 

Si  3^r- 

^  °d  =  : 

^  ^_  >  bfl  j- 

«  *^  5  S 

e  s-  ■-  <  — 

Mi        2 
'S25'g« 


"    .0 

ST  P 

P3  m<j| 


o  o 
o  a) 
on  bn 


M  & 


O        &> 


5  0  £  £ 

«l 

H 

« 

£> 

O 

Ui 

ui 

M 

S 

Ph 

a3    :  : 

O 

a  : 

cs    :  : 

« 

fc    ' 

H 

It 

v> 

Ov  01 

O 

« 

0  p 

.5  <D 

M 


P   R 

o  o 

CU   Ov 

b£  bfl 


Cj   03 

x  m 

'x   x 


02C0      -<<1 


S-i+J 

Pit) 

<0 


^  —  --  ~i  _:  — 
i-  X  :-  -  —  v: 


c  r.  1-  :i 

,P  £  —  C*3  (Nl 

h  z  £  a  P  P 
S  S  p  «> .«  <d 

>.  S  H^  _  -  T. 


000 

O  OJ  <D 

:r  ':£  ':£ 


C    X    i,'  X    X    X 
— ;    X    —    'J.    J.    'Jl 


?-'  -  ¥  •-=  i£ 

»g  00  OC  qt,  iH 

r**         .    -    -co" 

£  7-1  rt  OJ  C-l 

0 

,2  -  =  a,  i  57 


-  —  -? 


*  t! 


a 


>  Eh 
CJO  03 
G^   P 

c  ai  «- 

1^ 

.    £°> 

1-1  «  <D  ^_, 

•P     r-  ■" 

?  B 
^^^  ai 

■3  cS  o  P 
oj  o  >  ci 
•-  -  -  - 
Q>Kh 


.V.   •-   : 


50113 


_,  J)fl 


2    -g 

>  — 


.0  •>. 


I^+JO  ^ 

fcH 

zoOh 

PI 

K^ 

0 

^ 

r> 

6f, 

<*i 

^3 

> 

D 

ffi 

<s( 

0 

pi 

-  r  -  - 

ffl 

/ 

H 

B 

p£  =£  bo-s 

t>  t,  b  tn 

- 

=  p  =  i 

O 

PhCL<= 


ID  P  ^ 


o  o 

0J  oj 
C£  i£ 


f  02  »] 

°iv.x 

-3    X    X 


S?.^ 


-     12 

a  p      . 

OSi:       1 
.  •  .S         . 

>o  .0 

d  5  to  .53  5 

Oj,  M  i-rP^, 

.•po^p 
000-^  r  S 

J  S  g  ^  fi  Ov 

S  ^  S  '~  ~  ~? 

x  r-;  d  ■?  P  — 

~  -1  i.    ^   3   -' 


0  ^  CD 


^    r-"P 

dS2 


M-23 


!  be  bfljj 

figs:"-'  : 
^  .... 

ftj         p  p  p  p 

O   O   3  O 
H  Ov  oj  cy  <y 

<(J  b£  :£  :£  :£ 


ft  S,  x  x  x  x 

:f.  :£ — 

^h  ^  x  x  x  x 

—    —    j.    X    j.    X 

02  02  <J  -<J  <!  <! 


30  '^  S        So 

d  bi"  bebc^j 
a;  3  J"  P  P  o 


ia  iri  ^3  '.^ 
SsS  0222 

a    . 

ti  ~\  :_  •  1 
S 

>.  ■-.  -  -■ 

v9ffl3 

u<j  3  w 
P  P"^  P 
Z     '    T    Z 

■a-aM-a 

0j  Ov  j.  K 

^  - 1:  - 

cu  -  -J  11 

X  x  "P  x 

3313 


CO  CO         _J 


bi  bi^j  j 


p  P  p 
o  c  o 

Ov  Ov  OJ 

c£j  So  b£ 


03  CD  CO 


-     X    X    X 

orj—  —  — < 
>*  x  yj  a 

H    7:    V.    J. 


0=  X>.  is  J- 


a»rfa 


bi  bfljj 


2  =  s 

<U7^«    0!_ 

^       ^P.fl.C 

3.2.2  g  .  . 


0/  li 

00 

00 


x  01 

P  P 


0)  «S  o 

>3  03 

-  P  x  • 

P    C    rt  > 


So.2 
t.  oj 
3  02 

02  <«j 


ov^ 


n 


OM 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


123 


- 

o 

r^j 

p, 

CD 

CD 

< 

P 

Si 
CD 

-s 

to 

CD 

afl 

£ 

"55 

<D 

<u  cd 

o 

K&ccZ 

ST14 

■p 

*,E 

1-3 

■o.S 

— 

o>Ish 

CD 

SSB 

bfl 

m  o 

'to 

*  u 

cd 

KPh 

- 

CD    QJ 
S-    S. 

cd  ai 


££ 


££ 


2o£ 


ass 


Si  OB 
CD 

55  O 

S3  50 

£p 


Km 
C'cn 


o  a 

^  SB'S 


*J  m  £ 

•-;"  © 
°o> 

.-w  O 

g  cu 
Si  'o 

-w  Si  CD 

3  CD  53 
O^bJ 

•  C  co 

JG  o3  oj 


033  2 


o  Si  Si  *; 
tu  —  ~  " 


nee 

O  o  o 
<p  cu  cu 

be  on  bfl 


Cg   CO   ffi  Si 

Si  -J.  -j:  j3 


.-2  rr  —  X 

fe  M  7.  — 


"I-  'C  'E  — 
cd  a  a  « 


■eg 

1 6 

Si  CD 

CDv 
T3^    r- 


b  &     EH 
?-.     cd 


x'^25 


o  o 

CU  CD 

ob  on 


:  :    -  - 
0B  0B.2 .2 


K   a202<;<1 


■fi,  >  o  c3 

5)  O  CD  4> 

m£pp 


Of>        6B 

■  ow  2 

K  Si      "* 

£^ph 


5     . 

p  g 

fc    2 


O    o"a 

g     <t02 


CO        hJ      "!» 

K       •"  W        61   3B 


c  e 
o  o 

CD   0 


0Q 


'  ocj 


<^ 


0202     PH    M" 


fc^ 


o 
> 

d 

CO     .    - 

k3 

o 

C 

c* 

K 

OP" 
^  S. 

cc"    ^ 

1-1  05 

o  o 

6 

tr-i 

o 

- 

H 
P 

2 

5 

CD  CD 

SB  SB 
!-  fi 

<3 

CD 
SB 

< 

2 

Xhxh. 

a  c  C 
P  m  to 

<< 

EH 

s 

o 

CD 

| 

Ul 

<U    50 

e 

Til 

o 

CD 

ffl 

P 
iz; 

0B—  -in 

Si    CO    CO 

CB  — 
Si    CO 
p   50 

£ 

SB 

o 

0 

g 

CO-N^ 

XS1 

1—1 

m< 

S 

CO" 

e 

0 

LC 

o 

o 

£ 

^ 

a 

o 

s 

B 

Eh 

co  cnI    . 

"—  ZO  — ' 

02 

:— 

tX! 

O0  M 

ed 

- 

^  >:  t> 

HriiC 

g 

2 

X 

1 

Cc"r-T     - 

T-i<CC- 

^^ 

CDp  0) 

1 

CM 

o 

o 

•J 

R 

CD 
WS*_ 

o  c  & 

^  |  E 


as 


fei? 


o  o 

<D  CD 

b£-bB 


£5 


3£ 

PhCQ 


3j   CO 

Sh  o 


.124 


ONE    HUNDRED    TEARS    OF 


§ 

H 

P 
P 

72 

H 

< 
H 

H 

02 


J4 


S  B' 


Sri 


0    Eh 

^  a, 

O 


a  . 

O  N 

5a5 


*  I 

CS      o 

Po 


H  P^  -is 
g  ".§£*»; 

^3  01        ^     - 


a  ri 


o  a 

X  0  *  <D 
00  Bti  O 

i-s  o  a 


O1  P  J^  O  O 
C  O  o  C  C     . 
M    .  C  it  M  p 

'7.  £  P'x'x  c 

OJ  ^  £,  OJ  0  S-, 


c§g    .S3! 


ej)ft 
t-<  P  fe  " 

=  :<■-. V 
■5  £  mS 


3  ® 


5  Ss      <o 


a° 


53*5  ct/p 

o  o  o  o 

^    O    -■    o 

be  on  bo  be 

".   in   S-    Si 


g  5  S  cs_g  5 

^  H  rr-  «  X  X 

<  ■  *o  to  to  to 

:  x  y:  m 


=a  ."Mo  . 

to  o 1  >-  to  ,y  - , 
CO  o      _  CO  CU  ■ o 


t~     .      co  -,     . 


ri£fi 


:>rf 


•  g*£ 


oJ4 

W  x  x^-H^- 

O  a  cs1^  a  g 
«  Si  Xi  _j  s-  5 


8g 


a  a 
o  o 
o  o> 
be  be 


33_3. 

mmmm    mm 


a  a 

to  X 

X    X 


SI'    ^  3  »  »  w  »       x  to 


;sc^p  g 


ss 


o*  H  ^ 


33  £° 

o°3  be 


«>-S  a-i 


S-^    o-i    ,  c*i    . 

t*     to  -,-,  to  co 

T-i^5rH  JO 


'«  ^J  "E   > 

<0<Z 


o    g 


o  o 
be  be 


9  P„to  to 

be  oe.«  — ■ 


7<    . 
g  ma} 

3 


r  ;-  sh  '-> 

g   GJ   0)  C5 
^  ^  ^Tj  W 


^O  O  <D 


S    Si 


p'c- 
Sgg 

a.2  S 

0}  X  M 

rag  g 

<u  ^  a 
c  a  a 
oe°  o 
—  cj  o 

tc    r    T 

OJ  O  <D 

&£& 


_  to  CM  w  r. 

.w  a+j-Tj-w 
p  p  p  *  a 

oj  a)  oi  ™  oi 

£  br<S   .  £ 

5  "S  2  g  2 
^  o  ^  o  ^ 


to 

.  T-H    ^  CO 

coio  J?dr-1 

P^5a   . 

^3co       .prH 
O1  M  P  O)  . 

3  p  §  a  (l, 
5  oi  o'afe 

*  gills 


3 


^w  op^  cd  PtJ  o> 

<1  «  02  S  Hj  1-5  §  Oi 

a  a  a  a 
o  o  o  o 

03  0)  <B  G 

be  be  to  be 
s-i  Si  f-  Sh 

a  p  P  5 
mmmm 

ooop!S5^ 
?i  ?i  v2  ^  W  to  w  to 
ceoebebe«--H"-;-^ 

p  p  p  p  m  "'  m  ro 
02020202^"!"^^ 


sillllll 


93  00  00  3  -*  <=>   _  tH 
rt  _  tH  cm  c-i  fl  "^ 

p,^  oj—  a  a  ^  a 


a  a; 
o  o 

to  to 

pp.; 


:pfi 


-  ;c 

HcicS 


!- 


s    .    .  to  g 


fflggwg 
•     5'-Sh5!'-i  P  u  <o  <d  O 

02    %^S±%  m    %^&&X 


S^    - 

I-*  a    oo 

«  o«>S 
^-^^^  . 

osas 

E2  o  to  tc 
t<  o  o  o 


a 

a 

Tj     to 

&   £3 

H      . 

02    L- 

P 
o 

A 

m 
« 

b    a 


^<^ 


,V  OI 


ffl    cfiihl 


a>  o  c 
P  piS 
<3     «j^ 


55  -H  ^  OC  tD 


s& 

'£  u  'C  'C  >> 

a  cc 

rt 

a  ^  a  ft*rt 

p  d 

o 

a  a  c  a 

O  6 

O  0  o  o 

0)  0) 

O  01  0)  01 

be  be 

be  be  be  be 

Fh   Sh 

P3 

MMt,^ 

a  a  p  p 

02W 

mmmm 

q  a  cd  cd  ctj 

S,  tO  to  K  W 

Oe-rH   .-<   tr_|   .^H 

JL,  to  to  tfl  to 
3  x  to  to  to 

m  <j  <r;  <j  -aj 


a    Soedcg 


■'-  |-i  JT 


«  cti  oj  rt. r^ 


o  o 
®®  x-2 


ft 


u- 


'^-^ 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


125 


CD  CS  IS 


S     $g 


00     •     .on 

r-iociCOC? 
CD  CO 

,^-cso  oo  f-j 
■  r"irH'E 

rH  65  Cq  <tt 

a, 

.63  £ 

«  E  "^  ^  2 

oo  or1  _,  d 

•*-  o  o  b 
o  * 

53  o  S*  t?  a 

1-3      -*>■*-■  0 

Sa22® 

?     ,OOj 
bfl^  C  S  2 

'sS§o2 

d)   g   £   j_,    -J 


CM      •  oci      .  <£> 


a  ,2  d  d  d 


sec 
obo 

CD   0    0 

bn  br,  ob 

!h  Sh  S-i 

tfimm 


OOOBCj 

£8.3.8.3 

^  ^  Cfi  (fl  tft 
02  02  <■,«!■< 


oSootsS 
«?  5?.  r^  co  S2 


§£§§«> 


-r-t     iM  .rH     fH     t^ 
A'     OB     O     <> 


■oo 

§ 

CO 

i-t 

CO 

w 

X 

-i 

eg 

CM 

<£ 

§ 

cu 

h-j 

>H5 

CD  d 

o 

O 

o 

> 

01 

bfl 

> 

S-i 

CO 

<u 

CD 

1-1 

- 

to 

IihS 


-i  Tl  "1 

io  -  --? 
5r  oo  y 

f\c2 


o  o 
cu  cd 
bfl  OB 


bfl.3  .3 
S-.  to  to 

p  MM 

02^<j 


!=:      ^i« 


a  !« 

<u  d 


^Qfe 


US---  Woo 

S3  grl 


S  o  c  o 
cu 

o  *>  a  ft 

£    3    X    X 


to       O  O 

S122 

•~  g  CO  00 
C  ^_ 
£-55 


-t~  cyj_ 


d  d  k  — 


o  o  o 

0  CD  CU 
or.  bfl  or 

Mt.t, 

PCS 

mmm 


Srtdd 

S.2.2.2 

;-,  to  to  to 
p  to  to  m 


sassass 


SBSh 

CJ 

d  d  d-a 


^25 

CD  CU   (Di> 

o  o—  o 

--J  r-.  <  r-j 


%Ol 


bfl    . 


G  CO  r 


+!(•     2rH 


CJ    ^ 


0 rt  03; 
r^  .£2  x  ■*->  ^  t: 


<B  3 


op  ; 

u  'S  OB  =  'S  —  "S 
*J  2  t   CO  S~   £ 

i"3  2 


cd  a 


™  S  bBB    .  bB  : 
g  <D  CD  .2  o  CU  C  ^ 


d  d 


H      b«  bB 


>1  >1 

d  d 


oft 


oS^^   § 


o  o  o  o  o 

CD  CD  CU  CU  CD 

if.  of.  or  of  of 

Sh  (-,  Sh  M   IL, 


r!  C  C  C  =  C 

r    '/.  CO  to  "X  CO 
L'  00    CO    CO    -O    X 

^  y^  co  co  Co  co 

02  <r;  <!<;-<  <! 


.S     .co-r'3 

05     _cOHrin 
,H  00' "    „         - 

?  cu=    .« 

+J    ~    r-    m  ^    " 

o  s  s  a  cu  d 

OSh<[cS 


CO  CO 

CD  CD  tw  i^ 

bB  bB.t:  CD 

t>  !>  d  S- 

-    d    _ 

o 


.  CD     • 


<»    .  tu  _ 

^  .  a  n"-1  a 


J7» 


£s 


ffi^si£ft 

~  —  ^   Si   CCiiJj, 

".2  3  =  »33 

°E_t-     _j  — 
aS2|S|| 


£    a 

a   o 

§     bB 


C5 
H 
K 

Eh 


0000 

-    "_    -    c 

bB  bfl  bB  bfl 

frl  Sh  (h  fn 


02      02^^^^ 


fH         HWOOM' 


-  o  a 


d  sd°^^ 

CO  's!  CO  Om*-1 

CD  r=i  el)  5  " 

d  ^  d  ohl- 


SCO         w 
-»    .  3 

S-i^CO  00 
CD       g= 

■"2*^  a 

O  .02^ 
_  ?^tH   CO 

ft  d*j* 
X  s  co  m 
cu  ^  3  d 

+j  ^2  bfl  ^3 
3  <B  3  cu 

of=i<il  a 
o 

2  S  &  a 

2  'S  "S  g 

tH    ^    ^    O 


>5<1>S  CD 

d  S  Ss 


OOO 
-CD  CU  CD 
of.  if  or 


a"G  sb 

o  ^  c^  ci 

bB.2.2  2 

S-.    S5  CO    CO 

3  JO  co  w 
02<J<r<<r< 


S  oc;  co  3d 


^-h*     -a 
cu  -   .r; 

fe^fcHt> 


126 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


■r. 


8 

>. 

aj 


.© 


:j=^ 


fcrl  o 

(=5  Si 

aj 

c*o 

.  CO 

SH*-1 

dr-r 

> 

aj  Si 

coco 

00  CO 

CO 

SB 

CO 
CM 

aj    . 

s3 

Oj> 

■C.C 

'-'JS 

■eS 

aj  aj 

c^ 

eg  o 

§S 

s 

a> 

o 

o 

ft 

H 

M 
ft 
P 


t/2 
W 


ft 

H 

o 

M 

ft 

o 

ft 
ft 

H 
M 

O 

ft 


§ 


o   * 
ft 

ft 

p 

w 


ti  .a 


cc  S- 

H    It    Ci    U 


c  o  ^  i' 


»-i   ~  i  _;  ?J  :jf 

ft     "  -o- 

0^         CC  c 

«  ^  §  2  .a 

ft  fc^£fc 


o  o  o 

:i  ':/  :/ 


>S    —  to  in  in 

ft  K2«H^ 


a    .: 


S   •  8  ®  • 


fe 


03 «  2  ' 

to" 

PS 


•4-1    U 

in  O 


hS 


S§ 


o    °2 


lo-^ 


p3 

DO 
HE 


3  3 
S2 


CO     aj  aj 


<j        CO 

a    55 

Eh    CO^. 
J 

i 
1 

e  si 


aj  a! 


§0 


.  4) 


%•  Si  J,  to 

a)  o"  to 

C  CJ  o  aj 
to?  g 

a  "  O  G 

*  O  (.,  c 


coco       £ 

COCO      .0 


a  c 
o  c 
a)  a 
OB  bjo 


w 

CH 

2       3  3  !"    -0 

g    CO  CO  •«)  -a) 

« 

°       •    -cg^; 
oooo      og 


3"^3 


.       aj 


FORM    OF    OATH. 

w ..:. — _ ~ acteo ...  ,iteai*.._ _ monifU,  W«,  Uv 

, _,  aRjvoiftfcea  jVom.  _ , . 

So  u&mww-  stpeaA,  ot  a^ltin-  vn.&  «mtfe  of  ,&fptjfui«  m  \Le  seUnee  $  teiffi  S*a/k 
tote  faU&.,  a*t3  ijlefo  o&i&enee  to  dU'  CONFEBiEATE  STATES  OF  AMEEICA, 
anB  iiUi-  cy  hh«!  *etue  tft«ji-  fecR^jmi--  oao  |Wtn|«uu.  aaaitul  melt  eitemies,  on^  tfwtt 
Q/  anil  o&setue  arte  ofreu  ale  o-idei*  c|"  tfte  tKtesto-mfc  ©f  rU  Hpon|#Wafce  Stales, 
arw  Gie  otaet^.  of    the    tutcci*  ahhomfeo    o»el  *»e,  aeeototng.  to  sU     «3%ftilW    anS 


I     awoliv  a«5  i«iw;itf>e5  tUfot*  ,m*.  llu$ — _ 


at. 


X 


FORM    OF    OATH.,    CONFEDERATE    ARMY. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  127 


CHAPTER  IX.— THE  MEDICAL  ASSOCIATION  OF  THE  STATE  OF 

MISSOURI.* 

The  Medical  Association  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  which  has  entered 
upon  the  fiftieth  year  of  its  existence,  was  organized  in  April,  1850.  In 
1837  the  physicians  of  St.  Louis  obtained  the  charter  from  the  Legisla- 
ture, which  conferred  upon  them  the  power  to  establish  and  maintain  a 
State  medical  society.  The  privileges  of  the  charter  were  sufficiently 
broad  to  secure  an  organization  which  would  embrace  in  its  membership  the 
medical  profession  of  the  State.  The  society,  however,  remained  local  in 
its  membership  and  influence. 

During  their  attendance  at  a  meeting  of  the  American  Medical  As- 
sociation which  was  held  at  Cincinnati,  the  delegates  from  the  Missouri 
Medical  Society  learned  to  their  discomfort  that  associations  embracing 
the  medical  profession  existed  in  the  various  States,  Arkansas  excepted, 
but  not  in  Missouri.  Upon  their  return  to  St.  Louis  they  submitted  to 
the  local  society  a  set  of  resolutions,  according  to  which  the  time  had 
arrived  "for  an  efficient  and  permanent  union  of  the  medical  profession 
of  the  State  of  Missouri,  for  the  purposes  of  mutual  improvement  and 
protection." 

To  carry  out  the  purposes  of  this  resolution  a  committee,  consisting  of 
Drs.  William  IT.  McPheeters,  John  I>.  Johnson,  S.  G-ratz  Moses,  George 
Engl  em  ami  and  George  Perm,  issued  the  following  circular  to  the  medical 
profession : 

"  'Whereas,  In  the  opinion  of  the  societ}',  the  time  has  arrived  when 
it  is  both  expedient  and  desirable  to  unite  the  medical  profession  of  the 
State  of  Missouri  for  the  purpose  of  mutual  improvement  and  protection; 
be  it,  therefore, 

"  'Resolved.  That  a  committee  be  appointed  to  address  the  regular 
members  of  the  medical  profession  throughout  the  State,  inviting  them, 
to  meet  in  general  convention  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis  on  Monday,  the 
4th  day  of  November  next,  for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  State  medical 
association  with  auxiliary  societies  in  each  town  or  county  in  the  State.' 

"The  undersigned,  the  committee  appointed  to  carry  out  this  resolu- 
tion, presuming  that  the  objects  for  holding  the  proposed  convention 
must  be  apparent  to  every  one,  take  this  method  of  addressing  you  on 
the  subject  and  of  soliciting  your  co-operation. 

"The  medical  profession  in  Missouri  has  been  for  too  long  a  time  in- 
different to  the  many  and  great  advantages  to  be  derived  from  an  effi- 
cient State  organization,  and  whilst  in  other  sections  of  our  country,  un- 
der the  influence  of  such  societies,  the  happiest  results  have  been  attained 
towards  elevating  the  standard  of  the  medical  profession  by  the  united 
and  cordial  action  of  all  its  members,  we,  on  the  contrary,  have  been 
content  to  stand  still,  and  have,  consequently,  accomplished  but  little  in 
the  important  work  of  medical  reform,  notwithstanding  we  live  in  an 
age  and  in  the  midst  of  a  community  in  which  the  inevitable  law  of 
progress  is  stamped  on  every  one  around. 

"The  committee  have,  therefore,  caused  this  circular  letter  to  be  ad- 

*By   Dr.    Frank   J.    Lutz,    St.    Louis. 


128  ONE    HUNDRED    TEARS    OF 

dressed  to  the  profession  throughout  the  State,  calling  upon  them  to  hold 
town,  county  or  district  meetings,  and  to  appoint  delegates  to  the  pro- 
posed convention,  and  when  no  such  meetings  can  be  held  they  hope  that 
you  will  consider  yourself  a  delegate. to  the  same  and  will  use  your  ex- 
ertions to  extend  the  invitation  to  those  whom  they  may  not  be  able  to 
reach,  and  in  otherwise  promoting  the  desirable  and  contemplated  and 
foregoing  preamble  and  resolution. 

••The  committee  have  not  thought  proper  to  limit  the  number  of  dele- 
gates each  town,  county  or  district  may  appoint,  but  have  extended  the 
invitation  to  eveiyr  regular  practitioner  of  medicine  in  Missouri,  and  they 
hope,  by  these  meetings,  to  insure  a  full  representation  from  all  parts  of 
the  State." 

The  first  meeting  of  the  profession  was  held  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis 
in  November,  1849.  Dr.  W.  G-.  Thomas  of  Boonyille  was  chosen  presi- 
dent and  Dr.  J.  S.  B.  Alleyne,  secretary.  When  the  delegates  adjourned 
it  was  to  meet  at  Boonyille  on  the  21st  of  April,  1850.  When  it  con- 
vened Dr.  Thomas  deliyered  an  address,  in  which,  according  to  the  re- 
porter of  the  meeting,  he  set  forth  with  force  and  ability  the  objects 
for  which  the  association  was  formed  and  the  means  necessar}^  to  effect 
the  objects.  The  address  was  listened  to  with  marked  interest  by  a  large 
audience  <:-omposed  of  citizens,  as  well  as  members  of  the  association.  Dr. 
William  II.  McPheeters  of  St.  Louis,  who  had  been  the  prime  rnoyer 
in  the  organization  of  the  association,  was  made  the  president.  At  this 
meeting  a  report  was  made  on  the  status  of  obstetric  knowledge  and  dis- 
eases of  women  and  children,  by  Dr.  D.  M.  Davidson  of  Cole  County  and  on 
surgery,  by  Dr.  Joseph  Nash  McDowell  of  St.  Louis.  Dr.  M.  L.  Linton 
read  the  report  on  medicine  and  Dr.  John  Laughton  on  medical  education. 
A  report  on  Indigenous  Botany  and  the  Domestic  Adulteration  of  Drugs 
was  made  by  Dr.  Wright  of  Warren  County.  All  of  these  reports  were 
discussed  and  referred  to  the  committee  of  publication. 

The  number  of  delegates  in  attendance,  though  not  as  large  as  was 
anticipated,  was,  nevertheless,  highly  respectable  and  represented  different 
parts  of  the  State. 

In  November,  1851,  the  first  volume  of  transactions  was  published 
and  ready  for  distribution. 

St.  Louis  was  the  next  place  in  which  the  association  met,  in  1852. 
It  was  convened  cm  the  19th  of  April  and  continued  in  session  for  three 
days.  The  president,  Dr.  MePheeters,  delivered  the  annual  address  on 
the  subject  of  Medical  Reform  and  the  Feasibility  of  Bringing  It  About  by 
the  Combined  Action  of  the  National  and  State  Association  Without  an 
Appeal  to  Legislative  Enactments.  At  this  second  meeting  certain  al- 
terations and  amendments  to  the  fundamental  law  of  the  association 
were  proposed.  Heretofore  the  members  consisted  of  delegates  from  per- 
manently organized  medical  societies,  permanent  members  and  members 
by  invitation.  It  was  now  proposed  to  have  delegates  from  the  several 
medical  schools  in  the  State  and  all  hospitals  with  fifty  beds.  Permanent 
members  were  to  be  placed  on  the  same  footing  with  delegates  from  county 
societies  by  conferring  upon  them  all  the  rights  and  privileges  enjoyed 
by  the  delegates.  It  was  also  proposed  to  abolish  all  the  standing  commit- 
tees except  those  on  publication  and  arrangements  and  to  substitute  in 
their  room  an  arrangement  by  which  the  nominating  committee  shall  an- 
nually select  subjects  for  special  reports  and  that  the  same  committee 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


129 


nominate  suitable  persons  as  chairmen,  each  of  whom  may  choose  addi- 
tional members  to  constitute  a  special  committee  to  report  on  the  subject 
assigned  them.  The  treasury  of  the  association  was  to  consist  of  a  tax 
of  not  more  than  $3  to  be  levied  upon  each  member. 

Most  of  these  amendments  were  adopted  at  the  third  meeting,  which 
was  held  in  the  Fourth  Street  Methodist  Church  in  St.  Louis  on  the  19th 
of  April,  1853.  Dr.  J.  B.  Johnson  of  St.  Louis  was  elected  president  and 
delivered  an  eloquent  and  interesting  address  on  the  subject  of  Medical  Ed- 
ucation. 

Lexington  entertained  the  association  in  1854.  at  which  meeting  Dr. 
J.  P.  Vaughn  of  Glasgow,  Mo.,  presided.  In  1855  St.  Louis  was  the  meet- 
ing place  and  Dr.  J.  B.  Alexander  of  Lexington  presided.  '  Lexington 
again  entertained  the  association  in  1856  under  the  presidency  of  Dr. 
Charles  A.  Pope  of  St.  Louis.  The  two  next  meetings  were  held  in  St. 
Joseph,  but  no  record  of  the  presiding  officers  is  obtainable,  nor  is  there 
a  preserved  record  to  which  I  have  access  of  the  meeting  held  in  St.  Louis 
in  1858. 

An  editorial  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  January 
and  February,  1861,  laments  the  fact  that  no  medical  society  exists  in 
the  city  of  St.  Louis  or  in  the  State  of  Missouri,  for  interest  had  ceased 
in  the  affairs  of  the  State  Medical  Association  for  several  years  prior 
to  and  during  the  Civil  War.  The  physicians  of  the  State  were  actively 
engaged  with  the  armies  and  after  the  cessation  of  hostilities  it  required 
several  years  before  the  reorganization  of  the  State  Association  was  ac- 
complished. In  1867  we  find  that  it  met  under  the  presidencv  of  Dr. 
G.  A.  Williams  of  Boonville  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis.  Li  1868,  1869,  1870, 
1871,  under  the  presidency  of  Drs.  W.  B.  "Morris  of  Bridgeton,  Charles  F. 
Clayton  of  Palis  County,  T.  B.  Lester  of  Kansas  City  and  J.  E.  Tefft  of 
Springfield,  successful  and  Avell  attended  meetings  were  held  in  the  same 
city.  In  1872  a  new  departure  was  had  in  the  association  meeting  away 
from  St.  Louis,  at  St.  Joseph,  when  Dr.  E.  Montgomery  of  St.  Louis 
was  chosen  president.  In  1878  Moberly  was  the  meeting  place,  and  Dr. 
S.  S.  Todd  of  Kansas  City  presided.  In  1874  Sedalia  entertained  the 
association  and  Dr.  W.  0.  Torrey  of  Hannibal  was  the  presiding  officer. 
Jefferson  City  was  the  next  meeting  place,  in  1875,  and  Dr.  John  T. 
Hodgen  of  St.  Louis  the  president.  At  the  St.  Louis  meeting  in  1876  Dr. 
J.  W.  Trader  of  Sedalia  was  chairman,  and  in  1877  the  meeting  was  held 
at  Kansas  City,  and  Dr.  F.  M.  Johnson  of  Platte  City  presided. 

Sweet  Springs  was  the  meeting  place  in  1878,  and  Dr.  E.  TV.  Schauffler 
of  Kansas  City  presided.  In  1879,  under  the  presidency  of  G.  M.  B. 
Maughs  of  St.  Louis,  the  association  was  convened  at  Columbia,  Mo.,  and 
in  1880  at  Carthage,  and  Dr.  J.  M.  Allen  of  Liberty,  Mo.,  was  made 
the  president.  In  1881  the  society  enjoyed  the  hospitalities  of  Mexico, 
Mo.,  and  Dr.  Willis  P.  King,  then  of  Sedalia,  was  chosen  the  president. 
In  1882  the  society  convened  at  Hannibal,  and  Dr.  A.  E.  Gore  of  Paris 
was  selected  to  preside  over  its  deliberations,  and  at  the  Jefferson  City 
meeting  in  1883  Dr.  E.  H.  Gregory  of  St.  Louis  was  made  the  president. 
In  1884  it  came  together  at  Sedalia,  and  Dr.  H.  H.  Middlekamp  of  War- 
rent  on  was  the  presiding  officer.  In  1885  the  association  met  at  St.  Jo- 
seph and  selected  Dr.  G.  C.  Catlett  for  president.  St.  Louis  was  the 
next  meeting  place,  in  1886,  and  Dr.  J.  W.  Jackson  of  Kansas  City  was 
made  the  presiding  officer,  and  in  1887  the  association  met  at  Macon,  Mo., 

9 


130  °NE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

and  Dr.  Frank  J.  Lutz  was  chosen  president.  In  3  888  Kansas  City  once- 
more  harbored  the  society,  which  elected  Dr.  A.  W.  McAlester  of  Co- 
lumbia, Mo.,  president. 

Springfield  was  the  meeting  place  in  1889,  and  Dr.  L.  I.  Matthews  of 
•  larthage  was  chosen  president.  In  1800  and  1801,  under  the  presidency 
of  Drs.  A.  B.  Sloan  of  Kansas  City  and  T.  F.  Prewitt,  respectively,  the 
association  met  at  Excelsior  Springs.  In  1892,  at  Pertle  Springs,  where 
Dr.  A.  E.  Miller  of-  Macon  City  was  chosen  president.  And  when  the 
society  again  met  in  Sedalia  in  1803  Dr.  W.  II.  Evans  of  that  city  was 
elected  to  the  chair,  and  Dr.  J.  M.  Richmond  of  St.  Joseph  was  president 
in  1894,  when  Lebanon  was  the  meeting  place. 

At  Sedalia.  Mo.,  Dr.  C.  Lester  Hall  was  made  president  in  1895,. 
and  Dr.  John  H.  Duncan  of  St.  Louis  presided  over  the  St.  Louis  meet- 
ing in  1896.  Dr.  Jacob  Geiger  of  St.  Joseph  was  president  in  Kansas 
City  in  1897,  and  at  Sedalia  Dr.  George  R.  Highsmith  of  Carrolltown  was- 
the  presiding  officer.  The  last  meeting  was  held  in  the  city  of  Mexico,. 
under  the  presidency  of  Dr.  Walter  B.  Dorsett  of  St.  Louis. 

In  its  efforts  to  accomplish  the  purposes  for  which  the  association 
was  established  and  to  bring  within  its  sphere  of  influence  all  the  physi- 
cians of  the  State,  the  association  soon  found  that  a  wise  policy  dic- 
tated a  migration  annually  to  different  sections  of  the  State — a  policy 
which  has  been  fruitful  in  good  results.  Many  changes  have  occurred  in. 
the  course  of  years  in  the  membership  of  the  association.  At  first  it  was  a 
delegate  body,  the  delegates  being  chosen  regardless  of  the  membrship 
of  the  societies  whom  they  represented.  Then  permanent  membership  was 
established;  having  once  been  elected  a  delegate,  the  physician  so  hon- 
ored retained  his  membership  in  the  association  so  long  as  he  continued: 
to  contribute  the  annual  dues. 

At  a  later  period  permanent  membership  was  abolished  and  the  es- 
sential requirement  for  membership  consisted  in  being  a  member  in  good 
standing  in  the  city,  county  or  district  society  in  which  the  applicant  re- 
sided. 

The  influence  which  the  State  Medical  Association  has  exerted  upon 
the  medical  profession  of  the  State  has  been  far-reaching  and  important. 
It  has  been  no  mean  factor  in  the  elevation  of  professional  learning,  in  the- 
enactment  of  laws  regulating  the  practice  of  medicine  and  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  local  medical  societies.  At  the  present  time  it  is  in  a  most 
prosperous  and  nourishing  condition,  and  under  the  presidency  of  Dr.  LT. 
S.  Wright  of  Fayette,  Mo.,  it  promises  to  still  further  increase  its  sphere 
of  usefulness  and  influence. 

Following  is  a  list  of  Presidents  of  the  State  Association  from  its 
inception  to  the  present  time: 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


131 


PRESIDENTS  MISSOURI  STATE    MEDICAL    ASSOCIATION. 
Year.  Name.  city 

1S50-*W.   G.   Thomas,   M.   D _ Boonviile 

1851— W.    H.    McPheeter.s,    M.    D t. st      L^g 

1852— J.  B.   Johnson,  M.   D a(f      T 

•  • bt.        IjOUIS 

18o3-*J.  P.  Vaughn,  M.  D Glasgow 

1854 — -M.  B.  Alexander   

1855— *C.   A.  Pope  

1856 — No  records. 
1857 — No  records. 
1858 — No  records. 

The  gap  between  1858  to  1867  occurred  during  the  Civil   War. 

1S67— *G.   A.   Williams,   M.    D 

1868— *W.  B.  Morris,  M.  D \\[ 

1869— *Charles    P.    Clayton,    M.    D 

1S70— *T.  B.  Lestear,  M.  D ' 

1871— J.   E.   Tefft,   M.  D 

1S72— *E.  Montgomery,  M.  D 

1£73-*S,   S.   Todd,  M.   D '.' ZZZZZZ'ZZZZ'. Kansas  City 

1874_*w.  O.  Torrey,  M.  D Hannibal 

1875-*John  T.   Hodgen,  M.  D 9t_     Louis 

1S76_j.  W.  Trader>  M.D __ seaai.a 

1S77-*P.   M.  Johnson,  M.  D platt  aty 

1S7S-E.   W.    Schauffler,   M.    D Kansas  City 

1S79-G.  M.  IB.  Maughs,  M.  D . &.     Louis 

1880— J.  M.  Allen,  M.  D 

1881— Willis  P.  King,  M.   D.. 

1882— A.   E.    Gore,   M.   D 

1883— E.  H.  Gregory,  M.  D 

1SS4-*H.  H.  Middelkamp,  M.   D .'.'.".' ""[ Z" ZZZ'Z" ...l'. Warrenton 

1885— *G.    C.    Catlett,    M.    D 

1886— *J.  W.  Jackson,   M.   D _ _. 

1S87— Frank   J.    Lutz,    M.    D 


.Lexington 
.  St.     Louis 


Boonville 

.  — Bridgeton 
.Ralls  County 
..Kansas  City 
— Springfield 
—  St.     Louis 


—  Liberty 

Sedalia 

Paris 

.St.     Louis 


..St.   Joseph 

■ • Kansas  City 

St.     Louis 

1888-A.   W.  McAlester,  M.  D ,_   Columbia 

1889— L.    J.    Mathews,    M.    D 

1890— *A.  B.   Sloan,  M.  D _ 

1S91-T.   F.  Prewitt,   M.   D [[ 

1892— A.   B.  Miller,  M.  D 

1893— W.  H.   Evans,   M.    D 

1S94— J.  M.  Richmond,  M.  D 

1895— C.  Lester  Hall,  M.  D 

1896— J.  H.  Duncan,  M.  D 

1897— Jacob  Geiger,  M.   D 

1898— George  R.  Highsmith,  M.  D 

1899— Walter  B.    Dorsett    

1900— U.  S.  Wright   


Carthage 

.Kansas  City 

—  St.     Louis 
..Macon  City 

Sedalia 

. . .  St.   Joseph 
.Kansas   City 

—  St.     Louis 
...St.   Joseph 

—  Carrollton 

—  St.     Louis 
Fayette 


♦Deceased. 


132 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


•  o  o  >a  >a  co  ia  o  o 

•  ia  os  i~-  t-  ia  h  ia  co 


h 
tt 
h 

11} 
I 
h 

11 
0 

(A 

ID 

h 
111 

0 
0 

w 

J 

tt 

0 
Q 


»—  ~-  Co  3  3 


Cd 

^  jr:  Lu  a"  w  n  w 


bJ^n^pJ      S 


<d  cd  — * 
02  3:  C 

Wo 


-  cd  O 

*    ^3    £ 


«'k5 


fc^g 


ppq^dE-i 


<u 


fcjj-r 

K-3  do, 
"  n  +->  JT 

^  +->   O 

+j  ^     ,     -  ^  cd 
Pi  £  g  8  m  g  >> 
-a  bxijj  Bin  $-£ 
"53  £  3J>4J-£a 

ajj^OS^  O  «P 

p  Z  ffi  h  <i  £ 


£g 

cd  o 

*-3  t-3 


.o 

EC 
M 

dp: 


g 

+j  cd 

oO 
3    . 


cc       6  ^  t    ■  > 

•p  j  o  >.  3  cd  w 

^El^  .5 

co  o  jo  3  cd  m  a)  -™ 


o  £  ii    •    -jj    -   ..•+-*  cu 'o    •*   ■ 

js!       22"-Ch-hC       eu  ,3  co  S 

fcp^|H§u^m^^>dWpi 
fe  £  j  tf  k  ^  <j  ,4  fe  o  P  d  S  d  d 


o       pj 


.3 


j     ^'° 


0)  •- 

5  > 

o  3 

S  cjj 


r;        CO        B     •  S  J  ?  0) 


d)  -      •"        G 

^S      !=■      rrt      J2 


c  "a!  >> 

i — i  CJ  ' — '  co 

^  S  g  S 

w       .« 

^°d 


•a 
So,"   :'g 


•>?  = 

g    S  U   ID  $   «  ^ 

c3  g  H  ,SJ  eo  to  g  -  w 

C  Si  rj  +j  S3  u  h 

os  ffi  m  %  m  P  cc 


i  — 

'71   <u 


rfP 


cy-grf 

3   o  ra 
5  cLQ 


gpqPn 

r  -  <p    r\ 


C  S3 

§3 


alii  ec^ 


K'aiP 


i  x 


g  C 

.2  o 

Cd     rn 


0> 


£V 
<% 

75    EC 

•i.  ™    EC 

>i*J  ._    CO 

C  3  co 

5    °S    EC 

O  q^  co 

o 


!32£« 


bD<<  co 


g"5 


3   g 
02  g 


q    O  rQ  ej — , 

o*oo 


- 

>,|c5§ 
gP<J-s 

3  >s>.g 
Oqq  02 

IS  Sri 

i    Co    CO      . 


m 

0/      >>     ?H 


'   CO      .     j 


■Ai?- 


T3.      -H- 


cd 

CO    r-. 


«  3  C 

3  to 

,3  o  ec 


OS02!2i 


3  H 


3  >,; 


.-§^^^>,3§ 

^^  3  gp  g.q 

CO    C    CO  =w    3    O 

oq  a)  ^  cd  &  to  _^ 
O  U  O  P  ffi  S  02 


!-. 

cd 

QJ 


"O 


2  ftcd 

3  O +J 
Ht-702 


c  >4 

g  +-> 

U  °  3 

cd  o 

3  5 

o  ^  cd 

BOA 


s    p 


s.2§ 

Po 

«o 

3  cd  . 
33  3 

.«    CO   0) 

pom 


u 


cd  +j  t, 
H  co  cd 
°CMO 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  133 


CHAPTEE  X.— HOMEOPATHY  AND  ECLECTICISM. 

HOHEOPATHY.* 

In  the  late  decades  of  the  eighteenth  century  Samuel  Hahnemann,  a 
man  remarkable  for  his  native  acumen  and  great  literary  and  scientific  re- 
search, conceived  and  promulgated  the  system  of  medical  practice  known 
as  homeopathy,  his  course  of  investigation  and  conclusion  being  effects  and 
observations  first  and  theories  or  conclusions  afterward.  Some  years  later, 
when  Hahnemann  came  to  Paris  to  practice  his  profession,  Guizot,  then  a 
Minister  of  Public  Instruction,  on  being  urged  to  forbid  Hahnemann  from 
practicing,  said:  "Hahnemann  is  a  scholar  of  great  merit.  Science  must 
be  free  to  all.  If  homeopathy  is  a  chimera  or  system  without  any  in- 
ternal substance,  it  will  fall  by  itself,  but  if  it  is  an  advance,  it  will  spread 
even  despite  our  repressive  measures." 

It  gained  a  foothold  in  the  United  States,  in  Xew  York  City,  through 
Dr.  Hans  Gram,  a  native  of  Sweden,  who  in  1825  published  a  pamphlet 
translation  of  Hahnemann's  '"'Spirit  of  Homeopathy."'  Its  first  represen- 
tative in  Missouri,  so  far  as  is  known,  was  Dr.  John  T.  Temple,  who  came 
here  in  1841. 

Homeopathy  has  no  necessity  to  arise  in  Missouri  or  elsewhere  in 
weakling  cry  for  mercy  or  redress.  A  strong  and  earnest  appeal  to  the  lib- 
eral and  enlightened  citizenship  of  the  State  she  does  make,  in  the  name 
of  her  physicians,  and  her  patronage,  for  the  impartial  recognition  by  the 
State  of  her  well-founded  claims  to  proper  representation  in  public  insti- 
tutions. With  the  people  at  large  free  and  unbiased  in  their  preferences, 
we  have  only  cause  for  congratulation.  Onr  patronage  is  large  and  su- 
perior: it  is  no  idle  boast  to  say  that  homeopathy  in  Missouri,  as  elsewhere, 
has  a  patronage  far  above  the  average  in  culture  and  intelligence — statis- 
tics proving  this — and,  moreover,  that  over  one-third  of  the  taxes  are  paid 
by  homeopaths. 

During  these  years  some  homeopathic  institutions  have  been  perma- 
nent] v  established;  others  have  had  only  temporary  existence.  Growth  in 
this  line,  however,  has  been  positive,  if  not  rapid  or  uniform.  That  we 
have  our  pioneer  institutions — the  Medical  College  and  the  Good  Samari- 
tan Hospital,  in  the  later  days  our  expanding  work  in  the  Children's  Free 
Hospital,  Blind  Girls'  Home  and  our  college  clinic  and  dispensary,  besides 
various  other  centers  of  work,  more  or  less  perfectly  organized.  The 
history  of  these  institutions,  and  of  homeopathy,  will  necessarily  be  closely 
interwoven  with  that  of  the  men  who  have  been  the  leading  minds  in  the 
medical  fraternity  of  the  past  years,  and  who  have  been  instrumental  in 
all  that  has  been  accomplished,  with  occasional  aid  from  some  broad- 
minded,  public-spirited  man,  able  and  willing  to  assist  a  cause  weak  but 
worthy.  Such  a  man  was  the  late  Hon.  Montgomery  Blair.  It  was 
largely  through  his  assistance  that  a  charter  was  obtained  in  1857  for  the 
Homeopathic  Medical  College  of  Missouri,  located  in  St.  Louis.  Judge 
Blair  afterward  removed  to  Washington,  and  there,  as  Postmaster-Gen- 
eral, was  a  member  of  Lincoln's  Cabinet. 

♦Prepared  by  Dr.  T.   Griswold   Comstock,   St.   Louis. 


134  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

Temple  and  Other  Pioneers. — To  Dr.  John  T.  Temple  coming  to  St. 
Louis  in  1844  is  accorded  the  honor,  as  has  been  stated,  of  first  introducing 
homeopathy  in  Missouri.  He  was  a  native  of  Virginia,  a  pupil  of  the  cel- 
ebrated Dr.  George  McClelland  of  Philadelphia,  and  a  graduate  of  the 
University  of  Maryland.  After  practicing  for  a  time  in  Washington,  he 
in  1833  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  adopted  the  homeopathic  practice, 
and  came  to  St.  Louis  in  1844.  Here  he  enjoyed  an  extensive  practice, 
and  his  clientele  was  among  the  first  and  most  influential  of  our  citizens. 
Shortly  after  Dr.  Temple  arrived  in  St.  Louis  one  of  the  professors  of  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College  made  an  attack  upon  homeopathy  through  the 
medium  of  the  public  press.  Dr.  Temple  made  a  forcible  and  exhaustive 
reply,  but  such  was  the  state  of  hostility  to  the  new  practice  that  neither 
of  the  two  medical  journals  nor  any  of  the  city  papers  could  be  induced  to 
give  it  publication.  Dr.  Temple,  however,  immediately  published  it  in 
pamphlet  form  for  gratuitous  circulation,  and  his  statements  and  argu- 
ments found  great  favor  with  the  public,  gaining  many  friends  for  the 
new  system  among  the  lay  people  of  the  city.  In  1848  he  established  the 
"Southwestern  Homeopathic  Journal,"  which  was  the  first  journal  of  the 
kind  published  west  of  the  Mississippi.  In  1849  he  met  with  marked  suc- 
cess in  the  management  of  epidemic  cholera,  as  did  also  Drs.  Spalding, 
Stenestel,  Vail  and  Granger,  who  had  located  in  St.  Louis  in  1846-7.  Dr. 
Temple  later  occupied  the  Chair  of  Professor  of  Practice  in  the  Homeopath- 
ic Medical  College  of  Missouri.  A  man  of  erudition  and  of  genial  dispo- 
sition, he  worked  and  labored  most  successfully  for  his  loved  profession, 
and  when  called  hence  he  had  already  seen  it  established  upon  a  firm 
-basis  in  the  city  of  his  adoption.  During  these  last  years  a  number  of 
physicians  had  come  and  gone  in  the  city.  Among  those  who  remained, 
and  by  their  skill  and  energy  helped  to  bring  the  new  school  forward  into 
deserved  repute,  were  Drs.  Vastine,  D.  E.  Luyties,  B.  M.  Peterson  and 
others.  Dr.  Vastine,  a  physician  of  education  and  ability,  had  come  to  St. 
Louis  in  1848  from  Pennsylvania,  and  for  many  years  honored  the  profes- 
sion by  a  successful  career  until  his  death.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 
Dr.  Charles  Vastine,  who  practiced  for  twenty  years,  and  who  has  now  re- 
tired on  account  of  ill  health.  Another  of  the  names  is  the  late  Dr.  D.  E. 
Luyties,  already  founder  of  Luyties'  Pharmacy,  who  was  for  thirty  years 
honorably  associated  with  the  history  of  homeopathy  in  this  city.  After 
giving  over  the  pharmacy  to  his  brother.  H.  C.  Cr.  Luyties,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  the  practice  of  his  profession,  and  acquired  a  iarge  clientele,  which 
at  his  death  he  left  to  his  son,  Dr.  C.  J.  Luyties,  an  able  practitioner  and 
member  of  the  faculty  of  the  Homeopathic  Medical  College  of  Missouri. 
In  1856  to  1857  there  came  to  St.  Louis  Dr.  Henry  Eberz,  a  Polish  exile, 
possessing  titles  of  honor.  Before  leaving  his  native  country  he  was  Pro- 
fessor of  Pathology  in  the  Boyal  University  of  Cracow.  While  professor 
in  an  old  school  university,  be  had  embraced  the  principles  of  Hahnemann, 
and  came  to  St.  Louis  with  letters  of  recommendation  to  the  first  citizens 
of  our  city.  He  accpiired  a  lucrative  practice,  although  remaining  here 
less  than  three  years.  He  introduced  as  his  successor,  Dr.  E.  A.  Fellerer, 
a  German,  ana  an  accomplished  physician,  who  practiced  here  some  ten 
years,  gained  a  large  clientele,  and  is  Avell  remembered  by  many  of  our 
first  citizens.  About  the  year  of  1857  Eev.  Louis  E.  Nollau  founded  the 
Good  Samaritan  Hospital.  He  was  a  man  of  "good  words  and  good 
works,"  and  through  his  personal  efforts  the  present  building  was  erected. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  135 

Pastor  Nollau  died  greatly  lamented  in  1869.  Dr.  E.  A.  Fellerer  was  in 
1857  the  first  physician  of  the  hospital,  and  in  1858  Dr.  T.  G.  Comstock 
became  also  an  associate  medical  attendant.  Subsequently  Drs.  Helmuth, 
FL  C.  Franklin,  D.  E.  Luyties,  G-.  S.  Walker  and  others  were  added  to  the 
staff,  Dr.  Comstock  being  primarius  of  the  medical  for  thirty  years. 

The  hospital  is  still  in  a  flourishing  condition,  and  the  managers  in- 
tend to  enlarge  and  improve  it,  so  as  to  conform  to  the  advances  of  the 
latest  modern  hospitals.  Its  medical  staff  is  well  selected — Drs.  F.  W. 
Grundmann,  C.  J.  Luyties,  G.  A.  Mellies,  W.  J.  Harris,  C.  H.  Eyermann, 
J.  A.  Campbell  and  others  being  attending  physicians. 

By  the  time  its  first  decade  had  passed  homeopathy  had  won  for  itself 
.a  position  in  the  estimation  of  many  intelligent  and  fair-minded  citizens 
of  every  position  and  station  in  life,  and  with  its  faithful  and  able  repre- 
sentatives in  the  profession  the  time  seemed  ripe  for  the  formation  of  a 
medical  college.  In  1857,  therefore,  through  the  efforts  of  Drs.  J.  T.  Tem- 
ple, B.  M.  Peterson,  J.  C.  Morgan,  now  of  Philadelphia,  and  others,  assist- 
ed greatly,  as  we  have  seen,  by  Hon.  Montgomery  Blair,  a  charter  was 
procured  from  the  State  Legislature  for  the  Homeopathic  Medical  College 
of  Missouri.  Soon  after  the  incorporation  of  the  infant  college  homeop- 
athy was  further  enriched  by  the  coming  to  St.  Louis  of  two  able  homeo- 
pathic physicians,  Drs.  Helmuth  and  Franklin,  and  the  transfer  to  homeo- 
pathic ranks  from  the  old  school  of  Dr.  G.  S.  Walker,  all  of  whom  were  des- 
tined to  make  themselves  felt  in  the  State  and  country. 

Dr.  G.  S.  AValkcr,  who  had  been  practicing  in  St.  Louis  since  1852, 
was  recognized  as  a  physician  of  ability,  a  man  of  scientific  tastes  and  of 
honest  and  decided  opinions.  He  was  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  received 
his  medical  education  at  Jefferson  College,  Philadelphia,  and  commenced 
practice  in  Pittsburg  in  1849.  After  spending  three  years  in  California 
he  located  in  St.  Louis.  He  became  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
Society,  but  for  a  number  of  years  he  spent  considerable  time  investigat- 
ing the  claims  of  homeopathy.  In  1860  he  saw  fit  to  change  his  practice  en- 
tirely from  allopathy  to  homeopathy.  For  this  reason  he  was  tried  by  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  Society  for  his  heresy,  and  was  expelled  from  it  by  his  former 
friends  and  associates.  This,  like  other  attacks  prompted  by  ignorance 
and  prejudice,  especially  when  directed  at  a  man  of  Dr.  Walker's  reputa- 
tion for  honesty  and  intelligence,  could  only  serve  to  make  him  better 
known  and  lead  to  a  more  general  understanding  of  homeopathic  prin- 
ciples and  practice.  The  controversy  seems  to  have  excited  general  pub- 
lic interest  outside  as  well  as  in  medical  circles.  In  all  the  various  con- 
troversies into  which  Dr.  Walker  was  called  with  his  former  colleagues 
he  had  the  advantage  of  the  gentlemanky  and  liberal,  as  well  as  the  keen 
.and  scholarly,  spirit  in  which  he  justified  his  course  and  brought  to  public 
attention  the  weaknesses  of  the  old  and  the  advantages  of  the  new  sys- 
tem. In  1861  Dr.  Walker  entered  the  Union  army  as  surgeon  of  a  regi- 
ment of  Missouri  volunteers.  Returning  to  the  city  in  1863  he  again  de- 
voted himself  to  private  practice,  and  was  an  influential  factor  in  the 
medical  life  of  the  two  succeeding  decades.  In  1888  he  again  went  to 
•California,  where  he  remained  until  his  death,  which  occurred  at  Los 
Angeles  in  1895. 

Dr.  E.  C.  Franklin,  who  came  to  St.  Louis  as  a  homeopath  about  the 
time  of  Dr.  Walker's  trial,  had  gone  through  a  similar  experience,  having 
himself  previously  passed  from  the  old  school  to  the  homeopathic  prac- 


136  oxE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

tice.  A  man  of  very  decided  views  and  impulsive  spirit,  he  had  in  earlier 
years  hotly  contested  in  personal  disputations  the  innovation  of  homeop- 
athy upon  old  school  methods,  but  added  observations  and  final  personal 
experience  convinced  his  judgment  in  spite  of  his  personal  prejudice,  and 
at  the  time  of  his  coming  to  St.  Louis,  in  1857,  he  had  been  practicing 
homeopathy  for  several  years  at  Dubuque,  la.  Previously  he  had  been 
spending  some  time  in  Panama,  where  he  had  contracted  a  stubborn  form  of 
fever  and  was  compelled  to  leave.  Returning  to  Yew  York,  he  had,  after 
Trying  effectually  all  the  usual  medical  treatment,  been  promptly  cured 
by  homeopathic  remedies.  Finally,  convinced  of  the  efficacy  of  the  treat- 
ment, he  adopted  its  principles  and  entered  with  enthusiasm  upon  its  prac- 
tice. Dr.  Franklin  was  a  descendant  cf  the  family  of  Benjamin  Franklin, 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Prof.  Valentine  Mott,  and  graduated  in  medicine  from 
the  University  of  Xew  York  in  1846.  lie  was  a  skilled  surgeon,  and  the 
author  of  '•Franklins  Surgery."  His  varied  experience,  added  to  his  nat- 
ural energy  and  ability,  gave  him  a  place  of  usefulness  and  influence  in 
the  profession  and  in  the  work  of  the  college  just  started.  Decided  and 
aggressive  in  his  views  and  strong  in  his  prejudices,  Dr.  Franklin  was  a 
"good  hater,*'  and  never  shunned  a  controversy  with  friend  or  foe.  He 
was  repeatedly  engaged  in  disputes  with  those  of  opposing  medical  views, 
through  those  early  years,  one  of  which,  carried  on  through  the  press  with 
Prof.  M.  L.  Linton  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  (allopathic),  under 
the  title  of  "Medical  Science  and  Common  Sense,"  excited  much  public 
interest.  The  breaking  out  of  the  Avar  in  1861  interrupted  the  promising 
development  of  homeopathy  at  this  period,  affecting  it  in  common  with 
all  other  public  interests.  Many  physicians  entered  the  arrtry,  among  them 
Dr.  Franklin,  as  surgeon  of  a  regiment  of  Missouri  Volunteers.  On  leav- 
ing the  army  he  returned  to  St.  Louis  and  accepted  the  Chair  of  Surgery 
in  the  Homeopathic  College.  He  remained  for  many  years  identified  with 
the  interests  of  the  profession  here,  filling  with  honor,  among  other  posi- 
tions of  prominence,  those  of  president  and  vice-president  of  the  "Western 
Academy  of  Homeopathy  and  of  the  American  Institute  of  Homeopathy. 
Several  calls  to  other  cities  had  been  declined,  but  in  1876  he  went  to  fill 
the  Chair  of  Surgery  in  the  University  of  Michigan  at  Ann  Arbor.  Early 
in  the  '80s  he  returned  to  St.  Louis  and  remained  in  active  practice  till 
his  death  in  1885.  He  was  a  firm  friend  of  Gen.  Frank  P.  Blair,  and 
his  medical  attendant  in  his  last  illness. 

Another  of  the  physicians  who  came  to  St.  Louis  about  the  time  of 
the  formation  of  the  college,  and  whom  St.  Louis  will  always  be  proud  to- 
number  among  her  citizens  and  professional  men,  was  William  Todd  Hel- 
niuth,  a  young  man  who,  at  the  age  of  25,  had  won  for  himself  a  reputa- 
tion fast  becoming  national.  Born  and  educated  in  Philadelphia,  he  grad- 
uated at  the  age  of  20  at  the  Homeopathic  Medical  College  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  earl}"  developed  a  fondness  for  surgery,  and  in  1855  he  pub- 
lished his  work,  entitled,  "Surgery  and  Its  Adaptation  to  Homeopathic 
Practice."  On  coming  to  St.  Louis  Dr.  Hemruth  entered  with  character- 
istic energy  and  zeal  into  all  the  public  and  professional  interests  of  the 
time.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first  faculty  of  the  new  college,  filling  the 
Chair  of  Anatomy  and  afterward  that,  of  Surgery;  surgeon  to  the  Good 
Samaritan  Hospital;  represented  St.  Louis  at  the  meeting  of  the  American 
Institute  in^lSCG  at  Yew  York,  where  he  delivered  the  annual  address,  the 
following  year  becoming  its  President,  at  the  same  time  being  associated 
in  a  literary  way  with  the  homeopathic  journals  and  the  publication  of 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  137    . 

monographs  and  other  literary  work,  laboring  in  all  these  with  enthusiasm, 
and  at  once  carrying  on  a  large  and  increasing  practice  with  a  snccess  that 
constantly  extended  his  already  brilliant  reputation.  In  1864  he  went 
to  Europe  to  further  his  surgical  observation  and  experiences.  On  his  re- 
turn, differences  having  arisen  as.  to  the  management  of  the  college,  he, 
with  Dr.  Comstock,  Dr.  D.  E.  Luytics  and  others,  organized  a  new  col- 
lege, called  the  "St.  Louis  College  of  Homeopathic  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons," which,  however,  was  shortlived,  and  after  two  sessions  was  amal- 
gamated with  the  Homeopathic  College  of  Missouri.  In  1870  Dr.  Helmuth 
accepted  a  call  to  the  Chair  of  Surgery  in  the  Homeopathic  Medical  Col- 
lege of  Xew  York  City,  where  'he  still  remains  as  dean  of  the  college  and 
an  honored  citizen. 

Dr.  T.  G-riswold  Comstock  was  a  pioneer  of  the  homeopathic  school 
in  St.  Louis.  A  lineal  descendant  of  the  "Mayflower'  stock,  he  came  here, 
a  young  man,  with  ancestry  of  repute  in  medical  and  other  literature,  and 
studied  medicine  under  Dr.  J.  V.  Prather,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  College,  in  which  he  took  his  first  degree  of  "Doctor  of 
Medicine.''  His  independence  of  mind  had  already  led  him  to  consider 
the  merits  of  the  new  practice,  and  soon  after  his  graduation  he  began  a 
thorough  investigation  of  the  subject,  under  the  special  direction  of  Dr. 
J.  T.  Temple  as  his  preceptor,  which  resulted  in  his  adopting  the  homeo- 
pathic views.  Going  to  Philadelphia  in  1853,  he  became  a  student  of  the 
Homeopathic  Medical  College  of  Pennsylvania;  where  he  graduated,  after 
which,  returning  to  St.  Louis,  he  entered,  successfully  into  practice.  After 
a  short  time  he  went  abroad  to  visit  the  hospitals  of  Europe,  and  finally 
matriculated  in-  the  University  of  Vienna,  where  he  took  the  examination 
in  the  German  language,  and  was  honored  with  the  degree  of  "Master  in 
Obstetrics."  Eeturning  to  this  country  he  again  commenced  practice  in 
St.  Louis  in  1858.  He  soon  became  engaged  in  college  and  hospital  work, 
and  his  name  has  ever  since  been  closely  connected  with  the  history  and 
progress  of  homeopathy  in  St.  Louis  and  the  "West. 

XOTED  PBACTITIOXEES.— St.  Louis  has  from  the  first  been  espe- 
ciallv  rich  in  its  surgical  talent.  Few  of  the  cities  of  the  country  have 
been  able  to  boast  of  an  equal  number  of  surgeons  of  eminence.  Some 
time  before  Dr.  Helmuth  left,  Dr.  Scott  P.  Parsons  had  come  to  St.  Louis, 
a  young  practitioner,  and  had  already  attracted  attention  as  a  brilliant  and 
successful  lecturer  and  demonstrator  of  anatomy  and  surgery,  a  repu- 
tation which  rapidly  increased  as  he  entered  upon  the  practice  of  sur- 
gery as  a  specialty.  Dr.  Parsons  practically  began  his  professional  career 
in  St.  Louis.  Born  In  Maine,  he  had  graduated  in  medicine  at  an  early 
age  from  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College  of  Chicago.  Going  abroad,  he 
availed  himself  of  the  opportunity  for  medical  study  in  Europe,  spending 
a  year  in  London,  where  he  saw  and  heard  the  eminent  English  surgeon, 
Sir  William  Ferguson.  Eeturning  to  America  he  settled  in  St.  Louis,  and 
at  once  became  active  in  dispensary  and  college  work,  holding  the  Chair 
of  Anatomy  and  afterward  for  many  years  that  of  Surgery.  Through 
the  past  twenty-five  years  homeopathy  in  the  college  and  city  has  had  an 
able  and  strong  supporter  in  Dr.  Parsons,  a  representative  to  whom  it  can 
refer  with  pride  and  confidence.  As  a  surgeon,  he  works  rapidly,  with 
a  steadiness  and  assurance  that  is  never  disturbed.  An  opportunity  for  wit- 
nessing his  operations  has  long  been  a  privilege  sought  and  valued  by  the 
profession.  He  is  still  in  active  practice,  but  his  impaired  health  prevents 
his  now  engaging  in  special  college  work.     His  son,  Dr.  Scott  E.  Parsons, 


136  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

has  recently  graduated  from  our  St.  Louis  College,  arid  is  following  his 
fathers  specialty. 

W.  B  Morgan,  A.  11. .  M.  I).,  came  to  St.  Louis  from  Wisconsin  in  1876, 
attended  the  Homeopathic  Medical  College  here,  graduating  in  1878.  Soon 
after  his  graduation  he  became  connected  with  his  Alma  Mater,  holding 
the  Chair  of  Anatomy  for  ten  year-,  until  he  took  that  of  Surgery,  which 
he  still  holds.  Aide  and  faithful  in  professional  work,  and  giving  freely 
of  his  time  and  service-,  he  has  always  been  identified  with  the  interests  of 
the  profession,  and  has  repeatedly  served  as  president  of  the  local  medical 
society  and  once  as  president  of  the  Missouri  Institute  of  Homeopathy. 

Another  who  has  made  a  reputation  in  gynecological  surgery  and 
practice  is  William  C.  Eichardson,  and  the  Homeopathic  Medical  College 
in  St.  Louis  is  proud  to  number  him  among  her  graduates.  He  took  his 
degree  in  1868,  and  since  that  time  has  been  constant  in  his  interests  and 
efforts  on  her  behalf,  and  to  him,  perhans,  more  than  to  any  other  one,  she 
owes  her  present  name  and  rank  as  an  institution.  At  the  time  of  a  crisis 
in  her  history  he  will  be  remembered  as  coming  to  her  rescue,  and  by  his 
influence  and  activity  doing  much  to  secure  for  her  friends  and  supporters. 
At  an  early  age  he  enlisted  in  the  cavalry  service  of  the  Union  army,  re- 
maining there  until  the  close  of  the  war.  when  he  came  to  St.  Louis  and 
made  it  his  home.  After  his  graduation  he  entered  immediately  upon  pro- 
fessional work  here,  which  rapidly  increased  to  a  large  practice.  In  1872 
he  published  his  work  on  obstetrics.  He  has  constantly  filled  positions 
in  the  college  faculty,  and  at  present,  besides  his  professorship,  holds  the 
office  of  dean.  Well-known  in  city  affairs,  he  is  a  member  of  various  or- 
ganizations, and  is  now  upon  his  second  term  as  Public  Administrator  of 
the  city.  Dr.  Comstock  is  proud  to  say  that  Dr.  Eichardson  commenced 
the  study  of  medicine  in  his  office. 

Tn  1S69,  at  the  Homeopathic  College  of  Missouri,  graduated  a  young 
man  destined  to  become  one  of  the  leading  specialists  of  the  country.  Dr. 
James  A.  Campbell,  a  son  of  the  late  Dr.  Campbell,  a  native  of  Wisconsin, 
came  to  St.  Louis  as  a  mere  lad.  He  graduated  in  medicine,  the  valedicto- 
rian of  his  class.  lie  at  first  hesitated  as  to  what  special  branch  of 
medical  work  to  adopt,  but  soon  his  interests  were  turned  into  an  absorbing 
channel,  and  in  the  spring  of  1873  he  went  abroad  for  the  special  study 
of  the  eye  and  ear,  remaining  till  the  fall  of  1874  and  devoting  his  time 
to  the  large  eye  and  ear  hospitals  and  specialties  at  the  University  of 
Vienna  and  later  in  London.  Since  his  return  Dr.  Campbell  has  de- 
voted himself  to  the  enthusiastic  and  exclusive  pursuits  of  his  chosen  spe- 
cialty, in  which  he  now  stands  at  the  head.  Dr.  Campbell  has  given  with 
great  generosity  of  his  time  and  skill  to  the  institutions;  has  held  the 
Chair  of  Opthalmology  and  Otology  in  the  college  for  nearly  twenty-five 
years,  serving  for  the  same  period  on  the  medical  staff  of  the  Good  Sa- 
maritan Hospital,  and  gives  his  services  in  a  like  capacity  to  the  Girls' 
Industrial  Home  and  the  St.  Louis  Children's  Free  Hospital.  He  is  a 
hard  worker  in  his  profession,  in  the  interests  of  which  he  has  found  time 
to  take  additional  trips  abroad,  on  one  of  which,  besides  visiting  the  hos- 
pitals of  Europe,  he  served  as  delegate  from  the  American  Institute  of 
Homeopathy  to  the  National  Medical  Association  of  France  and  England. 

Dr.  J.  Martine  Kershaw  is  another  aide  physician  for  whom  St.  Louis 
is  indebted  to  our  own  college,  where  he  graduated  about  1869.  He  has 
marked  ability,  indomitable  energy  and  industry,  and  has  a  first-class  pro- 
fessional position.     To  his  practice  he  has  added  occasional  literary  work, 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  13') 

contributing    to   the    "Medical   Journal'*"    and   publishing   various    mono- 
graphs, and  is  at  present  editor  of  the  "Clinical  Reporter." 

Dr.  C.  H.  Goodman,  a  physician  of  prominence,  was  a  pupil  of  Dr. 
Hehnuth  and  a  graduate  of  Hahnemann's  Medical  College  of  Philadelphia, 
also  a  graduate  of  Yale  and  a  man  of  literary  tastes  and  habits.  He  is  a 
college  worker  (having  occupied  the  Chair  of  Theory  and  Practice  in  the 
Homeopathic  Medical  College  of  Missouri  for  several  years),  one  of  the 
physicians  of  the  Children's  Hospital  and  secretary  of  it-  medical  staff 
In  the  prime  of  life,  with  the  promise  of  a  long  and  successful  future,  he 
enjoys  a  large  practice  among  the  best  people  of  the  community. 

Among  others  who  have  long  honored  the  new  school  practice  we  may 
mention  Dr.  Charles  H.  Ghmdelaeh,  who,  after  a  long  and  successful  prac- 
tice, still  remains  and  enjoys  a  special  representation  in  the  treatment  of 
children's  diseases.  His  son,  W.  J.  Gundelach,  is  associated  with  his  fath- 
er, and  is  one  of  the  professors  of  the  Homeopathic  Medical  College  of 
Missouri.  In  the  necrological  report  of  the  transactions  of  the  American 
Institute  of  Homeopathv  for  lSb-5.  which  met  in  St.  Louis  that  year,  is 
found  the  record  of  one  who  for  the  preceding  decade  had  made  St.  Louis 
his  home,  and  who  died  the  preceding  December.  Philo  Gr.  Valentine.  A. 
M..  M.  D.,  a  graduate  of  Ann  Arbor  University  and  surgeon  in  the  Con- 
federate army,  came  to  St.  Louis  from  Tennessee,  and  until  a  short  time 
before  his  death  had  been  well-known  in  the  medical  fraternity.  For  many 
vear«  he  served  as  professor  and  registrar  of  the  Homeopathic  Medical 
College  of  Missouri.  He  was  founder  and  editor  of  the  "St.  Louis  Clinical 
Review"'"  and  also  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  where  he  ac- 
quitted himself  with  honor,  having  been  appointed  by  Gov.  Crittenden. 
Dr.  William  Collison  is  another  whose  labors  have  been  completed.  He 
came  to  the  practice  of  the  "new  mode"'"  from  Illinois  about  1880.  By 
the  help  of  a  strong  magnetic  personality,  with  education  and  experience, 
he  at  once  succeeded  in  business  and  wielded  a  large  professional  influence, 
but  was  cut  off  suddenly  by  an  obstinate  surgical  disease.  He  died  greatly 
lamented.  He  was  succeeded  in  practice  by  his  nephew,  Dr.  W.  John  Har- 
ris, a  graduate  of  our  St.  Louis  college,  who  remains  in  practice,  an  enter- 
prising professional  man,  and  a  member  of  the  present  faculty  of  the 
college. 

Another  physician  for  many  years  actively  engaged  in  college  and  other 
professional  work  in  St.  Louis  was  Dr.  John  Conzelman,  who  also  left  a 
successor  and  valuable  representative  of  homeopathy  in  St.  Louis  in  his 
son,  T.  W.  Conzelman.  Dr.  W.  A.  Edmunds,  whose  name  for  the  past- 
twenty  years  has  been  familiar  in  the  city  practice  and  college  work,  is  no 
longer  identified  with  the  profession  here,  as  he  has  recently  retired 
Irom  practice,  and  is  living  in  his  native  State  of  Kentucky.  He  has  been 
a  contributor  to  medical  literature  through  various  journals  and  by  a 
public  work  on  "'Diseases  of  Children,*'*  and  at  the  time  of  leaving  St. 
Louis  was  associate  editor  of  the  "'Clinical  Reporter"'"  and  Professor  of 
Obstetrics  in  the  college.  Dr.  J.  C.  Cummings  came  to  St.  Louis  with  an 
extensive  hospital  and  armv  experience  as  a  Confederate  surgeon,  gained 
during  the  Civil  AVar,  and  has  been  a  faithful  and  intelligent  practitioner, 
both  in  private  practice  and  hospital  and  college  work,  being  especially 
effective  in  his  work  as  a  hygienist  and  clinical  professor  among  the  physi- 
cians in  the  St.  Louis  Children's  Free  Hospital. 

Dr.  Gr.  B.  Morrell  has  been  a  prominent  factor  in  matters  medical,  and 
was  a  professor  in  the  Homeopathic  Medical  College,  but  an  illness  in  his 


140  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

family  drew  him  away  from  St.  Louis  for  a  long  time.  Recently  lie  has 
returned,  and  now  resides  with  his  amiable  daughter.  The  doctor  is  again 
in  active  practice  with  a  good  clientele.  Dr.  R.  A.  Phclan  has  in  years 
past  given  valuable  assistance  in  public  professional  work,  and  still  con- 
tinues in  active  practice. 

Dr.  A.  H.  Schott,  an  able  physician  and  accurate  prescribe!*,  besides 
carrying  on  an  increasing  practice,  has  long  served  the  college  as  Professor 
of  Theory  and  Practice.  Dr.  W.  L.  Reed,  originally  an  allopath,  came 
to  St.  Louis  about  1889,  and  has  identified  himself  with  college  work  and 
served  ably  as  Professor  of  Materia  Mediea,  and  is  now  enjoying  a  large 
private  practice.  Of  the  younger  men,  Dr.  W.  J.  Burleigh  has  already  ren- 
dered valuable  service  to  the  college  and  hospital  work  of  the  city,  and 
promises  a  strong  future. 

Our  college  has  graduated  many  men  valuable  to  the  profession.  Of 
those  not  mentioned  who  have  settled  in  St.  Louis,  Drs.  G-.  S.  Schuricht  and 
Franklin  T.  Knox  have  practiced  here  for  two  or  more  decades,  and  among 
more  recent  graduates  who  are  giving  freely  of  time  and  services  to  the 
medical  institutions  are  Drs.  L.  C.  McElwee,  now  registrar  of  the  col- 
lege; J.  D.  Foulon  and  F.  W.  Grundmann,  while  others  are  in  St.  Louis 
and  scattered  over  the  country  whose  names  the  city  and  State  are  proud 
to  recall. 

Excellent  service  in  the  woman's  department  of  the  college  clinic  and 
other  professional  work  has  been  rendered  by  the  leading  physicians  of  the 
profession,  among  whom  are  Drs.  F.  W.  and  M.  IT.  Sargent,  L.  G-.  G-utherz, 
H.  Tyler  Wilcox,^" A.  D.  Chapman  and  E.  0.  Condon. 

PRESENT  CONDITION.— In  the  early  days  of  St.  Louis  homeopathy, 
and  until  the  elder  Dr.  Luyties  opened  his  pharmacy,  medicine  could  only 
be  procured  from  a  German  book  store,  kept  by  a  Mr.  TVesselhoeft,  on 
Fourth  street.  Mr.  Wesselhoeft  had  used  homeopathic  medicines  in  Ger- 
many, having,  it  is  said,  been  treated  by  Hahnemann  himself,  and  was  a 
school  enthusiast.  We  have  now  the  well  equipped  pharmacies  of  Munson, 
Zwartz  and  Luyties,  which  have  done  much  for  professional  and  personal 
convenience. 

As  time  advances  the  status  of  homeopathy  has  greatly  changed.  A 
creditable  advance  has  been  inaugurated  during  the  past  year  in  Missouri 
in  the  recent  transfer  of  one  of  the  State  lunatic  asylums — that  at  Fulton 
— to  the  homeopathic  control.  As  a  result  attacks  have  been  bitter  and 
severe  upon  our  Chief  Executive,  Gov.  Stephens,  through  whose 
action  rights  of  representation  were  recognized  in  this  instance  in  spite  of 
contrary  precedent,  and  these  attacks  are  still  continued  in  threats  and 
in  more  or  less  covert  plans  for  the  reversal  of  the  action.  It  is  to  be 
hoped  that  the  light  of  the  coming  twentieth  century  is  even  now  too  bril- 
liant to  longer  allow,  in  this  country  at  least,  a  system  of  monopoly  of 
privilege  in  the  interest  of  a  section — not  to  say  a  sect — of  the  people  and 
the  injustice  of  what  has  been  virtually  a  practice  of  "taxation  without 
representation."  Statistics  of  homeopathic  practice  in  insane  asylums 
in  other  States  have  shown  gratifying  results  as  comjjared  with  allopathic 
methods,  and  already  at  Fulton  the  new  control  indicates  marked  improve- 
ment in  several  important  particulars  and  a  condition  of  affairs  there 
which  is  full  of  promise. 

The  first  school  consecrated  to  the  healing  art  was  at  Salerno,  in  Italy, 
about  A.  D.  S16;  the  period  of  '"darkness  in  Europe."     It  was  regarded  as 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  141 

authority  for  900  years,  and  was  visited  by  crowds  of  patients,  among  them 
crowned  heads  and  others  of  the  most  eminent  rank  from  distant  countries. 
It  ceased  to  exist  in  the  first  years  of  this  century,  in  1S11.  What  a  con- 
trast between  the  medical  ideas  of  that  day  and  the  advanced  hygiene  and 
medical  science  of  the  present  time ! 

In  medicine,  as  in  all  else,  effects  respond  to  causes,  and  the  prolonga- 
tion of  human  life  of  more  1han  30  per  cent  in  the  past  100  years  has  re- 
sulted mainly  from  the  great  progress  made  in  the  healing  art. 


THE  MISSOURI  INSTITUTE  OF  HOMEOPATHY. 

The  convention  of  Homeopathic  physicians  which  met  in  Sedalia, 
Mo.,  on  May  10,  1876,  was  called  to  order  by  Dr.  D.  T.  Abell  of  Sedalia. 
The  meeting  was  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  a  society  of  Homeopaths 
in  the  State  of  Missouri. 

The  temporary  officers  elected  were*.  President,  Dr.  H.  T.  Cooper, 
Clinton,  Mo.;  secretary,  Dr.  W.  H.  Jenny,  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  and  a  com- 
mittee composed  of  Drs.  E.  C.  Franklin,  St.  Louis;  Philo  G.  Valentine, 
St.  Louis,  and  W.  S.  Hedges,  Warrensburg,  who  were  instructed  to  draft 
a  constitution  and  code  of-  by-laws. 

The  constitution  and  by-laws  presented  by  this  committee  were 
adopted,  and  under  their  provisions  the  Missouri  State  Homeopathic  In- 
stitute elected  its  first  officers  as  follows: 

President — Dr.  John  T.  Temple,  St.  Louis. 
Vice-President — Dr.  D.  T.  Miles,  St.  Louis. 
General  Secretary — Dr.  W.  H.  Jenny,  Kansas  City. 
Provisional  Secretary — Dr.  D.  T.  Abell,  Sedalia. 
Treasurer — Dr.  W.  S.  Hedges,  Warrensburg. 

Board  of  Censors — Drs.  E.  C.  Franklin,  St.  Louis:  W.  H.  Jenny,  Kan- 
sas City;  H.  T.  Cooper,  Clinton. 

In  addition  to  these  officers,  those  who  became  members  at  the  time 
of  organization  were : 

Dr.  S.  B.  Parsons,  St.  Louis.  Dr.  A.  Uhlemeyer,  St.  Louis. 

Dr.  S.  H.  Anderson,  Kansas  City.  Dr.  Geo.  S.  Walker,  St.  Louis. 

Dr.  J.  Hausam,  Concordia.  Dr.  Peter  Baker,  Kansas  City. 

Dr.   S.   G.  Merrill,  Moberly.  Dr.  J.  Hicox,  St.  Louis. 

Dr.  Philo  G.  Valentine,  St.  Louis.  Dr.  A.  S.  Everett,  Denver,  Colo. 

Dr.  J.  P.  Bahrenburg,  Eed  Bud,  111.  Dr.  J.  C.  Pennington,  Logan,  Kan. 

Dr.  J.  L.  Whitne}T,  Lincoln,  Xeb. 

These  twenty  original  members  started  the  institute  upon  such  a  firm 
foundation  that  at  present  it  numbers  more  than  300  active  members,  be- 
sides 40  honorary  members,  the,  latter  being  Homeopathic  physicians  living 
in  other  States,  who,  by  their  professional  labors  and  attainments,  have 
merited  the  distinction. 

Meetings  are  held  annually,  alternately  in  St.  Louis  and  Kansas  City, 
and  are  attended  by  large  numbers  of  physicians  from  all  over  the  United 
States. 

Among  the  names  of  deceased  members  who  achieved  especial  end- 


142  ONE   HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

nence  during  their  lives  as  Homeopathic  practitioners  are  those  of  George 
S.  Walker,  M.  D.,  formerly  of  St.  Louis,  well-known  as  a  gynecologist; 
E.  C.  Franklin.  M.  D.,  of  St.  Louis,  one  of  the  pioneer  surgeons  of" the 
West  in  the  Homeopathic  ranks;  D.  E.  Luyties,  M.  D. ;  A.  Uhlemeyer,  M. 
D.;  P.  G.  Valentine,  M.  D.;  Peter  Baker,  M.  D.;  J.  T.  Temple,  M. 
W.  A.  Edmonds,  M.  D.;  J.  C.  Cummings,  M  D.,  and  many  ethers. 

Among  those  at  present  in  active  membership  are  men  whose  names 
are  familiar  in  every  medical  center  in  the  United  States  and  some  whose 
reputations  have  become  international. 

The  name  of  this  body  was  changed  in  1890  to  its  present  style,  the 
Missouri  Institute  of  Homeopathy. 

Officers  for  1890-1900: 

President — L.  G.  Van  Scoyoc,  M.  D.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

General  Secretary — Willis  Young,  M.  D.,  St.  Louis. 

Treasurer — Scott  Parsons,  Jr.,  M.  D.,  St.  Louis. 

Alec-President— A.  H.  Schott,  M.  D.,  St.  Louis. 

Provisional  Secretary — H.  M.  Fryor,  M.  D.,  Kansas  City. 

Necrologist — AY.  H.  Westover.  St.  Joseph. 

Board  of  Censors — James  A.  Campbell,  M.  D.,  St.  Louis;  J.  Martine 
Kershaw,  M.  D.,  St.  Louis;  Wm.  C.  Richardson,  M.  D.,  St.  Louis;  Edward 
Francis  Brady,  M.  D.,  St.  Louis. 


THE  ECLECTIC  SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE.* 

The  Eclectic  Practice  of  Medicine,  originally  called  the  Eeform  Prac- 
tice, first  took  its  rise  in  the  city  of  New  York  in  or  about  the  year  1827. 
Dr.  Wooster  Beach,  who  received  his  medical  degree  in  the  medical  de- 
partment of  the  University  of  New  York,  and  had  placed  himself  under 
circumstances  for  observing  the  deleterious  and  destructive  effects  of 
mercury,  conceived  that  suffering  humanity  called  for  a  reformation  in 
medical  science.  In  that  day  bleeding  the  patient  and  the  administra- 
tion of  calomel  to  the  extent  of  salivation  was  the  common  practice,  and 
he  concluded  that  there  must  be  a  more  rational  plan  of  cure.  Amidst 
great  persecution  he  boldly  advocated  that  medicine  should  be  given  in 
disease  that  would  act  in  harmony  with  nature's  effort  to  cure  and  not 
with  an  antagonism  to  this  law  of  nature. 

Dr.  Beach  soon  gained  great  reputation  in  the  successful  methods 
he  had  adopted,  and  the  sick  crowded  upon  him  for  treatment  until  he 
was  forced  to  erect  an  edifice  for  their  care.  In  this  infirmary  he  treated, 
by  the  aid  of  his  assistants,  over  2,100  patients  during  the  first  year. 

In  1829  Dr.  Beach  opened  up  a  school  for  teaching  his  methods,  and 
named  this  institution  "The  New  York  Medical  Academy."  From  the 
adherents  of  this  school  another  college  was  soon  established  at  Worth- 
ington,  O.,  which  became  the  medical  department  of  Worthington  Col- 
lege. At  first  this  effort  met  with  bitter  opposition,  but  the  progress 
was  still  onward.  At  the  end  of  ten  or  twelve  years  this  school  was 
discontinued,  or,  in  its  stead,  the  Eclectic  Medical  Institute  of  Cincin- 
nati was  organized  in  1815,  which  has  maintained  a  successful  existence 
from  that  day  to  the  present,  and  bears  the  name  of  being  the  "mother 

•Prepared  by  Dr.  Edwin  Tounkin,   St.  Louis. 


PROF.    BOOSTER    BEACH, 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


143 


school/'  because  from  its  graduates  other  colleges  have  been  organized 
in  New  York,  Georgia,  California,  Nebraska,  Iowa,  Indiana  and  Mis- 
souri. 

The  distinctive  features  of  the  Eclectic  School  of  Medicine  are  to  use 
remedies  that  will  aid  nature  in  the  removal  of  disease;  to  select  reme- 
dies from  all  sources  that  have  proven  by  test  and  experience  to  act  as 
curative  in  certain  pathological  states:  to  encourage  and  foster  a  rigid 
and  scientific  investigation  of  the  specific  action  of  drugs,  and  to  use 
the  specific  medicines  as  far  as  this  science  has  proven  the  direct  or  spe- 
cific action  in  the  pathological  conditions. 

In  1870  J.  E.  Callaway,  M.  E>.,  now  residing  in  Chillicothe.  Mo.,  a 
graduate  of  the  Eclectic  Medical  Institute  of  Cincinnati,  issued  a  call  for 
an  organization  of  the  "eclectics"  of  Missouri,  and  in  June  of  that  year 
a  meeting  was  held  in  Chillicothc  in  response  to  the  call.  There  were 
present  Dr.  J.  E.  Callaway,  Dr.  William  Gates  of  Greentop,  Dr.  Avery  of 
Kirksville,  Dr.  Josiah  Gates  of  La  Plata,  Dr.  S.  Y.  Stoller  of  Hamilton, 
Dr.  Weaver  of  Chillicothe,  Dr.  Goodsen  of  Cambria,  Dr.  J.  P.  Dice  of 
Coloma,  Dr.  Chaffe  of  Breekenridge,  Dr.  J.  A.  Munk  of  Chillicothe  and  a 
number  of  others  whose  names  cannot  be  recalled.  Dr.  J.  E.  Callaway 
Avas  chosen  as  the  first  president  of  the  society  and  was  re-elected  at  the 
next  annual  meeting.  This  societ}r,  the  Eclectic  Medical  Society  of  the 
State  of  Missouri,  has  held  its  sessions  annually  ever  since,  and  is  in  a 
prosperous  condition.  The  membership  of  Eclectics  in  the  State  is  now 
estimated  at  about  700. 

In  1873  the  American  Medical  College  of  St.  Louis  was  organized. 
The  charter  members  were  Jacob  S.  Merrell,  a  well-known  local  druggist;. 
George  C.  Pitzer,  M.  D.;  John  W.  Thrailkill.  M.  D. ;  P.  D.  Yost, 
M.  D.,  and  Albert  Merrell,  M.  D.  Dr.  Thrailkill  was  the  first  dean.  Af- 
ter two  or  three  years  he  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Pitzer,  who  held  the  posi- 
tion for  fifteen  years,  and  he,  resigning  in  1887,  the  deanship  was  taken 
by  Edwin  Younkin,  M.  D.,  who  has  filled  this  position  from  that  time  to 
the  present.  Dr.  Younkin  became  identified  with  the  college  in  1875  as 
Professor  of  Surgery,  and  has  lectured  on  that  subject  from  four  to  six 
times  a  week  at  every  session  since  1875.  The  American  Medical  College 
has  graduates  in  every  State  in  the  Union,  and  has  always  upheld  the 
standard  of  medical  education.  It  is  well  equipped  for  teaching,  has 
about  fifteen  professors,  is  supplied  with  laboratories  and  clinics,  has  access 
to  the  City  Hospitals,  and  its  students  upon  the  matriculation  lists  num- 
ber about  2,500. 

The  American  Medical  Journal  is  the  organ  of  Eclectic  medicine  and 
surgery  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  and  is  one  of  the  leading  journals  of  the 
Eclectic  School  of  Medicine.  Its  first  volume  was  published  in  1873.  Dr. 
John  W.  Thrailkill  assumed  the  editorial  work.  In  1871  Dr.  George  C. 
Pitzer  took  charge  of  the  Journal  and  published  it  every  month  until 
1887.  Dr.  Edwin  Younkin  then  assumed  control  and  issued  it  until  Oc- 
tober, 1898,  at  which  time  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  M.  Hamlin.  M.  D,, 
who  is  the  editor-in-chief  at  the  present  time.  This  journal  has  been  is- 
sued regularly  the  first  of  every  month  without-  a  single  failure.  It  has 
always  been  a  special  advocate  of  progressive,  liberal  medicine;  independ- 
ent in  all  things,  dogmatical  in  nothing;  its  aim  has  been  to  elevate  the 
standard  of  the  medical  profession— scientifically,  socially  and  morally. 
It  allows  the  largest  liberty  to  its  correspondents;  its  ethics  are  based 
primarily  on  the  principles  of  the  Golden  Kule.     Its  contributors  have  been 


144 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


the  best  writers  throughout  the  United  States  and  some  from  foreign 
countries. 


ECLECTIC  MEDICAL  WRITERS  OF  THE  STATE. 


P.  D.  Yost,  M.  D. 
J.  T.  McClanahan,  M,  D. 
J.  A.  Munk,  M.  D. 
J.  E.  Callaway,  M.  D. 
S.  V.  Stoller,  M.  D. 
George  C.  Pitzer,  M.  D. 
E.   Younkin,  M.  D. 
E.  L.  Standlee,  M.  D. 
M.  M.  Hamlin,  M.  D. 


Albert  Merrell,  M.  D. 
A.  W.  Davidson,  M.  D. 
H.  D.  Quigg,  M.  D. 
F.  A.  Rew,  M.  D. 
Gr.  D.  Walker,  M.  D. 
William  Biles,  M.  D. 
H.  H.  Helbing,  M.  D. 
John  L.  Ingram,  M.  D. 
A.  F.  Stevens,  M.  D. 


MEDICINE   AND    SURGERY.  145 


CHAPTER  XI.— STATE  BOARD  OF  HEALTH.* 

The  statutes  creating  the  State  Board  of  Health,  and  defining  its  pow- 
ers and  duties,  etc.,  are  as  follows  (Rev.  Stat.,  1S89,    Chap.  79): 

Section  5417.  Board  Created. — The  Governor,  hy  and  with  the  ad- 
vice and  consent  of  the  Senate,  shall  appoint  seven  persons,  who  shall  con- 
stitute a  board,  which  shall  he  styled  the  "State  Board  of  Health  of 
Missouri."  The  members  so  appointed  shall  hold  their  office  for  the 
term  of  seven  years;  provided,  however,  that  in  the  first  appointments 
under  this  act  four  such  members  shall  hold  their  office  for  two  years 
and  three  members  for  four  years.  All  vacancies  occurring  in  the  board 
shall  be  filled  by  the  Governor  of  the  State,  and  when  made  when  the 
Senate  is  not  in  session,  will  be  subject  to  confirmation  at  the  next  en- 
suing session  of  the  Senate. 

Sec.  5418.  Qualifications  of. — At  least  five  of  said  board  shall  be 
physicians  in  good  standing  and  of  recognized  professional  and  scientific 
knowledge,  and  graduates  of  reputable  medical  schools,  and  they  shall 
have  been  residents  of  the  State  for  at  least  five  years  next  preceding 
their  appointment,  provided,  that  in  the  appointments  made  there  shall 
~be  no  discrimination  made  against  the  different  systems  of  medicine  that 
are  recognized  as  reputable  by  the  laws  of  this  State. 

Sec.  5419.  Its  Powers  and  Duties. — The  State  Board  of  Health  shall 
have  general  supervision  over  the  health  and  the  sanitary  interests  of  the 
citizens  of  the  State.  It  shall  be  their  duty  to  recommend  to  the  Gen- 
eral  Assembly  of  the  State  such  laws  as  they  may  deem  necessary  to  im- 
prove and  advance  the  sanitary  condition  of  the  State,  to  recommend  to 
the  municipal  authorities  of  any  city  or  to  the  county  courts  of  any 
county  the  adoption  of  any  rules  that  they  may  deem  wise  or  expedient 
■for  the  protection  and  preservation  of  the  health  of  the  citizens  thereof. 

Sec.  5420.  May  Quarantine,  when. — Whenever  the  State  -Board  of 
Health  shall  be  satisfied  that  any  malignant,  contagious  or  infectious  dis- 
ease exists  in  any  city,  district  or  part  of  the  country  to  such  an  extent 
as  to  endanger  the  lives  of  the  inhabitants  of  any  part  of  the  State  of 
Missouri  having  direct  communication  with  such  infected  city,  district 
or  part  of  the  country,  said  board  shall  have  power,  by  a  majority  vote, 
io  establish  quarantine  regulations  against  such  infected  city  or  district 
and  may  determine  and  regulate  to  what  extent  and  hy  whom  any  com-- 
munication  or  business  transaction  with  such  infected,  city  or  district 
may  be  had,  and  establish  such  rules  and  regulations  as  may  be  deemed 
necessary  to  prevent  the  introduction  and  spread  of  such  disease,  and 
said  board  is  hereby  empowered  to  call  upon  any  executive  officer  of  the 
State  to  enforce  such  rules  and  regulations,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of 
all  public  officers,  sheriffs  and  constables  and  other  executive  officers 
of  the  State  to  assist  the  State  Board  of  Health  to  carry  out  the  provis- 
ions of  this  act. 

Sec.  5421.  Epidemics,  Notice  to  be  Given. — Whenever  the  State 
Board  of  Health  shall  declare  that  any  malignant,  infectious  or  con("a- 


*Prepared  by  Dr.     Albert  Merrell,  St.  Louis. 

10 


I<i6  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

gious  disease  is  epidemic  in  any  portion  of  the  country  or  the  State  of 
Missouri,  they  shall  immediately,  or  as  soon  thereafter  as  possible,  give 
notice  to  that  effect  to  the  citizens  of  the  State,  and  also  give  public- 
notice  of  the  rules  and  regulations  adopted  by  them  for  the  enforcement 
of  quarantine  in  infected  and  other  districts,  and  take  such  steps  or  adopt 
such  measures  as  they  may  deem  necessary  to  prevent  the  introduction 
of  such  disease. 

Sec.  5-1-22.  Penalty  for  Non-Compliance  with  Quarantine  Regulations. 
— Any  person  or  persons  failing,  after  notice,  or  refusing  to  comply 
with  the  quarantine  rules  and  regulations  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  as  es- 
tablished by  the  State  Board  of  Health,  or  any  person  or  persons  re- 
sisting by  force  the  enforcement  of  the  quarantine  regulations  of  the 
State  of  Missouri,  established  and  approved  as  aforesaid,  shall  be  deemed 
guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  on  conviction  thereof  shall  be  fined  not 
less  than  ten  nor  more  than  five  hundred  dollars  for  each  offense. 

Sec.  5423.  Supervision  of  Registration  of  Births  and  Deaths. — The- 
State  Board  of  Health  shall  have  a  supervision  of  the  registration  of  births 
and  deaths  as  hereinafter  provided;  they  shall  prescribe  such  forms  and 
recommend  such  legislation  as  shall  be  deemed  necessary  for  a  thorough 
and  complete  registration  of  vital  and  mortuary  statistics  through  the 
State.  The  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  shall  be  the  superin- 
tendent of  such  registration. 

See  5424.  Physicians,  etc.,  to  Report  Births  and  Deaths. — It  shall 
be  the  duty  of  all  physicians,  surgeons  and  accoucheurs  in  this  State  to 
register  their  names,  as  provided  by  law,  with  the  county  clerk  of  the- 
county  wherein  they  reside,  and  said  physicians,  surgeons  and  accoucheurs 
shall  be  required,  under  penalty  of  a  fine  of  ten  dollars,  to  be  recovered 
before  any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction  in  this  State,  by  indictment 
or  information  in  the  name  of  the  State,  to  report  to  the  county  clerk 
within  thirty  days  from  date  of  their  occurrence,  all  births  or  deaths 
which  may  come  under  their  supervision,  with  a  certificate  of  the  cause 
of  death  and  such  co-relative  facts  as  the  State  Board  of  Health  may 
require,  in  blank  form  hereinafter  provided. 

Sec.  5425.  When  no  Physician  Present  Who  to  Make  Report. — Where 
any  birth  or  death  shall  take  place,  no  physician,  surgeon  or  accoucheur 
being  in  attendance,  the  same  shall  be  reported  to  the  county  clerk 
within  thirty  days  from  the  date  of  the  occurrence  thereof,  with  supposed 
cause  of  death,  by  the  parent,  or  if  there  be  no  parent,  by  the  nearest 
of  kin,  not  a  minor,  or  if  there  be  no  kin,  by  the  resident  householder 
where  the  death  shall  occur,  under  penalty  as  provided  in  the  preceding 
section  of  this  act,  and  the  county  clerk  shall  record  the  said  report 
in  proper  form. 

Sec.  5426.  Coroner  to  Report  Deaths,  when. — The  coroners  of  the- 
several  counties  in  this  State  shall  be  required  to  report  to  the  county 
clerk  of  the  county  wherein  said  coroners  reside,  all  cases  of  death  which 
may  come  under  their  supervision,  with  the  cause  and  mode  of  death, 
as  per  form  furnished,  and  under  penalty  as  provided  in  section  eight  of 
this  act. 

Sec.  5427.  Board  to  Prepare  Blanks. — It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the- 
State  Board  of  Health  to  prepare  such  printed  forms  of  certificates  of 
births  and  deaths  as  they  deem  proper;  said  printed  forms  to  be  fur- 
nished by  the  Secretary  of  the  Board  to  the  county  clerks  of  the  several' 


-Jl 

> 

1-3 
a 

DQ 
Sj 

> 

72 

d 


ML 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  147 

counties  in  this  State;  and  it  shall  he  the  duty  of  the  said  county  clerks, 
as  aforesaid,  to  furnish  said  printed  forms,  as  aforesaid,  to  such  persons 
as  are  herein  required  to  make  reports. 

Sec.  5428.  Duties  of  County  Clerks. — The  county  clerks  of  the  sev- 
eral counties  in  this  State  shall  he  required  to  provide  separate  hooks  for 
the  registration  of  the  names  and  postofhce  address  of  physicians,  sur- 
geons and  accoucheurs  residing  in  their  respective  counties,  and  for  births 
and  deaths.  The  births  and  deaths  so  registered  shall,  after  the  31st 
day  of  December  of  each  year,  and  within  ten  days  thereafter,  he  tran- 
scribed in  alphabetical  order  in  a  permanent  record  book  to  be  kept  for 
that  purpose.  And  at  the  end  of  each  year  said  county  clerks  shall  make 
or  cause  to  be  made  a  complete  report  of  all  such  registrations  as  afore- 
said, and  forward  the  same  lo  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Health 
for  the  current  year,  or  a  duly  certified  copy  thereof. 

Sec.  5429.  Meetings  of  Board. — The  meetings  of  the  board  shall 
be  in  January  and  July  of  each  year,  and  at  such  other  times  as  the  board 
shall  deem  expedient.  The  meeting  in  January  of  each  year  shall  be 
held  in  the  city  of  Jefferson,  and  four  members  shall  constitute  a  quorum. 
The}r  shall  choose  from  their  number  a  president,  vice-president  and  a 
secretary,  and  they  may  adopt  rules  and  by-laws  for  their  government,  sub- 
ject to  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Sec.  5430.  Duties  of  Secretary — Compensation  of  Board. — The  sec- 
retary shall  perform  such  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by.  the  board  and 
this  act;  he  shall  receive  a  salary  which  shall  be  fixed  by  the  board;  he 
shall  also  receive  his  traveling  and  other  expenses  in  the  performance  of 
his  official  duties.  The  other  members  of  the  board  shall  receive  no  com- 
pensation for  their  services,  but  their  traveling  and  other  expenses  while 
employed  on  the  business  of  the  board  shall  be  paid.  The  president  of 
the  board  shall  certify  the  amount  to  the  secretary,  and  the  traveling  and 
other  expenses  of  members,  and  on  presentation  of  his  certificate  the 
Auditor  of  State  shall  draw  his  warrant  on  the  State  Treasurer  for  the 
amount. 

Sec.  5431.  Board  to  Take  Cognizance  of  Diseases  Among  Domestic 
Animals. — The  said  Board  of  Health  shall  take  cognizance  of  any  fatal 
diseases  which  may  be  prevalent  amongst  the  domestic  animals  of  the 
State,  and  ascertain  the  nature  and  cause  of  such  disease,  and  shall, 
from  time  to  time,  publish  the  result  of  their  investigations,  with  sug- 
gestions for  the  proper  treatment  of  such  animals  as  may  be  affected, 
and  the  remedy  or  remedies  therefor. 

Sec.  5432.  Board  to  Organize,  etc. — The  State  Board  of  Health  shall 
organize  within  thirty  days  after  the  appointment  of  the  members  there- 
of. The  president  of  the  board  shall  have  authority  to  administer  oaths, 
and  the  board  to  take  testimony  in  all  matters  relating  to  their  duties 
and  powers.  In  selecting  places  to  hold  their  meetings  they  shall,  as  far 
as  is  reasonable,  accommodate  the  different  sections  of  the  State,  and  due 
notice  shall  be  published  of  their  stated  meetings.  All  certificates  issued 
by  them  shall  be  signed  by  at  least  five  members  of  the  board. 

See.  5433.  Annual  Beport,  Contents. — It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
Board  of  Health  to  make  an  annual  report,  through  their  secretary  or 
otherwise,  in  writing,  to  the  Governor  of  this  State,  on  or  before  the  1st  of 
January  of  each  year,  and  such  report  shall  include  so  much  of  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  board,  and  such  information  concerning  vital  and  mortuary 


148  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

statistics,  such  knowledge  respecting  diseases  and  such  instructions  on 
the  subject  of  hygiene  as  may  be  thought  useful  by  the  board  for  dissemi- 
nation among  the  people,  with  such  suggestions  as  to  legislative  action  as 
the}*  may  deem  necessary. 

Sec.  5434.  Rules  of  Board  riot  Binding,  when. — jSTo  rule  or  regula- 
tion adopted  by  this  board  shall  be  legal  or  binding  which  shall  be  in 
conflict  with  any  law  of  the  State,  or  any  ordinance  of  any  municipality 
or  town  in  the  State. 

Section  6871.  Practitioners  of  Medicine,  Qualifications  of. — Every 
person  practicing  medicine  and  surgery,  in  any  of  their  departments,  shall 
possess  the  qualifications  required  by  this  act.  If  a  graduate  of  medicine, 
lie  shall  present  his  diploma  to  the  State  Board  of  Health  for  verification 
.as  to  its  genuineness.  If  the  diploma  is  found  to  be  genuine,  and  if  the 
person  named  therein  be  the  person  claiming  and  presenting  the  same, 
the  State  Board  of  Health  shall  issue  its  certificate  to  that  effect,  signed 
by  at  least  four  of  the  members  thereof,  and  such  diploma  and  certificate 
shall  be  deemed  conclusive  as  to  the  right  of  the  lawful  holder  of  the 
same  to  practice  medicine  in  this  State.  If  not  a  graduate,  the  person 
practicing  medicine  in  this  State  shall  present  himself  before  said  board 
and  submit  himself  to  such  examination  as  the  said  board  shall  require, 
and  if  the  examination  be  satisfactory  to  the  examiners,  the  said  board 
shall  issue  its  certificate  in  accordance  with  the  facts,  and  the  lawful 
holder  of  such  certificate  shall  be  entitled  to  all  the  rights  and  privileges 
herein  mentioned. 

Sec.  6872.  Board  of  Health  to  Issue  Certificates,  when. — The  State 
Board  of  Health  shall  issue  certificates  to  all  who  shall  furnish  satis- 
factory proof  of  having  received  diplomas  or  licenses  from  legally  char- 
tered medical  institutions  in  good  standing,  of  whatever  school  or  sys- 
tem of  medicine;  they  shall  prepare  two  forms  of  certificates,  one  for  per- 
sons in  possession  of  diplomas  or  licenses,  the  other  for  candidates  exam- 
ined by  the  board;  they  shall  furnish  to  the  county  clerks  of  the  several 
counties  a  list  of  all  persons  receiving  certificates ;  provided,  that  nothing 
in  this  act  shall  authorize  the  Board  oL'  Health  to  make  any  discrimination 
against  the  holders  of  genuine  licenses  or  diplomas  under  any  school  or 
system  of  medicine. 

Sec.  6873.  Verification  of  Diplomas. — Said  Board  of  Health  shall 
examine  diplomas  as  to  their  genuineness,  and  if  the  diplomas  shall  be 
found  genuine  as  represented,  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Health 
shall  receive  a  fee  of  one  dollar  from  each  graduate  or  licentiate,  and  no 
further  charge  shall  be  made  to  such  applicant;  but  if  it  be  found  to 
be  fraudulent,  or  not  lawfully  owned  by  the  possessor,  the  board  shall 
be  entitled  to  charge  and  collect  twenty  dollars  of  the  applicant  present- 
ing such  diploma;  the  verification  of  the  diploma  shall  consist  in  the  affi- 
davit of  the  holder  and  applicant,  that  he  is  the  lawful  possessor  of  the 
same,  and  that  he  is  the.  person  therein  named;  such  affidavit  may  be 
taken  before  any  person  authorized  to  administer  oaths,  and  the  same 
shall  be  attested  under  the  hand  and  official  seal  of  such  officer,  if  he 
have  a  seal.  Graduates  may  present  iheir  diplomas  and  affidavits  as  pro- 
vided in  this  act,  by  letter  or  by  proxy,  and  the  State  Board  of  Health 
shall  issue  a  certificate  as  though  the  owner  of  the  diploma  was  present. 

Sec.  6874.  Examinations  Made  by  Board. — All  examinations  of  per- 
sons not  graduates  or  licentiates  shall  be  made  directly  by  the  board, 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  149 

and  the  certificates  given  by  the  board  shall  authorize  the  possessor  to 
practice  medicine  and  surgery  in  the  State  of  Missouri. 

See.  6875,  Certificates  to  be  Eecorded  With  County  Clerk. — Every 
person  holding  a  certificate  from  the  State  Board  of  Health  shall  have 
it  recorded  in  the  office  of  the  county  clerk  of  the  county  in  which 
he  resides,  and  the  record  shall  be  indorsed  thereon;  any  person  removing 
to  another  county  to  practice  medicine  and  surgery  shall  procure  an  in- 
dorsement to  that  effect  on  the  certificate  from  the  clerk  of  the  county 
courts  and  shall  have  the  certificate  recorded  in  the  office  of  the  clerk  of 
the  county  to  which  he  removes,  and  the  holder  of  the  certificate  shall 
pay  to  said  clerk  of  said  county  the  usual  fees  for  making  the  record. 

Sec.  6876.  Clerk  to  Keep  List  of  Certificates;  etc. — The  county  clerk 
shall  keep,  in  a  book  provided  for  the  purpose,  a  complete  list  of  the  cer- 
tificates recorded  by  him,  with  the  date  of  the  issue.  If  the  certificate  be 
based  on  a  diploma  or  license,  he  shall  record  the  name  of  the  medical 
institution  conferring  it,  and  the  date  when  conferred.  The  register  of 
the  county  clerk  shall  be  open  to  public  inspection  during  business  hours. 
Sec.  0877.  Examinations  Made  in  Writing. — Examinations  may  be 
made,  in  whole  or  in  part,  in  writing,  and  shall  be  of  an  elementary  and 
practical  character,  but  sufficiently  strict  to  test  the  qualifications  of 
the  candidate  as  a  practitioner. 

Sec.  6878.  Certificates — When  Revoked. — The  State  Board  of  Health 
may  refuse  certificates  to  individuals  guilty  of  unprofessional  or  dishon- 
orable conduct,  and  they  may  revoke  certificates  for  like  causes,  after 
giving  the  accused  on  opportunity  to  be  heard  in  his  defense  before  the 
board. 

Sec.  6879.  Who  Regarded  as  Practicing  Medicine. — Any  person  shall 
be  regarded  as  practicing  medicine  Avithin  the  meaning  of  this  act  who 
shall  profess,  publicly,  to  be  a  physician,  and  to  prescribe  for  the  sick,  or 
who  shall  append  to  his  name  the  letters  "M.  D."  but  nothing  in  this 
act  shall  be  construed  to  prohibit  students  from  prescribing  under  the 
supervision  of  a  preceptor  or  to  prohibit  gratuitous  services  in  cases  of 
emergency,  and  this  act  shall  not  apply  to  commissioned  surgeons  of 
the  United  States  army,  naT.y  and  marine  hospital  service. 

Sec.  6880.  Itinerant  Venders  of  Drugs,  etc.,  to  Pay  License. — Any 
itinerant  vender  of  any  drug,  nostrum,  ointment  or  appliance  of  any 
kind,  intended  for  the  treatment  of  disease  or  injury,  or  who  shall,  by 
writing  or  printing  or  any  other  method,  publicly  profess  to  cure  or  treat 
diseases,  injuries  or  deformities  by  any  drug,  nostrum,  manipulation 
or  other  expedient,  shall  pay  to  the  State  a  license  of  one  hundred  dol- 
lars per  month,  to  be  collected  as  provided  for  by  law,  as  all  other  licenses 
are  now  collected,  and  any  person  violating  the  provisions  of  this  section 
shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and,  upon  conviction  thereof, 
shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  not  to  exceed  five  hundred  dollars  ($500),  or 
by  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  not  to  exceed  six  months,  or  by  both 
such  fine  and  imprisonment. 

Sec.  6881.  Penalty  for  Violating  Provisions  of  This  Article. — Any 
person  practicing  medicine  or  surgery  in  this  State  without  complying 
with  the  provisions  of  this  act,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor, 
and  be  punished  by  a  fine  of  not  less  than  fifty  dollars,  nor  more  than 
five  hundred  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  for  a  period 
of  not  less  than  thirty  days  nor  more  than  three  hundred  and  sixty-five 


150  ONE    HUNDRED   YEARS    OF 

day?,  or  by  "both  such  fine  and  imprisonment  for  each  and  every  offense: 
and  any  person  filing  or  attempting  to  file  as  his  own  the  diploma  or 
certificate  of  another,  or  a  forged  affidavit  or  identification,  shall  he 
guilty  of  a  felony,  and,  upon  conviction  thereof,  shall  he  subject  to  such 
fine  and  imprisonment  as  are  made  and  provided  by  the  statutes  of  this 
State  for  the  crime  of  forgery  in  the  second  degree,  hut  the  penalties 
shall  not  he  enforced  until  a  period  of  six  months  after  the  passage  of 
this  hill:  provided,  that  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  not  apply  to 
those  that  have  been  practicing  medicine  five  years  in  this  State. 

Sec.  6882.  Who  to  Perform  Duties  of  County  Clerk  in  St.  Louis  City. 
— TThenever  in  this  act  it  is  provided  that  any  duty  or  service  shall  he 
performed  by  any  county  clerk,  such  duty  and  service  in  the  city  of  St. 
Louis  shall  he  performed  by  the  City  Register  or  Health  Commissioner  of 
the  city  of  St.  Louis,  as  if  such  officer  was  specially  named  to  perform 
these  duties  and  services. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  BOARD. 

The  State  Board  of  Health  of  Missouri  was  originally  organized  under 
the  provisions  of  an  act  providing  for  a  State  Board  of  Health,  which 
went,  into  effect  July  1,  1883. 

The  following  indicates  the  personnel  and  organization  of  the  board 
since  the  law  became  operative: 

1883   TO   1884. 

E.    H.    Gregory.    M.    D.,    President    St.    Louis 

G.   M.    Cox    M.  J>.,  Vice-President    Spring-field 

J   IC.   Hearne.  M.  D.,   Secretary  and  Treasurer  Hannibal 

W.    B.    Conery.    M.    D St.    Louis 

H.  F.   Hereford.  M.  D Kansas  City 

G.    T.    Bartlett.    M.    D Poplar   Bluff 

P.    D.    Yost.    M.   D St.    Louis 

Died  August,   1883,    and  succeeded   by 
Albert   Merrell,   M.    D St.    Louis 

JULY    1SS5   TO   JULY   1891. 

Mr.    William    Gentry.    President Sedalia 

Albert   Merrell.    M.    D.,    Vice-President    St.    Louis 

George  Hornan,  M.   D.,   Secretary  .....St.  Louis 

j.    D.    Griffith.    M.    D..     Treasurer Kansas    City 

G.    M.    Cox.    M.    D - Springfield 

Dr.  Cox  died  January  7,  1*89,  and  was  succeeded  by 

G.    A.    Goben,   M.    D Mrksvi    e 

Mr     J     B     ^rather    Man  ville 

'  Mr    Prather  died  February  23,  1891,  and  was   succeeded  July,  1891,  by 

W.    G.    Hali.  %L    D St.    Joseph 

Mr.  John  P.   Harmon   ••-•  VV'-Jiii"-^ 

Mr    William  Gentry  died  May  22,  1S90,  and  was  succeeded  July,  1891.  by 
R.    C.    Atkinson,    M.   D st-    Louis 

JULY',   1891,    TO  JAXUARY,   1893. 
J.    D.    Griffith,    M.    D..    President    Kansas    City- 
Albert    Merrell,    M.    D.,    Vice-President    »t     douis 

R.  C.  Atkinson,  M.  D.,  Secretary  «■   ££ 

Mr.    John    P.    Harmon,    Treasurer    "•-™ia™ 

r'^Se^^D::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.::::::::::::::::::::::::::l^S; 

George    Homan,    M.    D St.    Lou-s 

JAXUARY,   189S,    TO  JAXUARY,   1894. 

J.    D.    Griffith,    M.    D.,    President    Kanl^i  SlnL 

G.    A.    Goben,    M.    D.,    Vice-President    Ki rKi sv    e 

R.  C.  Atkinson.  M.  D.,   Secretary  ^t      Tosenh 

William   G.    Hall.    ML    D..    Treasurer    >»t     J°sepn 

Albert    Merrell,    M.    D TTofden 

Mr.    John    P.    Harmon    «V     Touls 

George    Homan,    M.    D St.    Louis 

In  December,  1893,  Willis  P.  King,  M.  D.,  Kansas  City,  was  elected  Secretary 
to  fill  vacancy  caused  by  expiration  of  term  of  R.  C.  Atkinson,  M.  D.,  and  Dr.  A. 
TV  McAlester  elected  Vice-President,  vi&e  Dr.  Goben.  M.  D.,  whose  term  had  ex- 
pired. 


mmmm^^*^^mmi*^m*mm^*mm^**^*imm!ll!llllim 


PBpHgr 


»*$ 


H?        14,  *•  s#  Wf  s|,|  j 
a  # ,^^1  ......  ,■*■  f~  t. .."' . ■ 


'$:  -■■. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


151 


_   T  lm. 

P.  J.  Lutz,   M.   D.,  President   a*    t  oni=; 

A.    W.    McAlester.  M.    D.,    Vice-President rdh^rnhia 

Willis  P.   King,   M  D.,   Secretary   W Kansas  7<itv 

Albert   Merrell,   M  D   "  \  \[\  \[  \  |  \  \  |;  J"  "^g^uis 

T.    H.    Hudson,    M.  D K»an=;a=:    C«4> 

?a£  ^a&  ^  £ ::.::::::::::::::::::::JSRTti2& 

J.  D.  Griffith,  M.  D , ....Kansas  City 

E.   J.   Lutz,   M.   D..    President   g+     t  oniq 

Albert    Merrell,    M.    D..    Vice-President «t    Lou's 

Tll\f    a/t  Tf  \nS;  M-  ,P-  -Secretary  V.V.V.V;.  V.'.V.  Kansas CUy 

A.  W    McAlester    M.   T> ■ Columbia 

Paul  Paqum.  M    D      st.  Louis 

T.    H.    Hudson,    M.    I> Kfonsas    City 

E.  S.   Garner    gt    joseph 

Dr.    Merrell   resigned   in    May,    1895,    to    accept   position    on    St.    Louis    Board    of 

Health   and   was   succeeded   by 

E1.    L.    -Standlee,    M.    D St.    Louis 

1896. 

F.  J.   Lutz    M.    D.,    President   st    Louis 

T.    H.    Hudson,    M.    D.,    Vice-President    Kansas    City 

Willis  P.    King-,    M.    D.,    Secretary   Kansas   City 

A.   W.   McAlester.   M.    D Columbia 

E.   L.   Standlee,   M.   D ,gt.   Louis 

Paul   Paquin.   M.   D St.    Louis 

E.     S.    Garner,    M.    D St.    Joseph 

1897. 

P.  J.   Lutz,   M.   D.,    President   St.   Louis 

E.    L.    Standlee,   M.    D.,    Vice-President    St.    Louis 

Paul    Paquin,    M.    D.,    Secretary    St     Louis 

A.   W.   McAlester,   M.    D Columbia 

T.    H.    Hudson,    M.    D Kansas    City 

Willis    P.    King,    M.    D- Kansas    City 

E.   S.   Garner,   M.   D ©t.   Joseph 

1S98. 

E.   Lee  Standlee,   M.   D.,   President St.   Louis 

O.   A    Williams,   M.   D.,  Vice-President    Versailles 

Paul   Paquin,   M.   D.,   Secretary    St.    Louis 

Samuel    C.    James,    M.    D Kansas    Citv 

J.    T.    McCianahan,    M.    D Boonville 

L.    C.    McElwee     M.   D St.    Louis 

E.   S.   Garner,   M.   D ..St.   Joseph 

1899. 

O.   A.    Williams.    M.   D.,   President    Versailles 

L.    C.    McElwee,    M.    D.,    Vice-President    St.    Louis 

.  E    Lee    Standlee,    M.    D.,    Secretary    St.    Louis 

Samuel    C.    James,    M.    D Kansas    City 

J.    T.    McCianahan.    M.    D Boonville 

E.    S.    Garner,    M.    D St.    Joseph 

(Died  latter  part  of  l'S99.) 
Paul  Paquin,   M.  D St.   Louis 

1900. 

C.    B.    Elkiivs,    M.    D.,    President    Ozark 

J.    T.    McCianahan,    M.    D.,    Vice-President    Boonville 

L.    C.    McElwee,    M.    D.,    Secretary St.    Louis 

Samuel    C.    James,    M.    D Kansas    City 

E.   Lee   Standlee,    M.    D St.    Louis 

S.    C.    Martin,    Jr.,    M.    D St.    Louis 

O.   A.    Williams,    M.    D Versailles 

The  State  Board  of  Health  is  charged  with  the  enforcement  of  the 
provisions  of  the  statutes  which  relate  both  to  matters  of  public  health 
and  to  the  registration  of  physicians,  surgeons  and  accouchers  practicing 
within  the  State.  The  conditions  of  registration,  as  interpreted  by  the 
board,  and  its  attempts  to  enforce  the  penalties  for  non-compliance  with 
the  law.  at  first  created  much  opposition  to  this  feature  of  it. 

This  opposition  was  so  brought  to  bear  upon  the  Legislature  as 
to  prejudice  its  members  against  the  entire  law  and  to  cause  them  to 
refuse  needed  financial  support  after  the  first  appropriation  was  ex- 
pended. By  January,  1885,  the  work  of  the  board  was  practically  sus- 
pended. Most  of  the  reputable  medical  men  and  many  prominent  citizens 
of  the  State  recognized,  however,  that  the  real  object  of  the  law  was  to 


152  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

ascertain  and  remove,  if  possible,  all  conditions  tending  to  impair  or 
jeopardize  the  public  health,  and  that  the  registration  provided  for  therein 
was  a  necessary  preliminary  and  the  proper  regulation  of  medical  prac- 
tice; an  important  condition  of  success  in  attaining  this,  its  paramount 
object,  They,  therefore,  urged  Gov.  Marmaduke  to  fill  vacancies  that 
had  occurred  from  resignation  and  expiration  of  time  of  service  and 
continue  the  existence  of  the  board.  This  was  complied  with,  and  the 
board  reorganized  in  1885. 

Though  without  funds  the  board  decided  to  make  every  effort  to 
carry  on  the  work  under  the  law  as  effectively  as  possible,  and  to  this 
end  an  executive  committee  was  formed,  constituted  of  the  president, 
vice-president  and  secretary,  with  authority  to  act  in  the  intervals  be- 
tween meetings,  and  other  committees  were  appointed  to  inquire  into  the 
following  subjects: 

1.  The  prevailing  diseases  among  live  stock  in  Missouri,  and  the 
condition  and  care  of  stock  yards,  cars,  etc.,  at  points  of  concentration 
and  distribution. 

2.  The  influential  factors  in  the  causation  of  endemic,  or  local  epi- 
demic diseases. 

3.  The  sources,  quality,  means  of  distribution,  etc.,  of  public  water 
supplies  in  Missouri. 

4.  The  sanitary  care  of  railway  and  river  transportation  lines,  in- 
cluding depots,  landings,  stations,  wharf  boats,  round  houses  and  pas- 
senger and  sleeping  coaches. 

5.  Domestic  and  general  sanitation  in  towns,  villages  and  country 
homes. 

G.  The  condition  of  asylums,  poorhouses,  jails,  workhouses  and  other 
charitable  or  penal  institutions  with  reference  to  the  health  of  the  in- 
mates. 

7.  The  hygienic  care  of  the  school  population  and  of  public  school 
buildings  and  premises. 

The  organization,  throughout  the  State,  of  County  and  other  local 
boards  of  health  was  urged,  and  a  plan  was  arranged  for  co-operation  be- 
tween the  agricultural  and  veterinary  departments  of  the  State  government 
for  the  more  effectual  prevention  and  control  of  diseases  among  domestic 
animals. 

The  board  kept  in  touch  with  the  best  sanitary  thought  of  the 
country  through  its  official  relations  with  the  jSTational  Conference  of 
State  Boards  of  Health  and  other  public  health  bodies.  Especial  attention 
has  been  directed  by  the  board  toward  measures  for  the  prevention  and 
control  of  cholera,  smallpox,  diphtheria,  yellow  fever,  scarlet  fever,  etc.,  the 
proper  methods  of  disinfection  and  vaccination,  innocuous  transportation 
and  cremation  of  dead  bodies,  and  the  active  co-operation  and  support  of 
the  public  press  and  the  medical  profession  was  sought  in  furtherance  of 
these  ends. 

For  upwards  of  two  years  after  reorganization  the  expenses  of  the 
board  in  holding  meetings  for  the  transaction  of  necessary  business  was 
defrayed  out  of  the  pockets  of  the  members,  and  this  expense  account  was 
finally  allowed  by  the  Genera]  Assembly  in  1887,  but  no  appropriation  for 
the  support  of  the  board  nor  for  the  salary  of  the  secretary  was  made 
until  the  session  of  1889,  and  no  compensation  whatever  was  allowed  by 
the  State  for  the  services  of  the  secretary  for  the  three  and  one-half 


MEDICINE   AND    SURGERY.  153 

years  from  July  2,  1885,  to  January  1,  1889,  nor  has  any  recognition  of 
the  justice  of  this  claim  been  shown  since  that  time. 

Tn  1888  an  inquiry  was  made  into  the  number  of  local  health  organi- 
zations throughout  the  State,  and  the  showing  was  so  unfavorable  that 
the  board  decided  to  issue  a  call,  for  a  conference  of  such  local  bodies 
in  the 'hope  that  a  better  organization  in  this  respect  might  be  secured. 
The  conference,  the  first  of  its  kind  in  Missouri,  convened  in  St.  Louis 
December  4,  1888,  with  nineteen  delegates  representing  thirteen  public 
health  bodies  or  organizations. 

The  conference,  an  account  of  which  was  published,  was  a  success, 
but  subsequent  attempts  to  hold  similar  meetings  were  failures. 

A  pioneer  move  was  made  in  another  direction  also,  this  effort  hav- 
ing in  view  the  ascertainment  of  facts  in  relation  to  the  dependent  and 
poorhouse  or  poor  farm  population  of  the  State,  the  statistics  of  which 
will  be  found  hi  the  report  of  the  board  for  1883,  which  show  a  deplor- 
able condition  of  this  unhappy  class  of  fellow  beings. 

Throughout  its  existence  questions  of  public  health  have  been  recog- 
nized by  the  board  as  of  dominant  importance,  and  it  has  conducted  in- 
quiries along  the  lines  indicated  and  has  promulgated  through  papers 
of  prominent  sanitariums  and  of  its  members,  published  in  its  pro- 
ceedings and  otherwise,  important  information  on  the  subjects  named. 
Throughout  its  history  it  has  promptly  responded  to  applications  for 
help  in  suppressing  local  outbreaks  of  smallpox  in  many  localities  in  the 
State,  preparing  and  circulating  instructions  and  giving  personal  advice 
and  assistance  through  its  secretary,  bearing  whatever  part  of  the  ex- 
penses has  been  justified  by  the  meager  financial  support  granted  to  it.  Its 
efficiency  in  this  direction  would  be  much  greater  with  more  funds.  This 
deficiency  and  the  fact  that  on  public  health  matters  its  powers  are 
mainly  advisory,  have  limited  its  work  in  a  large  degree  to  the  ques- 
tions of  registration  and  the  promotion  of  advanced  standards  and  in- 
struction in  schools  for  medical  education. 

Persistent  but  fruitless  efforts  have  been  made  to  induce  the  Legis- 
lature to  provide  laws  supplementary  to  the  present  ones,  correcting  their 
manifest  defects,  appropriating  funds  for  the  purpose  of  rendering  them 
efficient.  The  lack  of  local  health  organizations  through  which  co-opera- 
tion in  the  control  of  local  outbreaks  of  communicable  disease  can  be 
more  efficient,  has  been  especially  felt.  In  the  matter  of  vital  statistics 
the  State  is  in  a  deplorable  condition,  owing  to  the  lack  of  local  health 
organizations  and  to  the  fact  that  the  provision  formerly  in  the  law 
requiring  monthly  reports  of  births  and  deaths  has  been  repealed. 

In  1894  the  board,  in  its  report  to  the  Governor,  urged  the  passage 
of  an  act  creating  a  bureau  of  vital  statistics  at  the  capital,  its  purpose 
being  as  follows: 

To  collect,  arrange  for  reference  and  publish,  from  time  to  time,  such 
public  records  and  statistical  information  as  shall  be  useful  to  states- 
men, political  economists  and  sanitarians,  in  the  investigation  of  the  life 
history  of  people  or  the  science  of  society  and  government,  or  as  may  be  em- 
ployed as  evidence  in  legal  disputes,  involving  questions  of  heritage,  legit- 
imacy or  illegitimac}r,  right  of  suffrage,  because  of  age  or  maturity,  loss 
of  identity  after  prolonged  absence,  or  in  establishing  the  identity  of  one 
claiming  protection  of  the  government.  Also  such  disease  and  mortu- 
arv  records  as  indicate  the  nature,   distribution   and   causes    of   disease 


154  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

and  death,  or  whose  required  records  sen e  to  detect  or  prevent  crime. 
Such  records  to  include  a  complete  registration,  to  be  made  through 
each  county,  of  marriages,  divorces,  births  and  deaths.  This  recom- 
mendation, with  many  others,  seeking  to  improve  the  present  laws  on  the 
subject,  has  thus  far  been  ignored. 

Attention  was  called  by  the  board  to  the  pollution  of  water  courses 
which  are  the  sources  of  public  water  supply.  Early  in  its  history  and  in 
1893  the  board  made  an  effort  to  instigate  national  legislation  on  this 
subject,  which  took  the  form  repeatedly  brought  to  the  attention  of  Con- 
gress in  a  bill  introduced  by  Mr.  Bartholdt  of  this  State. 

Incidental  to  the  enforcement  of  the  law  relating  to  the  practice  of 
medicine  in  the  State  several  important  opinions  have  been  rendered  by 
the  Attorney-General,  which,  with  decisions  rendered  by  the  courts,  in 
cases  tried  under  its  provisions,  have  cleared  up  obscure  points  in  the 
law  and  indicated  its  deficiencies,  which  it  is  hoped  will  be  corrected 
in  future  legislation  on  this  subject. 


'mssm 


'm.       i 
..     A  * 


IPlliillliiiS 
■  lllllllllllp 


:._J 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  155 


CHAPTER  XII.— ST.  LOUIS  BOARD  OF  HEALTH.* 

The  first  Health  Officer  of  the  eify  was  Dr.  Cornelius  Campbell,  who 
held  the  position  from  1832  to  1837.  He  was  succeeded  by  C.  J.  Car- 
penter, who  held  the  position  for  two  wears.  Then  followed  J.  1ST.  Mc- 
Dowell, John  W.  Prather,  John  S.  Moore,  J.  N.  McDowell,  M.  M.  Pallon. 
In  1815  Moore  was  again  Health  Commissioner,  and  in  1816,  M.  M.  Pallon 
and  Joseph  Hall. 

From  1816  to  1855  there  are  no  records  showing  who  was  connected 
with  the  Health  Department.  From  1855  to  1866  the  Health  Department 
was  managed  by  a  committee  of  one  member  of  the  City  Council  from 
each  ward  of  the  city. 

In  1S66  the  Legislature  passed  an  act  creating  a  Board  of  Health,  de- 
fining its  authority  and  extending  its  powers  much  beyond  those  given  to 
former  boards. 

The  first  regular  organized  Board  of  Health  created  under  an  act 
passed  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Missouri  was  organized  in  1867,  and 
was  composed  of  the  following  persons: 

J.  S.  Thomas,  Mayor  and  ex-olticio,  president;  Dr.  J.  T.  Hodgen, 
acting  president:  Dr.  E.  F.  Smith,  Dr.  Joseph  Heitzig,  Joseph  S.  Pease, 
Constantine  Maguire  and  Dr.  R.  H.  O'Brien,  clerk. 

Subsequently  different  boards  were  composed  of  the  Mayor,  two  physi- 
cians appointed  by  the  Mayor,  a  member  from  the  Police  Board  and  a 
member  elected  from  the  Council. 

In  1876  the  Scheme  and  Charter  was  adopted,  and  there  was  a  reor- 
ganization of  the  Health  Department  in  1877.  Under  the  provisions  of 
the  new  charter  the  board  was  composed  of  the  Mayor,  the  presiding  offi- 
cer of  the  Council,  a  member  from  the  Police  Board,  two  physicians  se- 
lected by  the  Mayor,  and  the  Health  Commissioner,  the  latter,  under  the 
charter  being  the  executive  officer  of  the  Health  Department. 

The  first  board  under  the  Scheme  and  charter  was  composed  of  the 
following  persons : 

Henry  Overstolz,  Mayor:  Charles  W.  Francis,  Health  Commissioner; 
Dr.  Henry  Marthens,  Dr."  Joseph  Spiegelhalter,  John  H.  Lightner,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Council,  and  John  G.  Priest,  member  from  the  Police  Board; 
Dr.  Edward  Gamison  was  clerk. 

The  present  Board  of  Health  is  composed  of  the  following  persons: 

Henry  Ziegenhein,  Mayor;  Dr.  Max  G.  Starkloff,  Health  Commissioner; 
Dr.  Albert  Merrell,  Dr.  Henry  N".  Chapman,  Mr.  Tony  Stnever  from  the 
Police  Deoartment  and  E.  F.  W.  Meier,  President  of  the  Council. 

Up  to  1877  the  Board  of  Health  had  control  of  the  City  Hospital, 
Quarantine  Hospital,  Female  Hospital  and  City  Dispensary.  After  the 
adoption  of  the  "Scheme  and  Charter  these  institutions,  with  the  addition 
of  the  Poorhouse,  Insane  Asylum  and  Morgue,  were  placed  nnder  the  con- 
trol and  management  of  the  Health  Commissioner.  Subsequently,  at  the 
request  of  the  Health  Commissioner,  the  Municipal  Assembly  passed  an 
ordinance  transferring  the  control  of  the  Morgue  to  the  Coroner. 

The  principal  events  in  the  history  of  the  Health  Department  of 
St.  Louis  are  as  follows: 


-&•> 


*By  Dr.  M.   C.   Starkloff,   Health   Commissioner. 


156  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

In  1845  the  City  Council  passed  an  ordinance  directing  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  committee  of  five  to  select  a  building  site  and  cause  plans 
to  be  made  for  a  City  Hospital.  The  committee  selected  a  tract  of 
ground  in  the  cit}T  commons  at  the  head  of  Soulard  street  and  west  of 
St.  Ange  avenue.  In  August  of  that  year  contracts  were  made  for  the 
building  of  the  hospital.  The  original  plans  for  the  hospital  were  made 
by  Thomas  Walsh. 

The  first  officers  appointed  for  the  hospital  on  August  13,  1846,  were 
as  follows: 

David  0.  Glasscock,  resident  physician;  Col.  11.  AYyman,  steward; 
Drs.  B.  Bush  Mitchell,  J.  B.  Johnson,  Charles  A.  Pope  and  Thomas 
Barfor,  attending  physicians,  and  Drs.  William  Beaumont,  John  S.  Moore, 
Thomas  Bayborn  and  J.  X.  McDowell,  consulting  physicians. 

In  1848  the  following  gentlemen  were  appointed  managers  of  the  hos- 
pital ; 

Isaac  H.  Sturgeon,  Richard  Blennerhassett,  Joseph  H.  White,  Thomas 
Harscul,  Charles  Bobb  and  Henry  C.  Lynch. 

On  May  1-5,  1S5C,  the  hospital  was  totally  destroyed  by  fire. 

In  1819  there  was  a  terrible  epidemic  of  cholera.  There  is  no  record 
showing  the  number  of  deaths  from  that  disease  during  that  year. 

In  1850  the  first  records  were  started,  recording  the  number  of  deaths 
in  the  city_     The  records  of  1850  show  the  following  deaths: 

From  smallpox 7 

From  typhoid  fever 125 

From  consumption 195 

From  cholera 865 

Total  deaths  from  all  causes : 4,210 

The  population  of  the  city  at  that  time  was  77,860. 

In  1866  there  were  3,002  deaths  from  cholera  out  of  a  total  death 
rate  of  9,099.  From  1873  to  the  present  time,  a  period  of  twenty-seven 
years,  there  has  not  been  a  single  death  from  cbolera  in  this  city. 

In  1872  ihere  was  an  epidemic  of  smallpox,  the  number  of  deaths 
from  that  disease  in  that  year  being  1,591. 

In  1873  there  were 837  death   from  smallpox 

In  1874  there  were 117   deaths  from  smallpox 

In  1875  there  were 603  deaths    from  smallpox 

In  the  year  ending  1900  there  was  but  one  death  from  smallpox;  that 
person  died  at  Quarantine. 

In  1877  the  Health  Department  commenced  the  general  vaccination 
of  school  children  and  there  were  5,665  persons  vaccinated  during  that 
year.  In  1881  there  were  68,562. persons  vaccinated:  in  1894,  75,195  per- 
sons vaccinated,  and  during  the  past  year  there  were  50,000  persons 
vaccinated. 

The  largest  number  of  deaths  from  cerebro-spinal  fever  that  ever 
occurred  in  one  year  was  in  1872,  the  year  of  the  smallpox  epidemic,  when 
454  persons  died  of  this  disease. 

In  1872  the  Legislature  of  the  State  passed  an  act  creating  the  social 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  157 

evil  law,  which  act  was  repealed  in  1874.  The  repealing  act  of  '74  trans- 
ferred the  present  Female  Hospital  (which  had  been  bought  and  built 
by  fees  collected  under  the  social  evil  law)  to  the  city  of  St.  Louis  with 
the  proviso  that  it  should  be  always  maintained  as  a  hospital  and  home 
for  wards  of  the  city. 

In  187S  there  Avas  an  epidemic  of  yellow  fever  all  through  the  South- 
ern States  adjacent  to  the  Mississippi  Valley.  The  plague  came  to  the 
gates  of  St.  Louis,  but  did  not  enter.  A  few  deaths  occurred  in  the  city, 
but  the  largest  number  of  deaths  (about  50)  took  place  at  Quarantine, 
and  with  the  exception  of  some  eight  or  nine  Health  Department  em- 
ployes, were  nil  persons  who  had  come  from  the  South. 

In  1886  occurred  the  greatest  epidemic  of  diphtheria.  There  were 
3,504  cases,  with  889  deaths.  The  next  severe  outbreak  of  diphtheria 
was  in  1895,  when  there  were  3,196  cases  and  526  deaths. 

In  1896  the  Health  Department  commenced  the  use  of  anti-toxin  and 
its  free  distribution  to  the  citizens. 

In  1899  there  were  1,972  cases  of  diphtheria  and  232  deaths.  Dur- 
ing the  past  four  years  the  most  important  matters  transpiring  in  the 
Health  Department  are  as  follows : 

The  passage  of  a  law  by  which  all  minor  nuisances  were  removed 
from  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Board  of  Health  to  the  Health  Commissioner, 
giving  the  power  to  order  their  immediate  abatement. 

The  passage  of  an  ordinance  regulating  the  management  of  dairies. 
This  ordinance  has  enabled  the  Health  Department  to  keep  a  close  super- 
vision of  the  dairies,  and  while  their  present  condition  is  far  from  being 
what  it  should  be,  still  there  is  a  very  great  improvement  in  every  respect 
in  their  management  and  much  more  attention  is  given  to  their  sani- 
tation. 

In  June,  1896,  the  tuberculin  test  was  applied  for  the  first  time  in  this 
city,  it  being  made  by  order  of  the  Health  Commissioner,  on  a  herd  of 
cows  belonging  to  the  city  of  St.  Louis  and  kept  at  the  Poorhouse.  The 
test  was  applied,  to  twenty-nine  cows  and  showed  that  twenty-two  of 
them  were  afflicted  with  tuberculosis,  but,  there  being  no  law  compelling 
the  owners  of  cows  to  submit  them  to  the  tuberculin  test,  the  Health 
Department  has  not  succeeded  in  having  the  test  generally  made.  Lat- 
terly, however,  the  Health  Department  has  offered  to  those  who  wish  to 
make  the  test  that  if  they  will  do  so.  and  if  the  test  shows  that  their 
cows  are  free  from  tuberculosis,  the  Health  Commissioner  will  issue  to  them 
a  certificate  to  that  effect. 

During  the  past  year  one  of  the  greatest  and  most  important  changes 
made  in  the  Health  Department  was  in  the  mode  of  disinfection  of  houses. 
After  many  experiments  and  trials  of  various  apparatuses,  the  Health 
Department  has  decided  that  thorough  fumigation  and  disinfection  of 
houses  can  be  had  by  the  use  of  formaldehyde  gas,  and  a  simple  apparatus 
designed  by  the  Health  Commissioner  has  been  found  to  give  perfect 
results,  and.  the  old  method  of  disinfection  by  sulphur  has  been  almost 
entirely  abandoned. 

While  the  Municipal  Assembly  has  declined  passing  an  ordinance 
placing  tuberculosis  in  the  list  of  contagious  diseases,  the  Health  Depart- 
ment has  done  everything  in  its  power  in  the  way  of  preventive  measures. 
Pamphlets  and  papers  relating  to  different  diseases  have  been  distributed 
among  the  citizens.     All  have  been  urged  to  have  houses  disinfected  in 


158  ONE;  kuxdred  years  of 

which  patients  suffering  with  tuberculosis  have  resided,  and  physicians 
have  been  urged  to  make  use  of  the  bacteriological  department  of  the 
Health  Department  to  assist  them  in  determining  the  presence  of  con- 
sumption in  all  cases  where  they  have  any  doubt. 

During  the  past  year  the  Health  Department  has  been  making  bac- 
teriological and  chemical  examinations  to  precisely  determine  the  condi- 
tions and  character  of  the  water  used  by  our  citizens. 

The  sanitary  division  of  the  Health  Department  has  been  organized 
in  such  a  manner,  as  far  as  the  means  given  it  will  allow,  to  keep  a  con- 
stant supervision  over  the  sanitary  condition  of  the  city. 

The  Dispensary  branch  of  the  Health  Department  has  been  enlarged 
and  placed  on  a  very  efficient  basis. 

An  exhaustive  examination  has  been  made  into  the  symptoms  of  cere- 
brospinal fever.  Carefully  prepared  interrogatories  were  sent  to  every 
physician  known  to  be  treating  a  case,  and  from  these  reports  an  interest- 
ing and  valuable  compilation  and  summary  was  made  of  the  disease  as  it 
appeared  in  St.  Louis  in  the  past  two  years. 

To-day  the  Health  Department  is  caring  for  650  patients  at  the  City 
Hospital.  260  at  the  Female  Hospital,  634  insane  at  the  Insane  Asylum, 
S80  insane  at  the  Poorhouse  and  718  paupers  at  the  Poorhouse,  11  cases 
at  the  Smallpox  Hospital,  and  are  daily  treating  100  persons  at  the  dispen- 
saries. 

The  following  table  is  evidence  what  organized  and  intelligent  sani- 
tation has  assisted  in  doing  for  the  city  of  St.  Louis: 

Death  rate  per  1.000  for  fiscal  years  ending — 

April,  1850 56.9 

April,  1860 31.1 

April,  1870   21.4 

April,  1880    18.9 

April,  1890 18:2 

April.  1900 14. 7 


IT.    LUKE'S    HOSPITAL,    ST.    LOUIS. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  159. 


CHAPTER  XIII.— HOSPITALS  OF  MISSOURI. 

There  are  more  hospitals  in  Missouri  than  in  Africa  and  more  hos- 
pital beds  in  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi  than  in  all  Asia.  A  hundred 
years  ago  the  hospital  in  the  minds  of  the  people  was  a  synonym  for  suf- 
fering, for  experiment  and  extreme  necessity.  To  go  to  the  hospital 
was  equivalent  to  going  through  the  valley  and  shadow  of  death.  After 
the  Civil  War  the  hospital  idea  grew  rapidly.  With  the  advent  of  anti- 
septics came  the  certainty  of  better  surgical  results,  and  it  was  soon 
demonstrated  that  the  best  antiseptic  precautions  could  only  be  obtained 
in  properly  constituted  hospitals.  In  medicine,  too,  it  was  found  that 
certain  diseases,  such  as  fevers  and  various  forms  of  nervous  condi- 
tions, could  be  better  cared  for  in  a  sanitarium.  Soon  the  hospital  was 
seen,  not  only  in  the  larger  cities,  but  in  smaller  towns  and  valleys.  It 
took  hold  of  public  affection  and  confidence,  as  have  the  church  and  the 
schoolhouse. 

Large  beneficent  orders  build ed  hospitals,  railroads  adopted  them 
and  private  individuals  founded  them,  until  now  the  wealthy  invalid  turns 
to  the  well-fitted  private  sanitarium  as  to  a  Mecca,  and  the  employe 
gives  regularly  from  his  earnings  to  assure  himself  of  hospital  care  if 
sick  or  injured. 

In  no  State  of  the  Union  has  this  hospital  idea  grown  more  rapidly 
than  in  Missouri.  Not  only  does  the  State  provide  for  a  large  number 
of  asylums  and  hospitals,  but  the  general  government,  through  its  ma- 
rine hospital  service,  has  added  largely  to  the  beneficial  work  of  the  State 
in  the  care  given  to  large  numbers  of  men  engaged  in  the  river  traffic 
and  in  the  supervision  it  exercises  in  matters  of  quarantine  during 
threatened  epidemics. 

The  railroad  system  of  hospitals  is  also  a  product  of  the  last  few  de- 
cades, and  is  not  only  a  protection,  but  a  necessity,  both  to  the  thou- 
sands of  employes  and  to  the  companies  themselves.  The  burden  of 
the  employes  is  light,  but  the  benefit  to  them  is  inestimable,  while  the 
corporations  are  protected  against  fraud  and  the  results  of  ignorance  and 
neglect. 

The  private  hospital  and  sanitarium  has  taken  hold  of  public  senti- 
ment in  this  State  very  thoroughly.  Many  of  the  large  religious  or- 
ders are  exclusively  occupied  in  building  and  maintaining  hospitals  for 
the  poor  and  sick.  Hundreds  of  noble  women  in  Missouri  are  giving 
their  lives  freely  and  joyfully  to  the  service.  They  are  gladly  supported 
in  this  work  by  the  business  man,  who,  through  them,  is  enabled  to 
effectively  reach  the  deserving  poor  and  sick. 

Special  hospitals  are  also  being  marked  a  feature  of  institutional 
work.  "Homes  for  Incurables/'  "Children's  Hospitals"  and  "Memorial 
Homes"  for  the  aged  are  favorite  objects  of  interest  and  support  in  our 
State.  Missouri  has  the  first  special  sanitarium  for  consumptives  in  the 
Mississippi  Valley.  There  are  several  ophthalmic  hospitals  in  our  large 
cities  and  other  institutions  of  special  departments  of  medicine  and  sur- 
gery are  building. 

It  is  a  matter,  then,  of  great  satisfaction  to  the  physician,  as  well 


160  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

as  to  the  lait)-,  to  note  the  rapid  growth  of  this  great  part  of  humani- 
tarianism  in  our  State.  We  append  a  brief  sketch  of  some  of  the  better 
known  institutions.  In  Missouri  there  are  over  100  catalogued  hospitals 
and  sanitariums  in  the  official  directory  of  1898,  of  which  nearly  40  are 
in  St.  Lotus.  During  the  last  three  years  this  number  has  beei>  greatly 
increased. 

"We  regret  that  lack  of  space  requires  a  great  condensation  of  data  fur- 
nished by  many  of  our  institutions,  also  that  a  number  of  our  most  efficient 
hospitals  have  been  unable  to  acquaint  us  with  such  historical  facts  as 
we  could  have  wished.  To  all  of  our  hospitals  and  sanitariums,  however, 
whether  herein  catalogued  or  not,  we  join  with  all  good  and  true  citizens 
of  our  great  State  in  wishing  "God  Speed.'' 


AGNEW  HOSPITAL,  KANSAS  CITY,  MO.— This  hospital  is  the 
outgrowth  of  a  "Training  School  for  Nurses,"  undertaken  in  1891  by 
Dr.  C.  A.  Dannaker,  at  the  suggestion  and  with  the  support  of  the  Jackson 
County  Medical  Society.  It  was  named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Hayes  Agnew 
of  Philadelphia,  a  former  teacher  of  the  founder's,  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania.  The  hospital  proper  was  established  in  1897,  and  its 
present  capacity  is  twenty-five  beds.  During  the  year  1898  82  cases 
were  cared  for,  of  which  8  were  maternity  cases;  118  patients  were  treated 
in  1899,  including  15  cases  of  maternity.  No  deaths  have  ever  occurred 
in  the  hospital's  maternity  wards.  The  institution  has  an  ambulance 
service  and  an  intelligent  corps  of  nurses. 


THE  ALEXIAS  BEOTHEBS'  HOSPITAL  at  Broadway  and  Osage 
street  is  one  of  the  best  known  institutions  in  St.  Louis.  It  is  for  men 
only  and  conducted  entirely  by  the  Alexian  Brothers.  It  was  founded  in 
1869,  and  from  a  small  beginning  has  grown  to  its  present  magnificent 
proportions.  The  last  addition  cost  $75,000,  and  the  entire  valuation  is 
not  less  than  a  quarter  of  a  million. 

One  hundred  and  thirty  sick  men  can  be  cared  for  at  once,  and  the 
record  for  the  year  runs  into  the  thousands.  The  interior  of  the  hospital 
is  essentially  neat  and  clean.  The  sanitary  appointments  are  modern 
and  complete.  There  are  a  large  number  of  luxuriant  private  rooms, 
but  the  main  part  of  tire  building  is  made  up  of  big,  airy  wards,  with 
from  five  to  twenty  beds  in  each.  The  order  of  the  Alexian  Brothers  dates 
from  the  twelfth  century,  when  the  black  plague  broke  out  in  Europe.  It 
is  a  nursing  order,  and  all  the  attention,  watching,  housekeeping  and  care- 
taking  of  every  kind  is  done  by  the  members  of  the  order.  The  Brothers 
have  no  individual  rights,  but  are  a  community.  Idleness  is  not  allowed, 
and  work  of  every  kind  is  done.  The  kitchen,  laundry,  librar}r,  dis- 
pensary and  office  are  each  in  charge  of  a  brother  with  one  or  more  as- 
sistants. The  institution  is  kept  up  by  donations  and  subscriptions  and 
by  the  revenue  from  those  patients  who  can  afford  to  pay  small  sums. 

The  medical  and  surgical  staff  consists  of :  Dr.  F.  J.  Lutz,  surgeon-in- 
chief,  and  Drs.  Friedman,'  Hennerich,  Hochdoerfer,  Muetze,  Allen,  Breuer 
and  Boss. 


ALEXIAN    BROTHERS'    HOSPITAL,    ST.    LOUIS.       (MAIN    HALL.) 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  ]_g| 

CENTUKY  HOSPITAL,  ST.  LOUIS— Established  early  in  1900, 
ihe  closing  vear  of  the  century.  This  hospital  is  part  of  the  Barnes  Medical 
College,  which  it  adjoins.  The  building,  not  yet  completed,  will  he  six 
stories  and  a  basement,  with  accommodations  for  150  patients  and  a 
well-equipped  operating  room.  There  is  a  board  of  directors,  thirteen 
in  number,  of  which  W.  H.  MeClain  is  president  and  J.  H.  Deems,  sec- 
retary. 


CITY  HOSPITAL.  SEDALIA,  was  organized  September,  1891.  At 
first  the  efforts  of  the  ladies  Avho  were  interested  were  directed  to  the 
securing  of  a  suitable  building  for  an  emergency  hospital.  Their  suc- 
cess led  to  the  formation  of  a  permanent  fund  for  a  more  complete  ecpiip- 
ment.  In  1894  the  splendid  piece  of  property  now  occupied  was  bought 
for  $4,000.  It  is  three-fourths  of  a  mile  from  the  business  center  of 
Sedalia,  and  the  main  building  contains  ten  rooms.  The  hospital  is  sup- 
ported by  various  organizations  and  by  assistance  from  the  city  and  county. 
The  average  number  of  patients  during  1899  was  about  8  daily.  Physi- 
cian-. T.  W.  Furgeson  and  E.  F.  Gresham:  superintendent,  E.  Calvert. 


EY.  DEACONESS  HOME . AND  HOSPITAL  OF  ST.  LOUIS, 
corner  of  Belle  and  Sarah,  is  in  a  quiet  residence  part  of  the  city. 
The  order  of  deaconesses,  began  in  Germany  by  Pastor  Theodore  Fried- 
man of  Kaiseewerth  on  the  Ehine,  has  grown  until  now  there  are  more 
than  30,000  of  the  order  in  Germany  and  300  in  this  country.  The 
deaconess  takes  no  vows  for  life,  but  promises  obedient,  faithful  and  will- 
ing service  so  long  as  she  remains  in  the  order.  They  are  provided  with 
clothing  and  a  home  as  long  as  they  are  members. 

The  Home  was  organized  in  1899  by  the  pastors  and  members  of 
the  German  Ev.  Church.  The  first  deaconess  in  St.  Louis  was  ATrs.  Kath- 
erine  Haaek,  who.  with  her  daughter  and  several  other  young  women, 
nursed  2?3  patients  in  three  years.  The  present  building,  with  recent 
additions  which  have  added  greatly  to  its  effectiveness,  has  rooms  for 
25  private  patients  and  as  many  ward  patients,  while  it  can  accommodate 
25  deaconesses  with  a  home.  Patients  are  admitted  irrespective  of  creed, 
and  the  sisters  also  go  out  as  nurses  to  private  homes.  The  institution  is 
self-sustaining.  Care  is  taken  to  provide  the  best  possible  for  the  needs 
of  the  patients  and  all  the  money  received  is  spent  in  the  work.  Patients 
are  at  liberty  to  choose  their  own  phvsicians.  The  income  for  1899  was 
§12,508.30;  the  value  of  the  institution  is  $30,000.  The  staff  is  Dr.  A.  F. 
Bock,  president;  Dr.  J.  Campbell  Smith,  secretary,  and  Drs.  Herman,  Dor- 
sett,  Lemen,  Shoemaker,  Brandt.  Tveber,  Eavold  and  Koehler. 


GERMAN  HOSPITAL,  KANSAS  CITY,  was  started  January  17, 

j  886,  by  a  call  of  the  German  Society.  Sixty-nine  members  organized  by 
the  election  of  officers,  and  on  September,  1886,  a  hospital  site  with 
building  was  purchased  at  Twenty-third  and  Holmes  street  for  $1,000. 
The  hospital  contained  twenty-three  beds,  but  was  soon  found  to  be 
too  small.     More  money  was  subscribed,  and  the  late  William  Gebhard 

ii 


],;•_)  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

lefl  $8,000  to  the  association.  New  buildings  wore  added  and  there  are 
now  accommodations  for  100  patients.  The  directory  and- officers  serve 
gratuitously  and  the  members  of  the  staff  care  for  all  poor  patients 
free  of  charge. 

The  oflicers  are  Dr.  W.  L.  Luseher,  president:  Dr.  J.  Bruehl,  sec- 
retary,  and  the  staff  is  Drs.  Bruehl,  Coffin,  Frick,  Lester,  Wainwright, 
Wolf,  Beattie,  Block,  Fulton,  Halley,  Luseher,  Yon  Quast,  Fryer  and 
Tiffauv.  with  a  lame  consulting  staff. 


GOOD  SAMARl  CAN  HOSPITAL,  ST.  LOUTS,  was  started  in  a  very 
primitive  way  in  1856  by  Rev.  Nollan.  A  three-story  building  was  erected 
ai  .Jefferson  and  O'Fallon.  During  the  Civil  War  the  Government  took 
possession,  where  the  founders  again  took  up  the  work  of  caring  for 
the  side  and  especially  sick  emigrants  and  those  with  chronic  diseases. 

The  original  board  of  trustees  consisted  of  twelve,  of  whom  all  are 
dead  bur  one,  Francis  Hackemeycr,  the  superintendent  of  the  Protestant 
Orphans'  Home,,  another  institution  founded  by  Rev.  Nollan  and  sit- 
uated on  the  St.  Charles  Rock  road.  The  building  is  kept  in  thorough 
repair  and  a  cozy  chapel  has  been  added,  where  services  are  held  every 
Sunday  afternoon  by  different  city  pastors. 

The  president  of  the  board  is  Henry  Wetback;  superintendent,  Le- 
moine  Keeppe,  and  the  attending  staff:  Drs.  A.  L,  Bovce,  W.  J.  Burleigh, 
E.  F.  Brady,  T.  F.  Blanke,  T.  G.  Comstock,  J.  A.  Campbell,  W.  T. 
Conzelmann.  C.  FT.  Eyermann,  C.  H.  Goodman.  D.  M.  Gibson,  L.  S.  Lut- 
ton,  W.  B.  Morgan,  Charles  Mellies,  George  Mellies,  W.  C.  Richardson 
and  ().  G.  Gibson. 


GRAND  AVENUE  FREE  DISPENSARY,  ST.  LOUIS.— The  Grand 
Avenue  Dispensary  was  organized  in  1800  with  a  view  to  furnishing  clinical 
material  for  the  Marion-Sims  College  of  Medicine.  The  institution  is  open 
for  all  patients  who  are  unable  to  employ  a  doctor,  and  attention  is  en- 
tirely Tree.  Upwards  of  100  patients  per  clay  take  advantage  of  the 
opportunity  thereby  afforded.  The  staff  is  as  follows:  Drs.  Y.  Ii.  Bond, 
Jacob  Geiger,  T.  ('.  Witherspoon,  Carl  Barck,  J.  R.  Lemen,  Flugo  Summa, 
G.  0.  Crandall,  B.  H.  Hypes,  H.  W.  Loeb,  R.  C.  Atkinson,  C.  G.  Chad- 
dock,  !!.  II.  Born,  H.  M.  Starkloff,  M.  F.  Engman,  Bransford  Lewis. 


HOMEOPATHIC  HOSPITAL  OF  KANSAS  CITY.— The  Homeo- 
pathic Hospital  and  Training  School  of  Kansas  City  was  incorporated  Jan- 
ii r\  16,  1000.  The  hospital  was  founded  in  September  of  1809,  by  Mrs. 
\Y.  E.  Dockson.  It  is  equipped  with  modern  improvements,  has  ten 
-  and  a  corps  of  trained  nurses.  The  operating  room  is  fitted  up 
with  aseptic  furniture  and  every  facility  for  surgical  uses.  The  hospital 
is  located  in  the  center  of  the  city,  easy  of  access  for  all  physicians.  It 
is  managed  as  a  non-sectarian  institution,  and  has  the  support  of  twenty- 
six  phvsicians. 


MARTHA  PARSONS  HOSPITAL,  ST.  LOUIS. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  263 

.  JEFFERSON  HOSPITAL,  ST.  LOUIS,  is  a  connection  of  the  St. 
Louis  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  It  was  opened  in  1898,  and 
its  capacity  has  been  tested  almost  constantly  since.  The  present  ca- 
pacity is  forty  beds,  but  it  is  expected  that  as  many  more  will  be  added 
during  1900,  this  enlargement  being  made  necessary  by  the  increasing 
demands  upon  the  institution  from  physicians  in  the  surrounding  coun- 
try. The  management  credits  the  hospital's  popularity  to  the  careful 
personal  attention  given  patients  by  the  superintending  physicians  and 
matron.     Dr.  Waldo  Briggs  is  the  superintendent. 


KANSAS  CITY  HOSPITAL  was  established  in  1870.  It  is  under 
the  direct  supervision  of  the  City  Physician  and  contains  175  beds. 
Fully  100  more  could  be  utilized  and  this  recommendation  has  been  made 
to  the  City  Council.  Two  wards  were  added  during  the  year  1897,  and 
a  new  and  modern  clinic  room  was  built  with  a  seating  capacity  of  200. 
There  were  admitted  to  the  hospital  in  1899  over  2,000  patients,  and 
the  death  rate  from  all  causes  was  only  a  little  over  10  per  cent. 

The  dispensary  service  of  the  hospital  department  is  very  efficient, 
and  the  average  cared  for  is  about  25,000  patients.  To  the  Avork  of  this 
division  is  largely  due  the  good  health  and  low  mortality  rate  of  the  city. 
The  superintendent  is  Dr.  G.  O.  Coffin. 


MARTHA   PARSONS  FREE  HOSPITAL  FOP    CHILDREN  was 

started  April  18,  1884.  It  was  incorporated  in  June  under  the  name  of 
the  Augusta  Free  Hospital  and  a  lot  secured  at  Channing  and  School 
streets,  and  the  building  completed  in  October,  1886.  The  hospital,  with 
capacity  for  twenty  children,  was  formally  opened  in  December,  and  one 
year  later  was  free  of  debt.  The  object  of  the  hospital  is  to  care  for 
sick  indigent  Cbildren,  to  advance  the  medical  science  of  children's  dis- 
eases and  to  diffuse  a  knowledge  of  the  best  care  of  children  in  health 
and  disease.     The  hospital  is  supported  by  voluntary  contributions. 

In  1890  Mrs.  Charles  Parsons  donated  $15,000,  and  the  name  was 
changed  to  The  Martha  Parsons  Free  Hospital  for  Children.  In  1891 
additional  rooms  were  built,  one  isolated  room  furnished  for  the  care  of 
contagious  diseases.  The  capacity  now  is  for  30  children.  Two  beds 
are  endowed.  The  growth  of  the  institution  has  been  satisfactory  from 
the  beginning.  All  of  the  departments  are  effectively  represented;  the 
operating  room  is  well  equipped  and  an  "out  clinic"  is  to  be  conducted 
by  competent  physicians.  The  importance  and  effectiveness  of  the  newer 
portions  of  the  building  erected  for  contagious  diseases  has  been  shown 
in  several  instances  where  scarlet  fever  and  measles  have  been  among 
the  children.  By  prompt  isolation  the  extension  of  the  disease  was 
promptly  stopped. 

President,  Mrs.  -lames  Green;  secretary,  Mrs.  Theo.  I.  Meir;  staff, 
Drs.  Baucluy,  Lemoine,  Johnson,  Robinson,  Prewitt,  Fry,  F.  A.  Glasgow, 
Tuttle,  Moore,  Carson,  Tupper,  Tuholske,  W.  C.  Glasgow,  Luder,  Spencer, 
Hardaway,  Michel,  Gamble  and  Steele. 


164:  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

MISSOURI  PACIFIC  HOSPITAL.— The  first  railroad  hospital  was 
established  in  1875  on  the  Central  Pacific  road,  and  the  Missouri  Pacific 
Railway  established  its  hospital  department  in  1879,  Dr.  J.  W.  Jackson  be- 
ing the  first  chief  surgeon.  The  hospital  department  of  the  Iron  Mountain 
Railway  was  undertaken  in  J 884:.  Dr.  W.  B.  Outten  was  appointed  chief 
surgeon  of  the  hospital,  then  located  in  Carondelet.  In  1885  the  Wabash 
Railroad  and  the  Missouri  Pacific  were  consolidated,  and  Dr.  Jackson 
had  charge  of  the  hospitals  on  both  roads.  In  1885  Dr.  Jackson  was 
appointed  chief  surgeon  of  the  Wabash  and  Dr.  Outten  of  the  consolidated 
roads,  embracing  the  St.  Louis  &  Iron  Mountain,  the  Texas  Pacific,  Kansas 
&  Texas  and  the  I.  &  G.  X.  Railways,  with  hospitals  at  Sedalia,  Mar- 
shall and  Palestine.  Tex. 

Many  of  the  prominent  railway  systems  of  the  West  were  founded 
upon  the  plans  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  and  Wabash  departments,  and 
many  of  the  chief  surgeons  had  their  training  in  the  departments  of 
these  hospitals. 

To-day  Missouri  stands  first  in  the  list  of  States  having  railway  hos- 
pitals. Among  these  may  be  mentioned  the  Missouri  Pacific,  the  St.  Louis, 
Iron  Mountain  &  Southern,  the  Wabash,  the  St.  Louis  &  Santa  Fe,  the 
Kansas  City.  Springfield  &  Memphis,  the  Gulf  Line  and  several  minor 
lines.  The  Missouri  Pacific  department  treats  annually  30.000  patients, 
—the  M..  K.  &  T.  over  10,000,  the  Kansas  City,  Ft.  Scott  eV  Gulf,  8,000, 
and  other  roads  about  10,000,  making  a  grand  total  of  about  60,000 
treated  each  year  in  the  various  railway  departments  of  the  States.  In 
Missouri  there  are  nearly  1,000  local  surgeons,  and  many  of  these  have 
been  very  prominent  in  the  proceedings  of  the  International  Railway 
Association.  These  hospitals  have  a  complete  staff  of  surgeons,  physicians 
and  specialists^  that  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  department  alone  numbering 
257.  Its  principal  hospitals  are  in  St.  Louis  and  Kansas  City,  with  nu- 
merous emergency  hospitals  at  different  points. 

The  San  Francisco  road  has  an  elegant  building  in  Springfield,  the 
Wabash  at  Moberly,  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  at  Sedalia  and  the 
K.  C.  Ft.  Scott  &  Memphis  and  the  Gulf  Lines  at  Kansas  City. 


THE  MISSOURI  BAPTIST  SANITARIUM  is  beautifully  located  a^ 
the  corner  of  Taylor  avenue  and  the  Suburban  Railroad.  It  was  founded 
by  the  late  Frank  Ely.  Esq..  and  other  members  of  the  Third  Baptist 
Church  in  St.  Louis,  and  the  first  patient  admitted  September.  1887  In 
July,  1890.  the  property  was  purchased  outright  for  820.500.  The  State 
Baptist  Association  appointed  a  board  to  raise  880.000.  and  in  August, 
1891,  a  new  building  was  begun,  containing  75  private  rooms  and  three 
large  ward  rooms.     The  operating  room  is  especially  fine. 

The  training  school  in  connection  with  the  Sanitarium  is  largely  at- 
tended, and  comprises  a  two  years5  course  in  all  the  departments  of  nursing. 

The  Woman's  Board  of  Charity,  organized  by  the  ladies  interested! 
in  this  work,  is  very  helpful,  and  work  freely  and  willingly  to  raise  funds 
for  extending  the  effectiveness  of  the  institution  among  the  worthy  sick 
poor.  The  Sanitarium  is  a  pleasant  home,  and  with  the  physical  ad- 
vantages are  also  many  religious  opportunities.  Prayer  meeting  and  services 
are  regularly  held  and  a  regular  system  of  visitation  kept  up  by  the  Board 
of  Charitv. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY-  165 

The  officers  are:  A.  D.  Brown,  president;  Silas  B.  Jones,  secretary; 
Dr.  A.  B.  Wilkes,  superintendent,  and  Dr.  Tupper,  chief  of  staff. 


MOUNT  ST.  BOSE  HOSPITAL— The  St.  Louis  Sanitarium  for 
Throat  and  Chest  Diseases  is  beautifully  situated  on  Carondelet  Heights, 
at  the  southern  limit  of  the  city.  It  was  begun  in  1899  by  the  Sisters 
of  St.  Mary,  whose  large  experience  and  self-sacrifice  in  beneficent  work 
in  a  number  of  cities  at  once  commended  them  to  the  confidence  of  the 
public  in  this  new  enterprise. 

To  the  modern  buildings  already  erected  they  have  added  an  in- 
firmary of  50  rooms  on  the  cottage  plan,  and  the  plans  are  such  as  to  per- 
mit additions  from  time  to  time.  Patients  have  the  option  of  rooms  in 
the  infirmary  or  rooms  in  the  private  building,  where  the  rates  are 
necessarily  higher.  All  the  buildings,  however,  are  germ  proof  iand 
have  the  same  care  and  sanitary  fittings.  By  modern  methods  and  strict 
observance  of  rules  for  disinfection  of  bedding,  the  sputum,  etc.,  all  danger 
©f  infection  is  prevented. 

The  open  air  treatment  is  used  and  for  this  pavilions  have  been  sup- 
plied with  rest  chairs  and  couches.  The  Sanitarium  being  located  south 
of  the  city,  beyond  the  maufaetories,  the  air  is  always  free  from  dust  and 
smoke.  Booms  for  rarified  and  medicated  air  are  used  in  appropriate 
cases. 

The  hypothesis  that  the  Missouri  climate  is  a  large  factor  in  the 
prevention  of  lung  disease,  is  opposed  by  the  fact  that  the  official  health 
reports  of  last  year  give  this  State  a  death  rate  from  tuberculosis  of 
only  1.3  per  thousand,  which  is  less  than  the  average  of  all  the  States 
and  Territories  of  the  United  States. 

Mount  St.  Bose  is  conducted  by  the  Sisters  of  St,  Mary;  physician  in 
charge,  Dr.  William  Porter;  assistant  physician,  Dr.  B.  M.  Boss;  consult- 
ants, Drs.  Atiler,  Steer,  Newhoff,  Outten,  Bryson,  Boach  and  Close. 


PIUS  HOSPITAL,  ST.  ANTHONY'S  HOSPITAL  AND  ST. 
FBANCTS. — The  first  two  of  these  hospitals  are  in  St.  Louis  and  the 
third  is  at  Cape  Girardeau.  They  are  conducted  by  the  Sisters  of  St. 
Francis,  who  came  to  St.  Louis  from  Germany  in  1877,  and.  were  incor- 
porated January  23,  1878,  under  the  name  of  the  Franciscan  Sisters. 

The  hospital  at  Cape  Girardeau  has  about  50  beds  and  has  no  staff,  any 
physician  being  free  to  send  and  treat  his  patients. 

In  1879  the  Sisters  secured  a  lot  at  Fourteenth  and  O'Fallon  streets 
in  St.  Louis  and  built  a  hospital,  which  was  ready  for  patients  in  1880. 
It  contains  100  beds.     There  is  no  staff. 

Needing  more  room,  the  Sisters  in  1893  bought  a  handsome  lot  of 
seven  acres  on  Grand  avenue  and  Chippewa  street,  and  in  1898  began 
to  build  St.  Anthony's  Hospital,  a  splendid  building  with  300  beds.  This 
is  just  completed.  No  staff  is  as  yet  appointed.  The  old  building  on 
O'Fallon  street  will  be  used  as  a  "woman's  home." 


PBOVIDENT  HOSPITAL,  ST.  LOUIS,  was  organized  April,  1899, 
when   a    few   colored   phvsicians   met,    appointed   a   board    of   managers, 


166  »NE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

formed  themselves  into  a  medical  staff. and  elected  a  consulting  staff. 
It  has  been  supported  by  colored  people.  It  has  a  school  for  nurses,  who 
take  a  two  years'"  course.  The  capacity  is  fifteen  patients.  President, 
W.  P.  Curtis;  secretary.  G-.  S.  Jackson;  physician  in  charge,  Dr.  S.  P. 
Stafford:  attending  staff,  Drs.  Jackson,  Manistee,  Crews,  Scott,  Curtis, 
Jones  and  Fields. 


POLYCLINIC  HOSPITAL  was  founded  in  1885  for  the  purpose  of 
clinical  teaching  in  the  Post-G-raduate  School  of  Medicine.  Some  years 
later  the  Post- Graduate  School  consolidated  with  the  Missouri  Medical 
College,  and  the  hospital  passed  into  the  hands  of  that  school.  In  1899 
the  Missouri  Medical  College  and  St.  Louis  Medical  College  united  un- 
der the  name  of  Medical  Department  of  Washington  University,  and 
the  Polyclinic  Hospital  now  belongs  to  the  new  school.  Its  staff  of 
physicians  is  appointed  from  the  faculty  of  the  college.  It  has  twenty 
beds.     Dr.  William  J.  Say  is  the  resident  physician. 


PEOPLE'S  AUXILIARY  HOSPITAL,  ST.  LOUIS,  is  located  at  3004 
Chestnut  street.  It  was  dedicated  April  2,  1900,  and  is  a  new  venture  for 
colored  people.  Three  well-known  colored  physicians  are  in  charge  with 
a  staff  of  well-known  city  surgeons  and  physicians.  The  hospital  occupies 
property  for  which  $6,000  was  paid.  Already  81  patients  have  been 
treated.  Colored  nurses  arc  in  charge,  and  it  is  aided  by  a  Woman's 
Auxiliary  Society. 

Albert  Burgess  is  president  and  J.  M.  Stokes,  secretary. 


QUAKANTINE  AND  SMALLPOX  HOSPITAL,  ST.  LOUIS.— This 
hospital  is  a  division  of  the  St.  Louis  Health  Department,  located  in  St. 
Louis  County,  south  of  Jefferson  Barracks.  The  grounds  were  purchased 
in  1854,  and  are  completely  isolated  on  high  ground  over  the  river.  The 
patients  who  die  in  Quarantine  must  be  buried  in  adjacent  cemeteries, 
and  there  are  at  present  nearly  18,000,  but  many  of  these  were  from 
other  city  institutions. 

The  building  has  a  capacity  of  100  beds,  which  number  can  be  in- 
creased at  short  notice.  The  wards  being  built  on  the  pavilion  plan,  sep- 
aration and  isolation  of  cases  is  made  easy.  Nurses  and  physicians  are 
employed  as  needed,  and  the  superintendent  has  constant  charge.  A  post- 
office  is  located  here  under  Quarantine  supervision. 


ST.  ANNS  WIDOWS'"  HOME,  LYING-IN  HOSPITAL  AND 
FOUNDLING  ASYLUM  was  opened  at  Eleventh  and  Marion  streets  in 
1853  by  four  Sisters  of  Charity  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  and  dedicated  by 
Archbishop  Kenrick.  The  first  day  they  received  fourteen  infants  and 
the  same  day  a  lot  was  given  them  by  Mrs.  Biddle  at  Tenth  and  O'Fallon, 
where  a  house  was  built  in  1858.  The  institution  was  incorporated  in  1869 
and  consolidated  with  the  Maternity  Hospital. 

The    Home   has   received    13,000   infants,    4,000    patients    and    over 


-~v 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  I67 

200  old  ladies.  The  Mullanphy-Biddle  bequests  pay  one-fourth  of  the 
■expenses  and  the  rest  is  made  up  by  donations,  legacies,  etc.  The  city 
pays  for  the  children  taken  there  by  the  police — about  fifty  each  year 
since  1886. 

A  fine  home  is  now  building  on  Union  and  Page  avenues,  to  cost  $200,- 
000.  The  main  building  will  have  a  frontage  of  265  feet,  a  central  chapel 
wing  and  east  and  west  wings,  extending  back  170  feet.  The  extensive 
grounds  will  be  improved  and  add  no  little  to  the  beauty  of  the  home 
of  ore  of  the  best  charities  of  St.  Louis. 


ST.  CHARLES  COUYTY  ASYLUM  was  built  in  1819  on  a  fine  loca- 
tion near  St.  Charles.  It  has  a  large  two-story  brick:  building.  A  new 
wing  was  added  in  1882.  There  are  twenty  rooms.  The  average  is  about 
fifty  inmates,  most  of  whom  are  demented.  The  superintendent  is  I.  W. 
Buenzie. 


ST.  JOLLY'S  HOSPITAL  in  St.  Louis  was  started  in  1856  by  a  little 
band  of  six  sisters  from  the  Convent  of  St.  Mary's  in  Yew  York,  in  an- 
swer to  a  call  from  Key.  Fr.  Damon  for  a  community  which  would  de- 
vote its  attention  to  the  working  girls,  the  poor  and  to  hospital  work. 
For  several  years  they  engaged  in  this,  greatly  aided  by  the  Jesuit 
Fathers. 

At  first  they  located  at  Tenth  and  Morgan  streets,  but  in  1861  moved 
to  Twenty-second  and  Morgan  to  a  larger  property  donated  by  the  late 
Archbishop  Kenriek.  In  1871  the  school  which  had  been  carried  on 
was  changed  into  a  female  infirmary  and  afterwards  developed  into  a  gen- 
eral hospitl.  The  faculty  of  the  Missouri  Medical  College  had  charge  of 
the  patients. 

Tn  1891  St.  John's  Hospital  was  removed  to  Twenty-third  and  Lo- 
cust streets  and  a  wing  for  dispensary  and  clinic  added  to  the  very 
commodious  building  already  secured.  The  old  St.  John's  was  reserved 
for  invalid  females  and  a  home  for  young  girls. 

St.  John's  is  unique,  in  that  it  is  the  first  in  the  city  to  provide  medical 
services  for  the  poor  and  a  free  dispensary.  It  is  a  true  home,  in  which 
all  the  suffering  sick  are  equally  considered  and  cared  for  by  the  Little 
Sisters  of  Mercy.  Any  physician  is  welcome  to  bring  patients  to  the 
wards  or  rooms  and.  treat  them. 

The  staff  is  Drs.  Prewitt,  Gietz,  Steer,  Brooks,  Brokaw,  Temm,  Fry, 
Hage,  Todd,  Wilson,  Keith,  Zahorsky  and  Lippe. 


ST.  JOEY'S  HOSPITAL,  SPRIYGFIELD,  is  located  on  the  south- 
west corner  of  Washington  avenue  and  Chestnut  street;  was  established 
in  the  year  1891.  It  is  conducted  by  the  Sisters  of  Mercy  and  is  a  branch 
from  the  old  St.  John's  in  St.  Louis,  occupying  a  two-story  building,  con- 
taining six  private  rooms  and  two  wards 

The  hospital  has  completed  its  eighth  year..  Being  non-sectarian, 
there  is  no  distinction  in  admitting  patients  as  to  creed  or  nationality. 
The  number  of  patients  yearly  has  been  from  90  to  200,  reaching  the 
highest  number  in   1899.     While   deprived  of   all  the  modern  improve- 


16S  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

ments  now  in  vogue  in  many  hospitals,  many  notable  and  critical  opera- 
tions have  been  performed  in  this  institution  with  marked  success,  to 
the  great  credit  of  the  physicians  of  Springfield.  Any  physician  can  send 
bis  patients  to  St.  John's  and  attend  them  there,  either  in  the  rooms  or 
wards. 


ST.  JOSEPH'S  SANITAEITJM— St.  Joseph's  Sanitarium  was  first 
opened  for  patients  June  8,  1899.  It  is  located  in  "one  of  the  most 
delightful  spots  in  or  around  St.  Louis.*'*  The  institution  was  founded 
by  Rev.  S.  J.  Orf,  who  died  in  January,  1900.  Since  the  death  of  its 
founder  the  Sanitarium  has  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Sisters  of  Char- 
ity of  the  Incarnate  Word.  The  staff  is  composed  of  Drs.  Outten,  Ball, 
Fleming.  Hall,  Murphy,  Bernays,  Lamphere,  Dumesnil,  Powell,  Eggers, 
Heinrichs  and  Bowe. 


ST.  JOSEPH'S  HOSPITAL,  KANSAS  CITY.— This  hospital  was- 
founded  by  the  Si-ters  of  St.  Joseph  of  Carondelet  in  1875.  The  rapidly 
increasing  demand  for  more  hospital  room  has  induced  the  Sisters  to 
recently  erect  a  large  addition.  Beside-  more  wards  and  private  rooms, 
the  new  building  contains  a  private  operating  room,  a  free  dispensary 
and  an  amphitheater.  In  undertaking  this  extensive  work  the  Sisters 
feel  confident  of  the  continuation  of  the  hearty  appreciation  shown  in 
the  past  by  the  many  friends  of  the  institution.  The  hospital  is  in  one 
of  the  most  beautiful,  healthful  and  quiet  parts  of  the  city,  and  is  a  com- 
modious three-story  brick  building,  provided  with  all  modern  sanitary  im- 
provements, containing  about  100  beds.  It  has  three  operating  rooms 
and  a  full  equipment  of  skilled  nurses.  A  resident  physician  gives  as- 
sistance in  the  absence  of  the  attending  physician.  A  complete  X-ray 
plant  was  donated  to  the  hospital  by  Dr.  J.  D.  Griffith. 

The  rooms  are  bright,  airy,  neatly  furnished,  well  heated  and  thor- 
oughly ventilated.  The  laundry,  boiler  and  engine  rooms  are  outside  of 
the  main  building.  Admission  is  refused  to  none,  except  cases  of  a 
chronic  character,  contagious  diseases  and  insanity.  Patients  of  all  re- 
ligious denominations  are  admitted.  A  large  per  cent  of  the  patients 
are  charity. 

Tlie  staff:  consists  of  about  thirty  of  the  best  known  physicians  and 
surgeons  of  Kansas  City. 


ST.  JOSEPH'S  HOSPITAL.  ST.  CHARLES.  MO.— In  the  year  1885 
Francis  Schulte  willed  a  house  and  some  land  in  St.  Charles  for  hospital 
purposes,  and  the  Sisters  of  St.  Mary  took  charge  on  November  4,  1885. 
A-  tiie  house  was  very  small,  the  Sisters  for  several  years  devoted  most 
of  their  time  to  private  nursing.  The  location  was  not  suitable,  so  the 
Sisters  purchased  an  extensive  piece  of  ground  on  Third  and  Clay  streets, 
and  at  once  began,  in  1890,  the  building  of  a  new  hospital.  The  neces- 
sary funds  were  seenred  partly  through  the  sale  of  the  old  place  and 
partly  through  the  liberality  of  the  citizens  of  St.  Charles.  In  June, 
1891,  the  hospital  was  finished,  and  in  August  it  Avas  dedicated. 

St.  Joseph's  Hospital  has  accommodations  for  about  30  patients. 
From  1887  to  the  close  of  1899,  1,29*2  patients  were  cared  for.     The  fol- 


ST.   LOUIS  CHILDREN'S  HOSPITAL,   ST.   LOUIS. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  16 c) 

lowing  physicians   and  surgeons   are   connected  with  the  hospital:   Drs. 
Geret,  Morgner,  Mucld,  Bruere,  Johnson,  Gossow  and  Stumberg. 


ST.  LOUIS  BAPTIST  HOSPITAL.— The  St.  Lonis  Baptist  Hospital, 
organized  and  incorporated  in  1893,  is  complete  and  modern  in  equip- 
ment. It  is  a  general  hospital  and  receives  ail  classes  of  patients,  except 
those  suffering  with  contagions  diseases.  The  rooms  are  large,  well  ven- 
tilated and  supplied  with  modern  conveniences.  More  than  half  of  the 
patients  received  are  surgical  cases.  The  operating  room  was  carefully 
constructed  with  reference  to  heat,  light,  ventilation  and  asepsis. 

In  1899  the  board  of  directors  put  in  apparatus  and  chemicals  for  a 
bacteriological  and  pathological  laboratory.  The  laboratory  is  for  the 
benefit,  not  only  of  the  medical  staff  of  the  hospital,  but  for  all  physi- 
cians who  care  to  avail  themselves  of  its  advantages.  The  hospital  has 
fifty  beds  and  a  new  building  will  be  added  in  the  near  future.  It  has 
a  training  school  for  nurses  and  a  woman's  board  of  charity,  which  has 
control  of  this  department.  It  is  located  on  Garrison  and  Franklin  av- 
enues. D.  A.  Jamison  is  president:  Thomas  Burgess,  secretary,  and 
C.  C.  Morris,  superintendent. 


ST.  LOUIS  CHILDREN'S  HOSPITAL.— In  November,  1899,  a  few 
ladies  met  at  the  house  of  Mrs.  F.  P.  Blair  to  consider  starting  a  hos- 
pital for  poor  sick  children.  Mrs.  Blair  was  chosen  president  of  the  or- 
ganization, a  small  house  was  rented  on  Franklin  avenue,  near  Twenty- 
ninth,  and  the  first  patients  received  in  February,  1880.  Soon  the  prop- 
erty was  bought,  but,  proving  too  small,  the  present  site,  400  South  Jef- 
ferson avenue,  was  bought  and  the  building  furnished  in  1885  at  a  cost  of 
$21,000.  In  1899  a  number  of  new  wards  were  added  at  an  expense  of 
$17,562  for  a  lot  adjoining  the  former  one  and  the  new  additions.  Manjr 
jDrominent  citizens  aided  by  money  and  counsel,  and  the  work  grew  and 
prospered. 

Injrecent  years  the  resources  have  been  taxed  to  the  utmost;  no  debts 
are  allowed,  and  the  endowment  fund  grows  slowly. 

The  staff  consists  of  Drs.  Goodman,  Luyties,  Burleigh,  Morrill,  Corn- 
stock,  Gundelach,  Parsons,  Campbell  and  Block. 


THE  ST.  LOUIS  CITY  HOSPITAL,  temporary  buildings  at  Sev- 
enteenth and  Pine  streets,  is  supported  by  appropriations  from  the  city, 
and  is  under  the  care  of  the  Board  of  Health.  The  old  hospital  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  city  was  wrecked  by  the  great  cyclone  of  1896,  and  the 
selection  of  a  new,  permanent  site  is  yet  in  the  future. 

The  present  building  is  overcrowded,  the  average  number  of  cases 
from  April,  1897,  being  above  500.  There  is  probably  no  institution  in 
the  country  that  with  so  many  drawbacks  in  the  Avay  of  the  old  buildings 
and  limited  revenue  does  more  actual  good  and  cares  for  more  cases  of 
absolute  need.  The  roll  of  superintendents  and  assistants  include  many 
of  our  brightest  and  most  successful  physicians  and  surgeons.  Dr.  H.  L. 
Nietert  is  superintendent  and  Dr.  F.  P.  Amyx,  assistant  superintendent. 


170  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

ST.  LOUIS  FEMALE  HOSPITAL  is  on  Arsenal  street  between  Sub- 
lette and  Jannarv  avenues.  It  was  opened  October  1,  1872,  as  the  House 
of  Industry,  devoted  to  the  treatment  of  women,  who  were  admitted  on 
certificates  of  examining  physicians,  under  the  social  evil  registration 
law.  In  1874  the  Legislature  repealed  the  social  evil  act  and  passed  a 
law  directing  that  a  hospital  be  purchased  and  built  out  of  the  funds 
collected  under  the  social  evil  law.  To  carry  out  the  provisions  of  the 
above  act  the  City  Council  passed  an  ordinance  to  authorize  the  establish- 
ment of  a  City  Hospital  for  Females,  and  provided  that  this  hospital 
should  be  known  and  designated  as  the  St.  Louis  Female  Hospital  and 
Industrial  Home.  This  institution  is  now  known  as  the  Female  Hospital, 
and  has  been  a  general  hospital  for  the  treatment  of  women,  but  has 
not  been  an  ••industrial  home.'*  There  is  a  capacity  for  about  250  pa- 
tients.    The  cost  yearly  for  maintaining  the  hospital  is  about  $60,000. 

In  connection  with  the  main  hospital  building  there  was  built  during 
the  years  1896-97  a  two-story  brick  building  for  the  accommodation  of 
obstetrical  cases. 

Female  Hospital  staff:  Dr.  Xelson  J.  Hawiev.  superintendent:  Dr.  Free 
J.  Taussig,  assistant  superintendent. 


ST.  LOFTS  MULLANPHY  HOSPITAL  was  established  in  1829  by 
four  Sisters  of  Charity  from  Maryland,  and  located  at  Fourth  and  Spruce 
streets.  In  1832  a  tvro-storv  building  was  erected,  another  in  1835  and 
a  third  in  1838.  The  hospital  stall'  was  self -supporting.  A  large  wing 
was  built  in  1810.  The  hospital  was  wonderfully  preserved  in  the  memor- 
able fire  of  13-1-9  by  a  slight  change  of  the  wind,  which  seemed  almost  a 
miracle.  This  hospital  did  large  work  during  the  Civil  War,  and  in  1872 
was  removed  to  its  present  handsome  site  on  Montgomery  street.  The 
institution  has  changed  steadily,  improvements  being  constantly  made  in 
accord  with  the  best  sanitary  science  and  modern  skill.  The  surgical 
compliances  and  conveniences  are  especially  tine.  The  hospital  is  not  en- 
dowed, lint  has  a  strong  hold  upon  the  public  appreciation.  Patients  are 
admitted  without  regard  to  creed,  and  outside  physicians  and  surgeons 
have  the  benefit  of  the  perfected  system  and  wider  experiences  of  the 
hospital  attaches. 

The  Sisters  of  Charity  have  full  control,  and  their  work  is  held  in 
high  esteem.  The  staff  consists  of  Drs.  Gregory,  Carson,  La  Barge,  Bryson, 
Amos,  Glasgow,  McCabe,  Senseney,  Caldwell,  Bliss,  Grinden,  Bavold,  Pollak 
and  Alt. 


ST.  LOUIS  PROTESTANT  HOSPITAL  was  established  in  1888,  and 
is  located  at  1011  Xorth  Eighteenth  street.  It  has  forty  beds  and  is 
under  the  care  of  the  different  Protestant  churches  of  the  city,  although 
the  work  is  non-sectarian  and  undenominational.  The  Ladies  Auxiliary 
Board  has  done  much  to  support  this  worthy  institution.  There  is  a 
"free  bed"'*  fund  and  a  well-conducted  nurses^  training  school.  Xew  build- 
ings are  greatly  needed  by  the  Protestant  Hospital,  and  its  friends  hope 
to  see  it  better  conditioned  before  long  as  to  site  and  equipment.  The 
staff  consists  of  Drs.  J.  B.  Johnson,  Laidley,  Tupper.  Moore,  King,  Hughes, 
Porter.  Post  and  Shapleigh. 


ST.    MARY'S    HOSPITAL,    CHILLICOTHE. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  171 

ST.  LUKE'S  HOSPITAL,  ST.  LOUIS,  was  first  located  on  Ohio 
street,  and  the  first  patient  received  April,  1866.  Afterwards  it  was  re- 
moved to  Elm  and  Sixth  streets,  in  1870,  and  to  Tenth  and  St.  Charles 
in  1875.  In  1873  the  Sisterhood  of  the  Good  Shepherd  from  Baltimore 
took  charge,  and  the  next  year  Dr.  J.  T.  Hodgen  was  made  surgeon-in- 
<?hief.  On  June  26,  1881,  the  cornerstone  of  the  present  hospital  was 
laid  at  Nineteenth  and  Washington  avenue  by  Bishop  Robertson.  The 
land  and  a  handsome  contribution  was  given  by  the  late  Henry  Shaw. 
The  structure  cost  $13,000,  to  which  has  since  been  added  a  handsome 
chapel  at  a  cost  of  $11,000,  the  gift  of  Mrs.  J.  Lindell  in  memory  of 
her  grandson,  Jesse  Lindell  January,  a  former  trustee  of  the  hospital. 
In  February,  1889,  the  Sisterhood  of  the  Good  Shepherd  withdrew  from 
the  care  of  the  hospital. 

There  have  been  honored  names  connected  with  St.  Luke's,  now  held 
in  memory.  Among  these,  lit.  Rev.  Bishop  Robertson,  Very  Rev.  Mont- 
gomery Schuyler.  Henry  Shaw,  Esq.,  Drs.  Hodgen.  Barrett,  Gill,  Alleyne, 
Mucld  and  the  devoted  Sisters  Oden  and  Louisa.  The  officers  and  staff  are: 
William  H.  Thompson,  president;  S.  S.  Hutchins,  secretary:  Dr.  H.  G. 
Mucld.  chief  of  staff,  and  Drs.  Baumgarten,  Ewing.  Fischel,  Green, 
Grinden.  Hall,  Lemoine,  Post,  Shapleigh.  Tuttle  and  Valle. 


ST.  MARY'S  HOSPITAL,  CH1LLICOTHE,  MO.— At  the  solicita- 
tion of  the  Franciscan  Fathers,  the  Sisters  of  St.  Mary  of  St.  Louis 
founded  a  branch  house  at  Chiilicothe,  Mo.,  on  the  2d  of  July,  1888.  A 
beautiful  piece  of  ground  with  a  large  private  dwelling  house  upon  it  had 
been  secured.  In  1892  the  debt  was  licpudated,  which  had  been  contracted 
upon  the  purchase  ot  the  property,  and  the  dwelling  was  enlarged  by  a 
spacious  addition.  At  present  St.  Mary's  Hospital  has  accommodations 
for  about  35  patients.  Since  the  foundation  of  the  hospital  to  the  close 
of  the  year  1899,  901  patients  have  been  nursed  there. 

The  following  physicians  and  surgeons  are  connected  with  the  hos- 
pital: Drs.  Minor,  Simpson,  Jr.,  Simpson,  Stevens,  Cherrington,  Tracy 
and  Barnev. 


THE  SOABRITT  HOSPITAL,  KANSAS  CITY,  is  a  part  of  the 
Scarritt  Bible  and  Training  School  for  Missionaries  and  other  Christian 
workers,  with  the  addition  of  a  nurses'"  training  department.  It  is  the 
property  of  the  Woman's  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  M.  E.  Church 
South.  *  It  was  opened  September  21,  1892.  It  has  twenty  beds.  Twelve 
nurses  are  in  training,  and  there  is  an  alumnae  of  29.  Each  nurse  must 
be  a  member  of  some  Evangelical  Church. 

As  the  hospital  must  be  self-supporting,  the  charity  work  is  lim- 
ited, but  each  nurse  must  serve  for  seven  weeks  as  nurse  in  the  city  under 
the  direction  of  the  City  Missionary  or  some  physician. 

The  staff  consists  of  seventeen  physicians,  and  the  hospital  is  well 
furnished.  The  location  is  corner  of  Harris  and  Askew  avenues.  Mrs. 
M.  L.  Gibson  is  principal  and  Mrs.  S.  I.  Moffat,  superintendent. 


ST.  LOUIS  INSANE  ASYLUM  was  founded  in  1868,  with  accom- 
modations for  about  250  patients.     It  was  at  first  a  county  institution, 


172  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

but  in  1876.  when  the  city  of  St.  Louis  was  separated  from  the  county, 
it  became  a  municipal  institution.  It  is  located  on  one  of  the  highest 
points  about  St.  Louis,  is  a  substantial  five-story  brick  building  with 
grounds  covering  an  area  of  29  acres.  It  contains  at  present  656  patients 
and  employs  90  attendants.  The  normal  growth  of  the  municipality, 
bringing  an  increase  of  the  number  of  insane  and  incurables,  necessi- 
tated an  annex  to  the  neighboring  Poorhouse,  which  has  now  840 
chronic  insane. 

Dr.  E.  E.  Eunge  is  the  superintendent  of  the  St.  Louis  Insane  Asylum. 


STATE  LUNATIC  ASYLUM  NO.  1,  FULTON,  MO.,  is  the  oldest 
institution  of  its  kind  in  the  State,  and  for  many  years  the  only  one 
It  is  now  the  second  in  size,  containing  nearly  900  patients.  It  is  cen- 
trally located,  but  draws  principally  from  the  eastern  half  of  the  State, 
exclusive  of  St.  Louis.  It  was  established  in  1847,  and  the  commissioners 
in  charge  were  chosen  by  the  General  Assemblv.  It  was  opened  August, 
1851,  with  Dr.  T.  E.  H.  Smith  as  the  first  superintendent.  Dr.  C.  H. 
Hughes  was  superintendent  for  a  few  years  in  interim.  Dr.  Smith  was  a 
model  officer.  The  office  of  superintendent  was  after  his  death  sue-' 
cessively  filled  by  Drs.  Lodes,  Atwood.  Wilson  and  Warden,  each  in  turn 
introducing  improvements  that  the  growing  institution  demanded. 

In  1897,  when  Gov.  Stephens  came  into  office  he  placed  the  Fulton 
Asylum  in  the  hands  of  a  homeopathic  board  of  managers,  who  elected 
Dr.  J.  T.  Coombs  superintendent.  Daring  his  administration  many  im- 
provements were  introduced  in  the  sanitary  conditions  of  the  buildings 
and  grounds,  and  the  financial  management  was  such  that  no  support 
Avas  asked  from  the  State,  it  having  become  self-sustaining.  The  death 
rate  is  very  low  and  the  percentage  of  cures  reported  high. 

On  April  10,  1900,  Dr.  W.  L.  Ray  was  elected  superintendent,  Dr. 
Coombs  having  resigned.  The  other  officers  of  the  institution  are  Drs. 
Theilmann,  Eeily  and  Tincher;  Mr.  W.  M.  Adeock  is  secretary. 

The  institution  is  in  a  prosperous  condition  and  a  new  wing  is  in 
course  of  construction,  which,  when  completed,  will  accommodate  150 
additional  patients,  and  other  important  improvements  are  being  made. 


STATE  INSANE  ASYLUM  NO.  2  is  located  one  mile  east  of  St. 
Joseph,  and  is  supported  by  appropriations  made  by  the  General  Assembly. 
Dr.  Catlett  was  the  first  superintendent,  and  the  institution  was  opened 
March,  1871.  In  f8?9  the  building  was  burned  without  the  loss  of  a 
single  patient,  but  immediately  rebuilt,  and  in  1881  an  appropriation  of 
$98,000  was  made  for  additional  improvements.  In  1891  $15,000  more 
was  appropriated,  and  in  1899  another  $15,000.  The  open  door  system  at 
nights  is  provided,  and  most  of  the  patients  have  as  free  access  to  the 
halls  and  toilet  rooms  as  they  have  during  the  day.  The  patients  ap- 
preciate the  privilege  and  liberty  thus  given.  Employment  to  patients  is 
given  in  the  various  industrial  departments.  Dr.  C.  E.  Woodson  is  the 
superintendent. 

STATE  LUNATIC  ASYLUM  NO.  3.— The  Thirty-third  General  As- 
sembly appropriated  for  this  asylum  $200,000,  and  the  next  General  As- 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  173 

sembly  an  added  appropriation  of  $149,000.  It  is  located  at  Nevada, 
Mo.,  and  was  opened  in  October,  1887.  The  main  building  consists  of  a 
central  structure,  four  stories  high,  and  three  wings  on  either  side,  three 
stories  high,  with  capacity  for  about  800  patients.  Total  number  of 
patients  treated  to  January  1,  1900,  was  2,802.  The  total  number  dis- 
charged and  restored,  was  1,156. 

The  asylum  now  contains  T10  patients.  It  is  almost  self-sustaining 
(using  only  about  $5,000  from  its  appropriation  for  support  over  and 
above  its  earnings)  from  receipts  from  counties,  guardians  and  stewards' 
sales.     The  superintendent  is  Dr.  J.  F.  Robinson. 


UNITED  STATES  MARINE  HOSPITAL  at  St.  Louis  was  opened 
and  occupied  August  1,  1855,  by  marine  patients  who  were  transferred 
from  the  city  and  charity  hospitals.  The  staff  consisted  of  Dr.  J.  X.  Mc- 
Dowell and  Dr.  Wm.  M.  McPheeters.  The  hospital  is  located  upon  17 
acres  of  land  at  the  corner  of  Marine  and  Miami  avenues.  The  hospital 
is  a  substantial  building  of  three  stories. 

During  the  Civil  Mar  the  premises  were  converted  into  and  occupied 
as  a  military  hospital,  and  a  large  number  of  sick  and  wounded  soldiers 
were  treated  in  the  main  building.  An  executive  building  was  completed 
in  1882.  The  first  floor  was  occupied  by  the  surgeon's  office,  dispensary 
and  steward's  office  and  operating  room.  The  old  main  building  is  now 
unsanitary,  and  lias  been  at  times  infected.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the 
Government  will  see  the  necessity  for  the  erection  of  new  and  sanitary  hos- 
pital quarters.  Temporary  wards  have  been  built  and  better  results  ob- 
tained than  in  the  hospital  proper.  This  hospital  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant in  the  department,  and  should  be  well  supported  by  the  general 
Government.  A  temporary  space  is  immediately  available  for  any  number 
of  patients,  but  there  is  a  great  demand  for  a  more  compact  construction 
of  a  permanent  hospital  building.  A  dispensary  office  relief  was  installed 
in  1875.  The  results  of  operations  of  this  hospital  from  185 T  to  the 
present  show  a  high  degree  of  efficiency.  The  present  superintendent  is 
Dr.  Wm.  G.  Stimpson. 


UNIVERSITY  HOSPITAL.  KANSAS  CITY.— The  University  Hos- 
pital started  about  1880,  under  the  mime  of  All  Saints',  by  Drs.  Tiffany. 
Buxton,  Sawyer,  Campbell,  Rev.  Gardine  of  St.  Marv's  Church.  T.  B. 
Bullene  and  others.  The  collecting  of  funds  was  done  by  Miss  Fitzgerald, 
afterwards  known  as  Sister  Isabell.  The  management  of  the  hospital  was 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Episcopal  Church  for  some  years.  In  189S 
the  property  was  leased  by  the  University  Medical  College  of  Kansas 
City,  when  the  name  was  changed  to  the  University  Hospital.  In  1899 
the  University  Medical  College  bought  the  property  and  made  many  re- 
pairs, putting  the  building  in  a  good  sanitary  condition.  They  plan  a 
large  addition  of  60  or  70  more  rooms,  to  cost  from  $-10,000  to' $50,000, 
to  be  erected  during  the  summer  of  1900.  The  hospital  is  under  the  man- 
agement of  Dr.  FJavel  B.  Tiffany,  Miss  Helena  Roe  as  superintendent,  two 
internes  and  a  dozen  nurses.  Besides  the  pay  rooms  there  are  some  free 
beds,  a  ward  and  dispensaries  and  clinical  rooms  for  charity  patients  of  the 
University  Medical  College. 


174  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

THE  WOMEN  AND  CHILDREN'S  HOSPITAL,  KANSAS  CITY.— 
The  Women  and  Children's  Hospital  and  its  training  school  for  nurses 
received  its  charter  June  19,  1897.  Its  first  home  was  located  at  Fif- 
teenth and  Cleveland,  in  the  building  formerly  occupied  by  the  Maternity 
Hospital.  The  hospital  takes  as  patients  only  women  and  children.  It 
is  strictly  a  self-supporting  institution,  except  so  far  as  assistance  is  asked 
for  the  maintenance  of  its  free  beds  for  crippled  children.  Any  physician 
in  good  standing  is  invited  to  bring  and  treat  patients  in  the  wards  or 
private  rooms.  The  regular  hospital  staff  gives  medical  and  surgical  at- 
tention to  those  who  come  in  as  hospital  or  charity  cases,  but  has  noth- 
ing whatever  to  do  with  private  patients  under  the  care  of  other  physi- 
cians. 

Hospital  staff:  Drs.  Smith,  Cobe,  Pearse,  Hughes,  Chambliss,  Foster, 
Mitchell,  Hethering,  Van  Seoval,  Neumeister,  Green,  Wilson,  Richardson, 
Euz,  Dibble,  Johnson,  Delap,  Graham  and  Weston. 


LUTHERAN  HOSPITAL,  ST.  LOUIS,— On  December  1,  1858,  a 
meeting  was  called  by  the  members  of  the  First  German  Ev.  Lutheran 
congregation  to  consider  establishing  a  hospital,  and  Rev.  I.  F.  Bunger  was 
chosen  president  of  the  meeting.  As  a  result  of  this  meeting  two  rooms 
were  donated  by  Mr.  Ed  Bertram  on  Carondelet  avenue  and  Emmett 
street.  These  soon  proved  insufficient  and  more  rooms  were  obtained  in 
the  same  building. 

The  Lutheran  Hospital  was  now  established  under  the  direction  of  an 
executive  committee,  and  did  noble  work,  but  the  work  needed  more.  room. 
A  larger  building  was  purchased  on  Seventh  street,  near  Sidney,  and  an 
addition  of  four  rooms  was  built  in  1870.  December  1,  1881,  the  hospital 
was  moved  to  corner  Potomac  and  Ohio  avenue,  to  a  building  containing 
fifteen  rooms.  In  1800  it  was  increased  to  its  present  capacity  by  the 
addition  of  twelve  rooms.  The  location  of  the  hospital  is  a  very  desirable 
one,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  city,  and  easily  reached  by  three  lines 
of  street  cars.  A  number  of  rooms  have  been  handsomely  furnished  by  the 
ladies  of  several  of  the  Lutheran  churches. 

During  the  past  year  (1899)  there  were  admitted  860  patients  and 
there  were  197  operations.  In  connection  with  the  hospital  there  has 
been  established  a  training  school  for  nurses,  under  the  tutelage  of  the 
superintendent,  Miss  L.  Krauss,  and  the  hospital  staff. 

The  Hospital  Association  is  now  contemplating  the  erection  of  a 
$30,000  addition,  for  which  the  plans  have  already  been  drawn  up. 
Work  will. probably  begin  before  fall. 

The  officers  of  the  institution  are :  President,  William  Seheutz ;  secre- 
tary Theo.  Lange;  medical  and  surgical  staff,  Dr.  Harniseh,  chief,  and  Drs. 
Sapper,  Schulz,  Amerland  and  Bernays. 


ST.  MARY'S  INFIRMARY,  ST.  LOUIS.— The  sole  occupation,  of 
the  Sisters  of  St.  Mary  was  nursing  the  sick  at  their  homes  until,  being 
encouraged  by  their  friends,  in  February,  1877,  they  purchased  a  fine  piece 
of  property  at  Fifteenth  and  Papin  streets  from  Felix  Costa,  Esq.,  for- 
merly occupied  by  Hon.  Carl  Schurz.  Here  they  opened  a  hospital  May 
21,  1877.  During  the  first  year  60  patients  were  treated,  36  being  charity 
patients.     This  same  ratio  has  been  maintained.     In  1896.  out  of  a  total 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  175 

number  of  1,310,  785  patients  were  "Our  Dear  Lord's."  Additions  of 
ground  were  demanded  and  made  until  the  hospital  lot  had  a  frontage 
of  255  feet. 

In  1887  a  live-story  building  80  feet  front  and  40  deep  was  begun 
and  completed  in  1889.  The  first  jrear  after  338  patients  were  admitted,. 
and  the  following  year  506,  of  whom  250  were  charity  cases.  More  room 
was  needed,  and  in  1895  a  new  wing  was  added.  The  previous  year  1,025 
patients  had  been  cared  for,  711  being  charity.  The  great  cyclone  of  '96 
damaged  the  new  wing,  but  it  was  ready  for  use  in  September,  and  the 
hospital  had  accommodations  for  150  patients. 

The  Sisters  have  conducted  a  free  clinic  from  1878  to  1895,  during 
which  period  29,608  outdoor  patients  were  cared  for.  The  clinic  was  dis- 
continued because  it  interfered  with  the  hospital  work  and  because  other 
clinics  were  able  to  do  this  work.  In  1899  there  were  1,605  patients  in 
the  hospital,  one-half  of  whom  Avere  charity.  Since  the  beginning  in  1877, 
13,569  patients  were  cared  for,  7,436  being  cbarity  cases.  These  figures 
show  what  a  grand  work  the  Sisters  are  doing.  For  themselves  they  re- 
quire only  what  is  needed  for  the  maintenance  of  the  order  and  the  nec- 
essaries of  life. 

The  President  is  Rev.  Mother  Seraphia,  Superior  of  the  order.  The 
staff  is  Dr.  W.  A.  McCandlass,  surgeon-in-chief,  and  Drs.  Neuhoff,  Bre- 
bach,  Eoulet,  Hickerson,  Max  Barclay,  Henderson  and  Tiedemann. 


176  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


CHAPTER  XIV.— MEDICAL  COLLEGES  OF  MISSOURI. 

Among  the  many  factors  which  have  added  to  the  reputation  and 
influence  of  Missouri  as  a  medical  center,  due  consideration  must  he  given 
to  our  medical  colleges.  For  over  half  a  century  St.  Louis  has  "been  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  centers  of  medical  education.  Peculiarly  adapted  by 
its  central  location,  its  clinical  resources  and  hospitals  and  its  host  of 
enterprising  and  ambitious  physicians,  this  State,  and  particular!}  Si. 
Louis,  has  been  the  annual  home  of  hundreds  of  medical  students. 

Actuated  by  the  desire  to  further  the  interests  of  the  medical  pro- 
fession and  to  open  up  a  field  for  the  mam'  worthy  and  competent  young 
men  of  the  Central  West,  the  first  medical  college  west  of  the  Mississippi 
was  founded  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis  in  the  year  1840.  The  promoter  of 
this  institution  was  a  man  far-famed  throughout  the  land  as  one  of  the 
medical  geniuses  of  his  day,  Dr.  Joseph  iSTash  McDowell,  and  the  college 
which  Avas  organized  at  that  time  was  named  after  him.  The  McDowell 
Medical  College  Hater  it  was  called  the  Missouri  Medical  College),  and  now, 
fused  with  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College,  it  is  recognized  as  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  Washington  University. 

In  1811  the  board  and  faculty  of  the  St.  Louis  University,  even  then 
one  of  the  most  thriving  institutions  of  this  State,  enacted  the  constitu- 
tion of  a  medical  department,  by  which  the  present  St.  Louis  Medical 
College  first  saw  the  light  of  day.  The  management  of  the  college  for  many 
years  was  in  the  hands  of  that  brilliant  surgeon.  Dr.  Charles  A.  Pope. 
Side  by  side  the  McDowell  and  Pope  colleges  labored  in  the  interest  of 
medical  education  and  in  the  instruction  of  worthy  young  men,  to  many 
of  whose  hands  the  medical  and  sanitary  interests  of  our  good  State  are 
entrusted  at  the  present  time. 

At  the  time  of  the  origin  of  these  early  institutions  medical  edu- 
cation of  this  country  was  practically  in  its  infancy.  The  modern  drift 
of  teaching  tends  towards  adding-  a  more  systematic  course  of  instruction, 
with  more  time  and  opportunity  granted  the  student  to  become  profi- 
cient in  the  various  branches  in  the  science  of  medicine. 

With  the  growth  of  the  State  and  the  increased  influx  of  medical  stu- 
dents our  medical  fraternities  have  shown  their  enterprise  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  number  of  medical  colleges,  each  of  which  is  given  special 
consideration  in  the  following  pages : 

THE  MISSOURI  MEDICAL  COLLEGE. 

The  history  of  medical  education  in  Missouri  dates  from  the  organ- 
ization of  the  Medical  Department  of  Kemper  College  in  1810.  It  was 
during  the  winter  of  1839  and  1.840  that  Dr.  Joseph  Nash  McDowell  and 
Dr.  John  S.  Moore  conceived  the  laudable  idea  and  matured  the  well-laid 
plans  for  the  establishment  of  the  first  medical  college  west  of  the  Miss- 
issippi River. 

These  two  prominent  physicians  and  influential  citizens  of  St.  Louis 
obtained  the  charter,  formed  the  faculty,  laid  out  the  course  and  opened 
the  first  session  in  Xovemher,  1810.     Lectures  were  held  in  a  building  at 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  1  77  . 

the  corner  of  Ninth  and  Cerre  streets.  The  structure  afterwards  he- 
came  the  Wainwright  Brewery  malt  house. 

The  popularity  of  the  college  and  the  success  of  the  enterprise  is 
•evidenced  by  the  class  of  thirty-seven  students  which  was  matriculated. 
The  faculty  consisted  of  the  following: 

Dr.  J.  K  McDowell,  Dr.  J.  S.  Moore,  Dr.  Prout,  Dr.  J.  W.  Hall,  Dr. 
E.  F.  Barrett,  Dr.  John  de  Wolfe. 

Dr.  Wolfe  was  Professor  of  Chemistry.  He  was  a  resident  of  Vermont, 
but  came  to  St.  Louis  each  winter  and  conducted  his  college  work  as  long 
as  he  remained  a  member  of  the  faculty. 

The  condition  not  only  of  the  medical  profession,  but  commercial  in- 
terests as  well,  is  forcibly  set  forth  in  the  address  which  Joseph  Nash  Mc- 
Dowell, Professor  of  Surgery  and  Surgical  Anatomy  and  clean  of  the  fac- 
ulty, delivered  in  1840  at  the  laying  of  the  corner  stone  of  the  edifice  of 
the  Medical  Department  of  Kemper  College.  It  manifests  the  keen  inter- 
est which  public-spirited  men  took  in  the  future  of  the  Mississippi  Valley. 
Many  of  the  prophecies  then  made  have  been  realized.  The  address  reads 
as  follows : 

M'  DO  WEILL'S    PROPHETIC    ORATION. 

Long-,  we  hope,  will  this  day  be  remembered  by  the  city  of  St.  Louis.  And 
should  our  success  equal  our  anticipation,  long  will  the  memory  of  those  who  have 
participated  in  the  enterprise  of  laying  the  corner  stone  of  the  first  edifice  here 
dedicated  to  medicine  be  gratefully  cherished  in  the  bosoms  of  millions  of  man- 
kind, who  are  to  figure  on  the  stage  we  now  occupy. 

We  have  placed  but  a  pebble  in  the  edifice  of  medicine  which  is  to  be  reared 
at  this  spot.  A  view  of  what  has  transpired  in  the  profession  and  the  history  of 
the  world  can  but  rivet  conviction  upon  us  that  our  destiny  will  be  great  if  we 
but  employ  the  advantages  which  nature  has  given  us,  and  which  so  urgently  claim 
our  attention.  In  the  history  of  the  human  family  there  is  nothing  more  remark- 
able than  this  prominent  fact — that  in  the  progress  of  civilization  and  the  advance- 
ment of  science  and  the  arts,  mankind  have  accomplished  ifar  more  than  had  been 
anticipated,  and  the  strides  of  improvement  are  not  within  the  calculation  of  any 
one,  but  we  have  fallen  far  short,  even  in  our  most  ardent  fancy  of  what,  in  after 
time,  is  demonstrated  by  facts  that  cannot  be  denied. 

When  we  cast  an  eye  in  retrospect  we  are  astonished  to  see  mankind  so  igno- 
rant of  what  was  immediately  in  advance  of  them,  of  the  discoveries  which  have 
effected  such  vast  and  important  revolutions,  not  only  in  nations  and  empires,  but 
which  spread  their  power  and  influence  to  the  remotest  part  of  our  globe,  and  have 
risen  on  the  benighted  world  like  the  sun,  to  illumine  even  the  greatest  obscurity 
and  open  up  the  day^of  intelligence  contrasted  with  our  previous  condition. 

Let  us  look  to  a  ifew  facts  in  the  history  of  our  own  particular  branch  of  the  hu- 
man family,  the  eld  Scythian  stock:  Near  2,500  years  have  elapsed  since  our  an- 
cestors crossed  from  Asia,  the  Thracian  Bosphorus,  and  penetrated  the  forests  of 
Europe,  and  with  a  regular  unceasing  tread  they  have  traveled  onward,  and 
swept  over  and  inundated  every  nation  and  people  which  opposed  a  barrier 
to  their  progress.  They  appear  not  to  have  been  an  ordinary  wave  of  popula- 
tion, which  has  succeeded  another,  and  lashed  itself  against  the  shore  of  de- 
struction to  die  away  and  be  gone  forever,  but,  like  the  swell  of  the  ocean, 
the  flood  of  people  is  ever  pressed  forward,  until  every  nation  beside  is  seen 
to  flee  to  the  mountains  as  a  hiding  place,   a  refuge  from  their  power. 

A  critical  examination  of  the  languages  and  conditions  of  the  people  of  Europe 
and  the  ancestry  of  our  own  people  show  most  clearly  that  a  part  of  the  second 
great  (inundation  of  population  in  Europe  has  spread  its  power  in  this  country, 
and  the  same  people  are  now  here  and  coming  who  hold  in  their  hands  at  this 
moment  the  destinies  of  the  whole  world.  That  wave  of  population  is  now  with 
us,  and  while  we  but  just  see  and  feel  the  swell,  the  ocean  billow  is  behind.  The 
vast  population  which  is  coming  from  Europe  and  from  the  eastern  and  northern 
portions  of  our  continent,  and  pressing  to  the  south  and  west,  has  but  com- 
menced to  flow  in  upon  us.  Like  the  lightning  and  the  wind  in  the  storm  we,  as 
pioneers,  have  been  driven  forward  to  hew  out  and  prepare  the  way,  while  the 
heavy  rain  and  flood  of  population  is  to  follow.  And  in  a  view  of  the  future  we  as 
little  dream  of  what  is  to  succeed,  o>f  the  power  and  influence  that  is  to  congre- 
gate here  and  around  us,  as  our  fathers  did  when  they  stood  on  the  banks  of  our 
mighty  river  and  supposed  its  giant  waters  would  only  be  disturbed  by  the  floating 
barge  of  the  Indian  canoe. 

We  live  in  an  age  that  is  peculiarly  active  in  enterprise,  and  we  are  more 
likely  to  make  improvements  than  the  past,  yet  we  are  not  prepared  to  believe 
this  to  be  true,  nor  can  we  calculate  what  in  our  age  is  to  be  developed,  but  if  we 
advance  only  in  an  equal  ratio  with  the  past,  what  will  be  our  destiny  in  the  next 
fifty  years  in  point  of  population,  and  what  must  be  our  extent  of  improvements? 
We  should  be  looking,  as  all  nature  indicates,  steadily  for  change.  The  past  justi- 
fies the  conclusion  that  but  just  ahead  is  something  which  is  to  be  developed; 
some    new    discovery,    some   new   change    of   policy,    some    new   increase    of   power 

12 


178  OXE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

that  will  give  us  additional  force,  increase  our  momentum  and  mark  our  onward 
inarch  with   additional  glory. 

But  a  few  years  have  elapsed  since  our  fathers  made  their  appearance  in  this- 
beautiful  valley — the  richest  and  by  nature  the  most  bountiful  on  the  face 
of  the  globe.  Then  it  was  the  abode  of  the  prowling  beast  of  the  forest,  and 
the  wild  and  untutored  Indian.  What  do  we  now  pee?  The  advance  of  science,  the 
improvement  of  machinery,  the  increase  of  intelligence  and  the  spread  of  the 
knowledge  has  congregated  here  its  millions,  and  millions  are  yet  to  come, 
and  on  the  eve  of  coming,  who  have  but  as  yesterday  heard  of  our  delightful 
abode,  of  our  benign  and  wholesome  laws,  and  our  independence,  our  glorious 
liberty — yea.  the  liberty  of  conscience,  the  richest  boon  of  Heaven.  Here  thou- 
sands are  daily  welcomed  to  the  bosom  of  a  country,  the  asylum  of  the  oppressed, 
and  in  a  land  where  the  face  of  the  whole  people  frowns  with  indignation  on  the> 
oppressor.  The  day  is  coming  when  millions  on  millions  will  congregate  in  this, 
our  mighty  valley."  and  concentrate  their  influence  on  this,  our  infant  city.  That 
this  vast  and  yet  sparsely  populate?  country  is  to  be  the  great  bread-growing 
portion  of  our  continent  there  cannot  he  a  doubt,  and  as  the  soil  is  cultivated  and 
commerce  increases,  so  will  cities  rise,  and  when  the  land  ceases  to  be  productive 
they  must  decline.  Asia  was  the  birthplace  most  unquestionably  of  the  Caucasian 
varieties  of  the  human  family,  the  stock  from  which  we  came,  a,nd  that  portion 
of  the  continent  in  which  they  commenced  their  career,  now,  although  aban- 
doned, gives  the  strongest  manifestations  of  the  facts  just  asserted.  There  are 
now  the  moldering  ruins  of  stupendous  cities  which  were  once  the  abode  of 
millions  in  Asia,  and  which  once  stood  encircled  by  a  rich  and  finely  cultivated 
soil,  but  as  time  and  cultivation  destroyed  its  fertility  the  people  emigrated,  until 
naught  is  seen  but  the  sandy  waste  encircling  the  deserted  cits*,  whose  splendid 
columns  lie  scattered  and  broken,  the  abode  now  only  of  the  lonely  night  bird  or 
the  beast  of  prey.  Had  the  soil  remained  the  descendants  of  the  people  who  reared 
those  splendid  structures  wouid  now  be  there. 

But  these  are  facts  which  should  encourage  us  and  cheer  us  onward.  We  have 
a  soil  whose  depth  and  fertility,  with  proper  culture,  can  never  perish,  and  the 
vast  population  which  is  nere  to  assemble  will  here  remain  to  the  remotest  gen- 
erations. These  are  facts  which  should  rouse  us  to  deeds  of  renown,  which  will 
make  our  memory  imperishable,  and  every  energy  should  be  employed  to  transmit 
to  posterity,  as  the  tide  increases,  that  which  will  impart  the  greatest  blessing 
to  mankind. 

We  owe  our  efforts  to  the  future  for  what  the  past  has  conferred  on  us,  and  as 
we  travel  on,  following  in  the  history  of  our  race,  wherever  these  great  duties 
have  not  been  performed,   man  by  uegrees  has  become  degraded. 

Referring  back  to  our  own  hislory  as  a  people,  as  the  wave  of  population 
rolled  on  in  Europe,  and  its  tide  of  power  rose,  carrying  on  its  bosom  the  wreck 
of  nations  and  of  empires  and  their  literature  and  science,  the  benighted  mass 
was  penetrated  with  the  rays  of  intelligence,  which  shot  from  the  nations  which 
their  rude  power  had  crushed  and  for  a  time  extinguished.  And  in  the  dawn  of 
learning  and  intelligence  we  behold  institutions  rising,  as  the  glorious  sun  on  the 
agitated  ocean,  which  has  been  preceded  by  the  night  of  darkness  and  despair. 

When  the  literature  of  the  Greek  and  the  Roman  was  buried  by  the  avalanche 
of  our  Gothic  a~hd  German  ancestors— the  old  Scythian  family— the  leaven  of 
science  which  was  then  introduced  was  the  reformation  of  the  world.  Silently 
for  more  than  a  thousand  years  it  was  at  work  before  its  power  was  strongly 
manifested.  But  as  age  after  age  rolled  on,  each  improving  the  other,  and  the 
last  the  most  cultivated,  a  few  bright  spots  were  seen  shining  with  greater 
splendor,  and  thither  the  more  intelligent  congregated  to  enjoy  the  light  of 
science:  a  few  ciear  fountains  of  knowledge  burst  forth  and  those  who  thirsted 
came  to  drink  and  be  inspired. 

Thus  the  efforts  for  the  spread  of  knowledge  increased  until  modern  Eu- 
rope is  animated  at  every  point  with  institutions,  the  ornaments  of  the  age  and  the 
pride  and  boast  of  their  people.  The  amelioration  of  the  condition,  the  ad- 
vancement and  nappiness  of  mankind,  appears  to  have  been  the  elevation  of  the 
human  family.  Our  own  country,  contrasted  with  the  rest  of  mankind  in  point 
of  intelligence.  Is  the  most  striking  monument  of  the  fact.  .Literature,  science 
and  the  arts  and  the  efforts  for  the  elevation  of  the  condition  of  man  have  ever 
gone  hand  in  hand.  But  as  mankind  advanced  in  the  discoveries  in  physical 
science,  the  science  of  medicine,  or  its  collateral  sciences,  seems  to  have  been 
the  harbinger  in  the  great  wcrk.  This  fact  was  most  prominent  in  our  early  his- 
tory during  the  tenth,  eleventh  and  twelfth  centuries,  especially  after  the  de- 
struction in  the  East  of  the  Asiatic  or  the  Saracenic  sohool  of  medicine.  In  the 
twelfth  century  there  was  a  period  of  almost  total  darkness,  during  which  tin- 
whole  world  lay  involved  In  the  deepest  gloom,  ignorance  and  superstition— a 
oeriod  in  which  there  was  scarce  an  object  to  attract  the  lover  of  science,  and 
scarce  a  fact  can  be  recorded  but  these  of  violence  and  blood,  and  all  the  de- 
partments of  learning  shared  a  fate  which  is  too  degrading  to  relate,  while  the 
bright  and  green  spots  in  the  waste  were  shrouded  with  a  pall.  But  the  struggle 
of  light  and  darkness  that  had  so  long  been  contested  ceased  and  the  light 
dawned  upon  the  world,  which  is  destined  to  increase  in  brightness  until  we  are 
perfected  in  knowledge,  or  man  has  approximated  as  near  as  his  nature  will  al- 
low, the  wisdom  of  his  Maker.  The  dawn  of  science,  however,  was  with  the 
development  of  the  science  of  medicine  and  its  collateral  sciences. 

At  Padua  and  Salernum  in  Italy  and  Leyden  in  Holland  in  the  early  period  of 
European  medicine,  science  among  our  ancestors  appears  to  have  had  its  first  great 
impulse,  and  some  of  the  brightest  luminaries  of  the  profession  have  risen,  and 
as  we  travel  onward  we  find  Scotland,  England,  Ireland,  France  and  our  own 
country  have  been  its  most  successful  cultivators.  But  wherever,  for  the  time, 
medicine  has  nourished,  there  we  have  ever  had  clustering  some  of  the  richest 
gems   of  literature  and  the  arts.     But   wherever   medicine  nas   been  most  success- 


ORIGINAL    MISSOURI    MEDICAL    COLLEGE,    ST.    LOUIS. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  179 

fully  cultivated,  where  great  institutions  have  risen,  it  has  ever  been  by  the 
that  lofty  genius  which  has  towered  over  the  rest  has  disappeared,  whenever 
energy  of  those  who  are  engaged  in  the  cultivation  of  science,  and  whenever 
that  energy  which  has  characterized  every  grand  improvement,  every  great 
achievement  among  men,  has  been  lost,  the  seat  of  science  has  been  trans- 
ferred. Some  point  more  auspicious  for  talent,  whose  views  are  broader  and 
more  comprehensive,  more  elevated  and  better  adapted  to  the  genius  and  neces- 
sities of  the  profession  or  which  has  manifested  more  industry  or  greater  fa- 
cilities have  been  most  successful  in  the  race,  and  no  nation  or  peop:e  has 
ever  been  successful  in  building  great  institutions  of  learning  who  have  not  with 
energy  encouraged  the  talent,  the  native  talent  of  their  country,  and  whose  vigor 
in  the  prosecution  of  the  work  has  not  been  equal  to  the  power  and  intellect  they 
would  employ — 

"For  the  sluggard's  brow  the  laurel   never  grows, 
Renown  is  not  the  child  of  indolent  repose." 

'So  soon  as  America  was  sufficiently  colonized  to  justify  the  project  of  a 
school  of  medicine  that  would  educate  our  sons  without  a  tour  to  Europe,  the 
lamp  of  medical  science  was  trimmed  in  our  city  of  brotherly  love  and  some  of 
the  brightest  lights  have  risen  that  have  adorned  the  annals  of  the  human  race 
—lights  that  have  not  only  illuminated  their  own  country,  but  have  shed  their 
effulgence  on  the  world.  The  name  of  Rush,  Shippen,  Barton  and  Wister  are 
written  on  the  brightest  scroll  of  medicine,  and  succeeding  them  the  same  im- 
mortality will  halo  those  of  Jackson,  Chapman,  MeLellar.d  and  others,  who  are 
still  active  on  the  stage.  And  as  the  tide  of  nations  rolled  on  and  the  billow  broke 
over  our  mountains  and  descended  into  our  valley,  soon  we  see  an  institution  ' 
planted  in  the  wilderness.  It  was  thought  then  by  some  premature,  but  its  suc- 
cess has  been  unparalleled  and  its  growth  vigorous  and  onward,  and  some  of  the 
brightest  ornaments  of  medicine  have  risen  and  adorned  and  still  shed  lustre 
on   her   halls. 

It  is  the  genius  and  energy  of  the  people  and  the  teachers  of  the  place  which 
is  consecrated  and  dedicated  to  the  profession,  and  when  that  spirit  departs  the 
sceptre    is    forever    transferred. 

The  halls  that  were  ones  filled  are  deserted,  and  the  place  that  once  echoed 
with  the  eloquence  of  the  teacher  is  the  abode  of  the  owl  and  the  bat;  the  same 
climate  may  exist,  the  same  sun  may  shine  and  all  nature  stand  as  of  old,  yet 
the  spirit  that  has  brought  forth  such  prodigies  has  departed  and  the  sun  of  their 
glory  has  set  forever,  the  bright  spots  of  their  former  existence  are  sullied  by 
the  ignominy  of  their  descendants. 

When  the  great  Boerhaave  departed  and  his  associates  were  scattered  the  en- 
thusiasm in  the  cultivation  of  medical  science  departed  also,  and  the  school  of 
Leyden,  which  was  the  center  of  medical  education  for  the  whole  world,  dwindled 
into  nothing.  The  halls  of  Leyden  now  echo  with  emptiness.  Again  the  light  broke 
forth,  and  Scotland,  rising'  triumphant,  assumed  control.  No  man  could  be  well 
educated  in  medicine  who  had  not  visited  Edinburgh.  But  when  the  great  'Cullen 
and  elder  Monroe  left  the  stage  and  were  succeeded  by  those  who  were  less  tal- 
ented and  enterprising,  less  vigor  of  intellect  manifested  by  the  teachers  and  less 
encouragement  from  the  people,  the  sceptre  departed  from  the  hand  of  the  Scot. 

So  it  has  been  alternately  with  England  and  Ireland,  when  a  Cheselden,  a 
Hunter,  a  'Cooper,  a  Bell,  a  Lawrence  and  an  Abernathy  lectured,  and  the  ardor 
and  enthusiasm  of  medicine  was  there,  and  great  minds  were  employed  and  re- 
spected, England  was  not  inferior  to  the  race.  And  Dublin  was  ever  crowded 
when  Collis  was  yigorous  and  on  "the  stage. 

Again  we  look"  forth,  and  in  our  time  the  light  which  France  has  kindled  il- 
luminates the  world,  anu  congregating  thousands  crowd  to  Paris,  now  the  seat 
of  medical  learning  for  the  whole  world.  Why  is  this?  Because  she  has  caught 
the  Are  of  enthusiasm  as  it  burned  on  the  altar  and  kindled  it  in  the  hearts  of 
her  people,  and  the  Frenchman's  bosom,  in  the  cultivation  of  medical  science, 
glows  with  a  living  flame.  Here  within  a  few  years  have  arisen  many,  very 
many,  of  the  rarest  and  most  gifted  geniuses  of  the  age,  whose  ardor  in  science 
has  imparted  even  youthful  vigor  to  old  age,  and  whose  fire  of  ambition  has  only 
been  chilled  by  the  damps  of  the  grave.  'Whose  heart,  that  has  felt  the  first  throb 
for  glorious  distinction,  does  not  warm  in  his  bosom  at  the  very  name  of  Cuiver, 
of  Bishat,  Broysais,  Louis  Andrall  and  a  hundred  others,  whose  fame  is  co- 
extensive with  the  civilized  world  and  around  whose  names  will  linger  a  halo  that 
can  never  die. 

This  it  is  that  has  given  France  her  superiority,  and  this  it  is  that  will  give 
any  institution  superiority,  no  matter  where  located,  whether  iri  the  city  oif  Eu- 
rope, or  iri  the  East,  or  in  this  cur  wilderness  of  the  West.  It  is  the  superior  ge- 
nius and  energy  of  mind  which  has  effected  anything — the  determination  and  per- 
severance of  a  people  who  have  said  they  will  succeed,  though  millions  should 
oppose.  A  single  example  will  suffice:  While  Athens,  Sparta  and  their  sister  re- 
publics rose  in  splendor,  and  their  military  prowess  spread  terror  over  the  earth, 
who  was  it  that  dreamed  of  the  mighty  achievements  of  the  little  Macedon?  Yet 
Macedon  conquered  the  world.  A  Philip  and  an  Alexander  came,  both  alike  the 
personification  of  energy  and  action  itself.  And,  though  unequal  in  numbers, 
ever  superior  in  the  strife,  although  surrounded  by  millions,  victory  ever  perched 
upon  their  banner.  'We  can  make  no  calculations  for  the  effective  operations  of 
mind,  nor  set  bounds  to  its  achievements.  It  is  that  spirit  which  sits  upon  the 
world  with  a  magic  spell— it  is  the  electricity  which  guides  and  directs  the  tempest- 
wheels  and  steers  the  storms  of  mankind,  prostrating  all  that  oppose  and  crushing 
to  the  dust  everyhing  which  offers  resistance.  When  mind  of  action  is  employed' 
.  the  world  will  soon  perceive  it  by  its  effects,  for,  while  some  are  waiting  for  the 
period  of  prematurity   to  pass,   mind   acts  and  presses   onward  with   an   assurance 


ISO  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

of  success.  What  must  have  been  the  consciousness  of  superiority  which  swelled 
the  bosom  of  the  heroic  Alexander  when  he  swam  the  Granicus  at  the  head  of  his 
victorious  army  and   made  Persia's   millions  bow  to   His   Majesty? 

But  we  should  ever  be  mindful  that  whatever  has  been  achieved  has  not  been 
by  genius  alone.  Unaided,  unfostered,  it  is  like  to  die  with  the  blight  and  mildew 
of  neglect:  the  most  promising  buds  are  too  often  blighted  by  the  cold  and  un- 
relenting winter  of  disappointment.  It  is  not  so  much  the  men  or  the  insti- 
tutions which  act  in  their  elevation  as  the  genius  and  energy  which  gives  birth  to 
them.  Great  men  in  every  age  and  nation  have  risen  in  times  of  turbulence  and 
passion  and  are  carried  onward  and  upward  by  the  whirlwind,  who  would  have 
fallen  without  a  trait  of  character  worthy  of  notice,  without  a  deed  worthy  to  be 
recorded,  had  not  the  force  of  circumstances  made  them  what  they  were.  A  peo- 
ple whcC  are  debased  and  corrupted  will  generate  by  their  own  feelings  and  pas- 
sions men  of  like  mold,  and  those  who  are  developed  among  them,  and  those  who 
assume  the  control  among  them,  wear  the  image  ef  those  who  put  them  in  power, 
the  impress  of  the  age  that  gave  them  birth. 

The  Augustine  age  of  Rome  gave  birth  to  men  great  in  eloquence  and  learning, 
while  a  Nero  and  a  Caligula  were  but  the  emblems  of  a  people  sunk  "in  the  abyss 
of  degradation,  so  low  that  their  own  passions,  propensities  and  follies  brought 
upon  them  the  curses  which  they  so  richly  deserved.  Thrown  into  existence  at  a 
period  when  the  whole  world  was  in  motion  and  France  was  reeling  with  fanatical 
intoxication,  drunkenness  and  debauchery.  Bonaparte  became  her  master  and 
spread  his  power  over  Europe,  a  power  which  never  could  have  been  achieved  had 
not  the  circumstances  demanded.  Napoleon  by  nature  was  constituted  for  the 
great  general,  but  he  could  not  have  been  the  leader  of  the  veterans  of  our  Revolu- 
tion nor  could  he  have  acted  as  the  chief  magistrate  of  our  people.  It  was  vice, 
anarchy,  infuriated  passion  and  misrule  which  made  Bonaparte  the  Emperor,  while 
predominant  virtue  and  an  honest  love  of  liberty  developed  the  character  of  our 
immortal  Washington.  Had  Napoleon  lived  in  America  he  would  have  been  de- 
spised for  his  tyranny:  while  Washington,  if  in  France,  would  have  been  the  victim 
of  his  virtue,  and  would  have  fallen  by  the  bloody  guillotine,  a  martyr  of  liberty, 
and  been  buried  in  the  ruins  of  his  country.  And  as  it  is  with  civil  governments,  so 
has  it  ever  been  with  institutions  of  learning.  It  is  the  people  that  must  give  tone 
— they  must  sustain  and  encourage  institutions  of  learning  or  they  perish  as  the 
plant    in    the    arid    soil. 

In  the  history  of  the  world  every  people  and  city  have  their  records,  and  it  is 
natural  for  us  to  dwell  with  rapture  and  delight  on  the  departed  glory  of  men 
and  feel  a  deep  regret  for  those  who  have  been  led  by  blind  passion  to  ruin  and 
degradation.  Even  the  earth  itself  has.  its  records.  The  antiquarian  in  his  re- 
searches finds  en  the  mountain's  top  the  fossil,  which  tells  that  once  the  ocean 
was  there,  and  revolution  has  changed  its  position  and  he  determines  the  changes 
that  have  been  and  marks  the  periods  of  their  durations.  He  digs  up  and  brings 
to  light  cities  which  have  been  buried,  and  determines  their  advance  in  science, 
the  cultivation  of  the  oeople,  and  by  their  sculptured  columns,  their  splendid  stat- 
uary and  paintinss.  fTie"ir  works  of  art.  what  was  their  former  grandeur  and 
greatness.  The  historian  records  the  deeds  of  vice  and  virtue  of  successive  ages, 
and  we  view  them  as  monuments  either  of  their  glory  or  disgrace.  But  the 
smoldering  columns  and  the  ruined  architecture  of  the  old  world  only  show  the 
alternate  elevation  or  depression  of  the  races.  At  one  time  Attica  produced  the 
accomplished  orator,  the  profound  philosopher  or  the  lovely  poet,  but  it  was  the 
tasfe  and  genius  of  the  age  which  gave  them  birth.  Again  we  behold  Attica  the 
abode  of  the  man  o?  ignorance  and  passion:  and  in  vain  do  we  seek,  in  lovely  Attica, 
for  the  eloquence  of  a  Demosthenes,  or  the  philosophy  of  a  Plato,  or  the  dulcet 
strains  of  the  harp  of  Homer.  The  spirit  which  developed  the  mighty  powers  of 
Greece  has  departed.  >Jo  longer  are  delightful  groves  the  abode  of  literature  and 
science;  no  longer  her  clear  fountains  sparkle  with  the  waters  of  inspiration.  But 
she  is  the  abode  of  the  sullen,  unlettered  Musselman.  Should  not  sach  records, 
such  recollections,  rouse  us  to  deeds  of  honor?  Some  future  inquirer  may  ask  for 
our  history — perhaps  disinter  our  ruins. — and  open  up,  for  aught  we  know,  our 
city,  which  has  been  buried  by  one  of  nature's  dire  catastrophes.  What,  then,  will 
we  manifest  in  our  history?  What  splendid  temple  dedicated  to  science  would 
manifest  our  former  patronage  of  learning?  Where  would  be  the  deeds  recorded 
of  those  who  would  live  renowned  in  story?  Where  the  bright  scroll  that  would 
transmit  to  future  generations  the  mind  of  St.  Eouis  that  is  to  live  immortal? 

Here  we  have  privileges  which,  if  cultivated,  would  make  us  rich  in  all  that 
is  great,  and  equal  in  magnificence  all  that  the  world  hitherto  could  boast.  If,  in- 
stead of  devoting  ourselves  so  much  to  the  enjoyment  of  ostentation  and  the  grat- 
ification of  appetite,  our  efforts  be  directed  to  incline  the  rising  generation  to  the 
cultivation  of  mTnd  and  tae  improvement  of  morals,  our  country  would  not  only 
shine  in  the  future  history  of  mankind,  but  we  would  contribute  largely  to  the 
great  end  of  human  existence  and  add  with  a  bounteous  hand  to  human  happi- 
ness. 

Our  country  is  filling  up  as  with  the  swell  of  the  deep,  and  demands  it  of  us, 
and  if  we  do  not  exert  all  energies  and  summon  every  collateral  circumstance 
to  our  aid,  the  mass  of  uneducated  mind  which  is  flowing  upon  us  will  obscure 
that  which  has  already  been  achieved  and  greatly  retard  our  future  progress. 

We  hold  the  man  as  a  traitor  to  his  country  and  recreant  to  the  high  trust 
transmitted  to  him  and  sealed  by  the  blood  of  his  fathers  who  would  refuse  to 
(extend  a  fostering  hand  to  any  and  every  effort  that  has  for  its  aim  the  educa- 
tion of  any  pari;  or  portion  of  our  country.  And  in  founding  a  school  of  medicine 
in  our  city  we  feel  assured  that  we  shall  be  sustained  by  the  good  wishes  of  our 
people,  and  as  far  as  our  country's  circumstances  will  allow,  receive  their  earnest 
encouragement.  Why  should  we  not  have  a  school  of  medicine  in  St.  Louis?  It 
will  not  only  bring  to  our  city  large  sums  of  money  and  enhance  greatly  our  in- 
terest in  a  pecuniary  point  of  view,  but  it  will  add  to  our  common  stock  of  knowl- 


is&QURi  Medical  CJollegeu  gt».  fLomM* 


0**T4«T  tllttMRY    85sS* 

ANNOUNCEMENT  FOB  THE  REOPESfSG  OF  THIS  INSTITUTION  AFTER  ITS  SOSPESSiGS 
OORiNG  TBI  WAR. 


.JOS.  X.  XcBOWStX,  M.  B-. 
JOTIX  8.  SKSOBR.  M,  B„    - 

.jos.  n.  st?iKnvm>&,  at  s^ 

W.  St  M(-r*H-£FrSSS,  51: 1>„ 

.j .  a.  w  ATTsasl  if. »., 

fl8AlU.ES  O.  €£TRTMA>T.  M.  !>.. 
CHARLES  C.  PrSXfXQ.  St  !>., 
•TAMSS  C.  KSDRtRT,  St  IX, 


PiOU'tffj, 

PrftfeiOT  of  S»T:g«tj:.  . 

Pff'-t  r-       *f    n-t-    n-i  J*r&<  i  M    1 

-  Pn-*>-.-'jf  of  fe   -'eta},  33*-cnpfi*e  j«4  8s«p«iS  Anatomy. 
T>f  »!'  v.  ,r  «f  Stater^  JW<«t  srii  TWapcstka. 

,-      Pf?  -"*»*}    r«t!o!tsg.  «r"3  tj  t  -.4  Sfediaftje. 

t*r    V-».-.  if  J  Plssmssaer. 

-  ?rs>f  :**«*  tsi"  Oteiteirfe?  aail  P5«js»s*?  «f  Woa.sm  »ar5  Otfett. 


.  -T?„-  .Z,f?*//y  6m-  6e*:n  */&iym&ge4t  »nd  f&r  »>■*#-■&■/* itm-  % '(>//*-</<•  tmijdimj;  »&>  t4r  c&mei 
n/  giyte/i  <-<W  '#i<tti#t- ittetfo,  fmvmp  teen  f-f^/dfj  ttttur^  M#  wm  ftf  Mr.  mtf&ijy  t&tMeirj&s* 
m  a  faium-.  Am  trsm  t&c>it*tt?&t<f  teft-micd  and ' pJed '  u/>  anew. 

.gyfe  .7,fr,,/fy  design   fjvitty  ,t.  Maivuffi   €>&«>#•  »ft.  <ptt  iff*    /f«wAf>  t**&*ttfy  bnurft  im 


r^-,/rd  to. 


<!  tr>f-Jt 


'''J- 


>Uf*<?   W**5 


tm  &  teM  c&c«h  ami  <dm?demtt  m 


%&&&)&***?*??.  &r  ??<$&  ftt  kr*z^*i7tfz£if  tsztrb 


IH«w-stfrftftt(tt-*a  Ti'-iwi,     *    - 


^<-    ct'ty,   tm#  rtr*t  ffj(  far  'gafUg?,  tii   #t  /t,s  s.ffW  ni  ttts  $?>««,•' 

>OS.  H-  MoBOWBLL,  M.  B-, .Beast, 


FIRST  ANNOUNCEMENT  OF  MISSOURI  MEDICAL  COLLEGE. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  181 

edge,  warm  up  and  excite  our  citizens  and  give  an  impulse  to  learning  in  all  its 
departments.  This  surely  cannot  be  a  prejudice,  but  an  advantage  that  could  not 
otherwise    be    obtained. 

The  facilities  of  access  to  St.  Louis  are  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  any  inland 
city  on  the  globe;  and  for  a  school  of  medicine  and  surgery  no  point  on  the  con- 
tinent is  superior.  Here  we  combine  the  dreary  North  with  the  Sunny  South,  with 
all  their  varied  ills,  for  the  examination  of  the  pupil.  We  are  in  the  center  of  the 
mass  of  population  of  the  great  Southwest,  and  those  who  wish  to  be  educated 
well  can  as  readily  obtain  their  learning  here  as  elsewhere.  Shall  we  decline  the 
contest  and  leave  the  palm  to«  other  cities?  But  it  is  not  the  spirit  of  those  who 
have  embarked  in  the  enterprise— it  is  not  the  spirit  of  the  sons  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley.  When  that  energy  which  has  brought  forth  the  schools  in  the  eastern 
portion  of  our  valley  has  ceased  to  operate,  if  we  have  but  an  equal  amount  of 
talent,  they  cannot  contend  against  so  many  important  advantages'  which  St. 
Louis    has    bv    nature. 

Besides,  the  history  of  medical  schools  is  but  the  history  of  change  in  this 
country.  The  history  of  every  grand  achievement  is  but  the  history  of  mind 
that  has  been  fostered  by  a  people  who  glorified  in  being  great,  and  whose  aim 
was  the  good  of  the  human  family.  It  is  said  by  some,  however,  to  be  prema- 
ture; but  if  it  be  premature  to  build  up  a  school  of  medicine  here,  then  it  is  equally 
so  that  we  should  have  made  this  our  home,  and  premature  that  we  should  edu- 
cate our  children  at  all.  There  may  be  some  difficulty,  some  toil  in  the  achieve- 
ment, but  we  should  remember  that  the  greenest  laurel  grows  on  the  moun- 
tain's brow,  and  should  St.  Louis  come  forth  with  energy  in  the  work,  she  will 
wear  the  emblem  of  greatness  in  proportion  to  her  toil.  She  will  rear  here  monu- 
ments of  glory  which  will  stand  on  the  banks  of  our  river,  if  not  in  massive  piles, 
to  conflict  with  the  elements.  She  will  be  remembered  as  the  mother  of  sons 
whose  renown  has  covered  the  earth,  and  will  last  when  the  pyramids  of  Egypt 
shall  have  been  swept  from  their  bases  by  time  and  the  triumphant  statue  shall 
have  moldered  into  ruins.  What  change  of  policy  or  revolutions  in  nations  could 
have  affected  the  names  of  Hippocrates,  Galen  and  Celsus  of  the  Ancients?  . 
Nothing.  Still  they  are  admired  for  their  towering  genius,  and  the  people  that 
gave  them  birth  for  the  fostering  hand  that  developed  them.  They  have  floated 
down  to  us,  on  the  wrecks  of  nations  and  empires,  as  a  casket  of  preciousi  jew- 
els, whose  brilliancy  could  never  be  effaced  and  time  could  not  corrode.  What 
revolution  can  destroy  the  transcendent  distinction  of  Cuivier  and  Bishat? 
France,  in  all  her  glory,  may  be  swept  from  the  face  of  the  earth,  her  language 
be  destroyed  and  her  records  perish,  still  these  great  names  will  live  standing  on  a 
mountain,  amid  the  nations,  and  their  luster  increase  with  the  increase  of  years, 
as  long  as  man  is  civilized  or  the  earth  is  inhabited. 

Shall  our  rich  and  almost  boundless  territory  go  unexplored,  except  by  men 
from  distant  lands,  or  shall  we  educate  our  sons  for  the  task?  Shall  our  beautiful 
prairies  waste  their  sweets  in  a  desert  air  or  forever  go  untrodden  by  our  edu- 
cated children?  Shall  our  mineral  resources,  the  richest  on  the  globe,  go  unex- 
plored and  left  to  sleep  on  in  silence,  undisturbed  by  the  energies  of  our  people? 
There  are  just  around  us,  as  all  nature  and  experience  testifies,  truthsi  of  vast  im- 
portance which  remain  undiscovered,  truths  which  have  never  risen  on  the  hori- 
zon of  the  human  understanding;  there  are  regions  of  truth  through  which  as  yet 
no  path  has  led,  bright  spots  which  have  not  been  perceived  by  the  eagle  eye  of 
science;  truths  of  greater  magnitude  than  those  with  which  we  are  familiar,  and 
will  hand  down  the  names  of  those  who  discover  them  to  the  nations,  written 
in  the  brightest  and  most  enduring  characters.  These  were  the  opinions  of  New- 
ton and  La  Place,  who  have  unfolded  so  much  that  was  hidden  and  reflected  so 
much  honor  on  human  nature.  Let  us  then  encourage  our  sons,  and  as  their  tastes 
or  (inclinations  lead  them,  lend  them  our  fostering  care.  Let  us  bid  them  go 
search  here  in  all  the  wilderness  of  nature's  meadows,  with  their  shrubs  and  flow- 
ers, and  test  by  knowledge  the  fruit  of  their  researches.  Already  the  glorious 
work  has  begun  in  the  academy  of  natural  sciences  by  the  energy  of  some  of  our 
physicians,  and  it  will  be  prosecuted.  Let  us  search  faithfully  and  with  care— per- 
haps some  plant  may  grow,  some  balsam  trickle,  some  gum  exude,  unheeded  in  the 
solitude,  which  will  afford  relief  to  maladies  as  yet  beyond  the  reach  of  the  profes- 
sion. Go  test  the  millions  of  springs  on  the  mountain'  side  and  on  the  plain;  on 
the  meandering  borders  of  our  endless  rivers;  perhaps  some  rivulet  or  stream,  in 
silence  since  the  world  began,  has  wasted  on  the  unconscious  earth  its  precious 
waters,  the  preserver  of  health  and  the  catholicon  of  life,  which  would  prolong 
our  existence  and  which  was  so  ardently  sought  for  by  the  early  cultivators  of 
science.  Let  us  bid  them  go  search  in  our  mountains  for  treasures  which  have 
slept  in  secret  since"  the  morn  of  creation — perhaps  some  mineral  may  be  discovered, 
some  medicine  be  employed  that  will  stay  the  unsparing  hand  of  the  plague  and 
the  pestilence  an8  pour  the  balm  of  health  in   the  hectic  bosom. 

Who  would  be  the  sluggard?  And  who  would  not  embark  on  an  enterprise  from 
which  so  h?tie  is  to  be  ieared  and  so  much  is  to  be  gained?  Those  who  shrink 
from  the  undertaking  will  linger  on  the  shore  with  regret,  while  those  who  have 
ventured  will  reap  a  reward  that  will  last  as  long  as  time,  and  ever-blooming  flow- 
ers will  be  strewed  upon  their  graves  as  long  as  cur  bountiful  soil  yields  its  sup- 
port to  the  gathering  nations  that  will  crowd  upon  it  or  our  mighty  river  rolls 
to  the  ocean.  Here  we  will  leave  monuments  to  signalize  us  as  a  people,  and  p. ace 
St.  Louis  high  on  the  scroll  of  fame;  and  when  the  steamers  of  the  ocean  shall 
crowd  our  wharves  and  our  infant  city  swell  to  be  the  London  of  America  and  mil- 
lions of  human  beings  shall  stand  where  we  do  now,  they  will  admire  and  applaud 
our  efforts  in  the  wilderness.  The  roses  which  we  have  planted  in  the  bosom  of  the 
West  will  bud  afresh  in  every  future  generation.  The  balm  which  takes  root 
here  will  be  gathered  by  every  age  to  heal  the  nations  that  follow  uaj  and  St. 
Louis  will  be  the  Gilead  of  our  beautiful  valley. 

But  to  advance  the  great  interest  of  any  people  or  institution,   however,   there 


182  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

should  be  a  steady',  persevering  co-operation  in  work:  and  while  a  great  work  is  in 
suspense  each  man  should  assiduously  labor  in  his  department,  and  the  people 
should  give  him  that  support  which  will  soothe  him  in  his  toil.  And.  although  the 
whole  world  beside  should  frown  and  rival  institutions  raise  a  tempest  which 
will  terrify,  still  the  ship  will  be  staid  amid  the  storms  which  agitate  the  oceau 
of  mankind  around  us.  But  should  we  embark,  as  if  we  anticipated  no  danger,  as 
on  a  pleasure  voyage  on  an  unruffled  sea,  and  expect  to  quit  the  ship  and  make 
the  shore  when  the  first  groan  of  distant  thunder  is  heard,  or  the  old  sailor  fore- 
tells the  storm,  and  allow  fright  and  consternation  to  sit  on  every  countenance, 
all  will  be  lost.  And  when  the  storm  is  on  us  and  the  wind  is  splitting  our  sails 
and  sweeping  overboard  our  masts,  and  no  order,  no  system,  no  command  pre- 
vails, and  every  one  is  deserting  to  fiy  to  another  part  of  the  vessel,  the  helms- 
man quits  his  station  to  go  aloft  or  the  old  tar  who  hrows  the  lead  claims  a 
nigher  privilege  and  all  is  confusion  and  dismay,  we  are  lost,  and  lost  forever.  We 
will  be  but  sport  for  the  tossing  billow  and  .food  for  the  hungry  sharks  that  prowl 
around  to  feed  upon  cur  mangled  carcasses. 

Our  motto  must  be — peace,  aad  to  otir  posts.  People,  trustees  and  professors, 
each  to  your  respective  duties,  and  the-  wind  of  persecution  may  howl  a  hurricane 
and  the  lightning  of  malice  may  fall  upon  us.  but  if  our  good  ship  be  tight  and 
free,  our  gallant  mast  may  be  bent  but  not  broken.  And  like  the  proud  eagle 
soaring  aloft,  she  will  ride  the  billow  to  its  cop  of  foam  and  glory  in  the  strength 
that  overcomes   the  storm. 

The  first  commencement  exercises  were  held  in  the  Baptist  Church 
February  23,  1841.  The  inaugural  address  was  delivered  by  the  president 
of  Kemper  College,  the  Rev.  S.  A.  Crane.  It  was  entitled,  "Inculcating 
the  Truths  of  Christianity  in  Order  to  Insure  the  Advancement  of 
Science.*'  After  the  address  Mr.  C.  C.  Carrell  read  a  poem  written  by  a 
St.  Louis  young  lady.  Then  came  the  presentation  of  diplomas  by  the 
president  and  an  address  by  Dr.  .T.  X.  McDowell. 

The  second  session  opened  in  the  fall  of  1811  with  two  changes  in 
the  faculty.  Drs.  Prout  and  Hall  resigned  their  chairs  for  the  purpose 
of  assisting  in  organizing  The  St.  Louis  Medical  College,  which  was  es- 
tablished as  the  Medical  Department  of  the  St.  Louis  University.  The 
vacancies  thus  occurring  were  filled  by  the  election  of  Drs.  Thomas  Bar- 
bour of  Virginia  and  William  Can  Lane  ol  St.  Louis. 

The  second  annual  commencement  exercises  were  held  at  Concert 
Hall.  Saturday  evening,  February  26,  184'2.  The  following  is  the  list  of 
graduates: 

J.  M.  Perry.  St.  Louis.  E.  Hildreth.  St.  Louis. 

John  Edgar,  Iowa.  Chas.  W.  Stevens,  St.  Louis. 

A.  H.  Illinski,  Illinois.  Samuel  Thompson.  Illinois. 

Douglass  Stevens,  Missouri.  Beriah  Graham,  Missouri. 

John  Morrison,  Tennessee.  George  Tewman.  Missouri. 
J.  D.  Belt.  St.  Louis. 

The  honorary  degree  was  conferred  upon  Dr.  Israel  McGready  of 
Missouri. 

In  1846  Kemper  College  went  out  of  existence  and  the  place  became 
the  St.  Louis  Poorhouse.  The  medical  department  continued,  however, 
and  joined  the  Missouri  State  University. 

In  1857  the  institution  severed  its  connection  with  the  State  Univer- 
sity and  was  chartered  as  the  Missouri  Medical  College. 

The  annual  commencement  exercises  for  1861  were  fraught  with 
unusual  interest.  They  were  held  at  the  Mercantile  Library  Hall,  Feb- 
ruary 28.  The  valedictory  on  behalf  of  the  faculty  was  delivered  by  Pror. 
Paddock.  The  dean  conferred  the  degree  upon  26  graduates.  After  the 
exercises  Dean  Joseph  X.  McDowell  held  the  audience  and  addressed  the 
class.  In  the  course  of  his  earnest  remarks  he  said  that  in  the  contin- 
gencv  of  a  war  between  the  two  sections  of  the  United  States  he  would 


/~)       \y^c    Krp 


qS1^    (X^^^7^^ 


-^f* 


fat???*  ♦  "^%^*y^«^tr,  Ci^ei>t^^ 


PAC-SIMILE    LETTER   OF  JOS.   N.    McDOWELL. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  183 

leave  St.  Louis  and  act  as  surgeon  in  the  Confederacy.  In  view  of  such 
a  possibility  he  pronounced  a  benediction  upon  the  college,  its  faculty,  grad- 
uates and  friends  in  general. 

After  the  commencement  of  the  war  a  few  weeks  hence  the  military 
.authorities  took  possession  of  the  building  and  converted  it  into  what  was 
knovn  as  the  Gratiot  Street  Prison.  It  was  used  for  this  purpose  until 
the  close  of  the  war.  This  was  the  quaint  octagon  stone  building  erected 
.at  Eighth  and  Gratiot  streets  in  1847.  During  its  construction  Dr.  Mc- 
Dowell had  caused  a  foundation  to  be  laid  in  the  center  for  a  large  column, 
which  was  to  reach  tc  the  roof.  Under  this  niches  were  to  be  prepared 
for  the  reception  of  copper  vases  containing  the  bodies  of  himself  and 
members  of  the  faculty.     The  idea,  however,  was  never  carried  out. 

After  Dr.  McDowell  left  for  the  South  and  the  faculty  was  dispos- 
sessed of  their  college  home,  a  small  remnant  of  the  teachers  reorgan- 
ized and  procured  temporary  quarters  on  Fifth  street,  between  Chestnut 
.and  Pine  streets.     The  classes,  however,  were  small. 

In  1865  Dr.  McDowell  returned  to  St.  Louis  and  soon  reorganized 
the  faculty.  Thus  the  twenty-sixth  annual  session  opened  in  the  fall 
of  1866.  The  tflass  numbered  more  than  100,  and  the  college  diploma 
was  conferred  upon  thirty-three  graduates.  The  annual  circular  of  the 
Missouri  Medical  College  for  1867-68,  in  referring  to  the  first  class  after 
the  war,  says:  "This  class  would  have  been  much  larger  but  for  the  ap- 
prehension of  pupils  arriving  in  the  city  that  the  faculty  would  be  pre- 
vented from  teaching  by  the  application  of  the  test  oath  of  loyalty  re- 
quired by  the  Missouri  Legislature.  But  that  has  been  set  aside  by  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  and  the  Supreme  Court  of  Mis- 
souri, appointed  by  Gov.  Fletcher  himself,  from  which  there  can  be  no 
appeal." 

The  college  continued  to  prosper  and  advance  its  course  of  instruc- 
tion in  keeping  with  progress  of  the  times.  In  1873  property  was  pur- 
chased on  the  northeast  corner  of  Twenty-second  street  and  Lucas  av- 
enue. Here  a  very  fine  building  was  erected  and  connected  with  the  St. 
John's  Hospital. 

During  the  spring  of  1890  the  St.  Louis  Post-Graduate  School  of 
IMedicine  was  incorporated  into  the  Missouri  Medical  College.  This 
union  brought  into  the  faculty  Drs.  George  J.  Engelmann,  W.  C.  Glas- 
gow, H.  X.  Spencer  and  A.  J.  Steele.  The  St.  Louis  Polyclinic  building 
•on  Jefferson  and  Lucas  avenues  was  also  added  to  the  teaching  facilities. 

In  1893  the  college  erected  a  new  home  on  Jefferson  avenue,  adjoining 
"the  Polyclinic  building,  and  abandoned  the  one  on  Twenty-seconcT  and 
Lucas  avenue. 

The  following  is  a  complete  list  of  those  who  served  as  members  of 
•the  faculty  of  the  Missouri  Medical  College  from  its  organization  in  1840 
to  and  including  the  session  of  1898-99: 

Joseph  Xash  McDowell,  G.  F.  Prout,  J.  W.  Hall,  W.  Carr  Lane, 
:S.  Gratz  Moses,  John  De  Wolf,  Eichard  Barrett,  John  S.  Moore,  Thomas 
Barbour,  J.  B.  Johnson,  J.  B.  Moore,  Edward  H.  Leffingwell,  Charles  W. 
Stevens,  James  McDowell,  Abner  Hopton,  John  T.  Hogin,  John  Barnes, 
B.  T.  Cavanauoli,  Pavton  Spence,  E.  Demming,  Drake  McDowell,  J  P. 
Allen,  E.  S.  Frazer,  W.  S.  McPheeters,  J.  H.  Walters,  Charles  0.  Curtman, 
B.  F.  Shumard,  Paul  F.  Eve,  G.  M.  B.  Maughs,  P.  Gervais  Robinson, 
James  E.  Drake.  E.  S.  Anderson,  A.  Hammer,  E.  E.  Clarke,  G.  W.  Hall, 
A.   P.   Lankforcl.   J.   E.   Bauduv,   Charles   Michel,   T.   L.   Papin,   Edward 


184  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

Montgomery,  H.  Tuholske,  Otto  A.  Wall,  C.  A.  Todd.  T.  P.  Kingsley,  T. 
F.  Prewitt.  P.  V.  Schenck,  Ludwig  Bremer,  G.  A.  Moses,  W.  A.  Hard- 
away,  Justin  Steer,  H.  X.  Spencer,  Geo.  J.  Engleinann.  Wm.  C.  Glasgow, 
H.  M.  Whelplev.  A.  .1.  Steele,  W.  Hutson  Ford,  A.  V.  L.  Brokaw,  E.  W. 
Saunders,  Seldon  P.  Spencer,  Francis  Hemm. 

Toward  the  close  of  the  scholastic  year  of  1898-99  the  respective 
faculties  of  the  Missouri  Medical  College  and  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Col- 
lege took  certain  preliminary  steps  looking  to  the  union  of  these  two 
institutions.  With  this  end  in  view  both  faculties  resigned,  and  in  due 
course  combined  to  form  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Washington 
TJniversity. 


THE  ST.    LOUIS  MEDICAL  COLLLQE. 

On  October  IS,  1841,  the  board  and  faculty  of  St.  Louis  University 
enacted  the  constitution  of  a  medical  department  and  created  the  institu- 
tion later  known  as  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College. 

It  was  organized  October  b,  .181?.  James  H.  Lucas  was  its  Jir'st 
president.  Col.  John  O'Fallon  and  the  Rev.  Wm.  Greenleaf  Eliot  com- 
prised the  faculty  appointed  b}~  the  university. 

The  original  faculty  consisted  of  Drs.  Josephus  Wells  Hall,  Hiram  Au- 
gustus Prout,  James  Vance  Prather,  Daniel  Brainard  of  Chicago,  111.,  and 
Moses  Lewis  Linton  of  Springfield,  Ky. 

This  faculty  began  the  instruction  in  medicine  in  a  small  house  on 
Washington  avenue  owned  by  the  dean.  Dr.  Prather.  They  delivered  a 
course  of  lectures  in  the  winter  1842-43,  and  conferred  the  degree  Oi 
Doctor  of  Medicine  on  the  first  graduating  class  of  six.  The  resignation 
of  Drs.  Prout  and  Brainard  was  filled  by  Dr.  Abram  Litton  of  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.:  Dr.  Joseph  Grandville  Norwood  of  Madison,  la.,  and  Di. 
Charles  Alexander  Pope  and  in  the  following  year  by  Dr.  Moses  Montrose 
Fallen.  The  faculty  was  reorganized  and  separate  chairs  were  charged 
with  the  teaching  of  chemistry  and  anatomy — two  "branches  in  which  this 
school  soon  became  pre-eminent.  About  this  time  Dr.  Prather  erected  a 
small  college  building  on  the  same  lot  on  Washington  avenue. 

During  the  next  few  years  numerous  changes  took  place.  Drs.  Hall, 
Norwood  and  Prather  resigned  and  Drs.  Henry  M.  Bullitt  of  Louisville, 
Ivy.;  James  Blake  of  London,  England;  Thomas  Eayburn,  Kobert  Simp- 
son Holmes,  William  M.  McPheeters,  David  Prince  of  Springfield,  111.,, 
and  Willis  Greene  Edwards  at  various  times  filled  chairs  in  the  faculty 
over  which  Dr.  Linton  and  Dr.  Pope  presided  as  dean. 

The  school  soon  outgrew  its  modest  quarters,  and  in  1849  entered  a 
new  house  erected  by  Col.  John  O'Fallon  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Sev- 
enth and  Mvrtle.  The  new  college  building  was  one  of  the  conspicuous  edi- 
fices of  the  city  at  that  time.  The  now  prosperous  school  at  this  time,, 
impelled  chiefly  by  reasons  growing  out  of  the  so-called  Know- 
.X<>  thing  movement  in  politics,  was  induced  to  sever  its  con- 
nection with  the  St.  Louis  University.  The  school  was  in- 
corporated and  assumed  the  name  of  the  St.  Louis  Medi- 
cal College,  under  a  charter  granted  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  Feb- 
ruary 23,  1855.  The  renown  of  its  dean  had  already  added  the  by-name- 
of  "Pope's  College."     The  faculty  consisted  of  Drs.  Linton,  Litton,  Pope^ 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  135 

Fallen.  Holmes,  McPheeters,  Charles  Whittlesey  Stevens  and  John  Bates 
Johnson. 

Other  changes  about  this  time  brought  to  the  college  Dr.  John  Henry 
Watters,  Dr.  Ellsworth  F.  Smith  and  Dr.  E.  H.  Gregory.  The  childhood 
of  the  school  may  be  said  to  have  ended  and  prosperity  marked  the  new- 
charter  and  the  new  name. 

While  the  War  of  the  Eebellion  did  not  interfere  with  the  regular 
college  work  or  its  prosperity,  it  led  to  a  number  of  changes  in  the  faculty, 
among  which  we  find  the  name  of  John  Thompson  Hodgen,  who,  on  Sep- 
tember 15,  1862,  was  called  to  the  Chair  of  Physiology  and  in  1864  was 
made  dean  of  the  college,  and  held  the  same  until  1882.  In  1866  the 
college  allied  to  itself  the  Missouri  Dental  College,  which  in  1892  became 
the  Dental  Department  of  Washington  University.  On  April  9,  1891,  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College  accepted  the  offer  of  alliance  with  the  Wash- 
ington University  as  her  medical  department,  because  it  would  serve  as 
a  guaranty  to  the  profession  and  to  the  public  of  thorough  work. 


WASHINGTON  UNIVERSITY  MEDICAL  DEPARTflENT. 

(The    St.    Louis    and    Missouri    Medical    College.) 

Early  in  the  year  1899  the  respective  faculties  of  the  St.  Louis  Medi- 
cal College  and  the  Missouri  Medical  College  took  preliminary  steps  look- 
ing to  the  union  of  these  two  institutions.  With  this  end  in  view  both 
faculties  resigned,  and  in  due  course  combined  to  form  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  Washington  University. 

The  Missouri  Medical  College  was  founded  in  1810,  and  with  the  ex^ 
ception  of  the  vears  of  the  Civil  War  had  given  continuous  instruction  up 
to  the  time  of  this  consolidation. 

The  St.  Louis  Medical  College  was  founded  in  1842,  and  has  just 
completed  its  58th  consecutive  annual  course.  Under  an  ordinance 
enacted  in.  1891  it  was  created  the  Medical  Faculty  of  the  Washington 
University,  and  has  continued  in  that  relation  up  to  the  present  year. 

This  union  of  the  oldest  and  most  representative  of  the  medical  col- 
leges of  the  West  was  undertaken  and  successfully  consummated  solely  in 
behalf  of  a  broader  and  more  thorough  training. 

As  will  be  seen,  there  has  been  a  considerable  increase  in  the  size 
and  effectiveness  of  the  teaching  force.  The  university  has  at  its  disposal 
two  new  and  finely  equipped  college  buildings,  and  the  facilities  for  clin- 
ical work  have  been  greatly  increased. 

The  graded  course  of  study  now  established  has  been  elaborated  and 
extended  as  experience  has  dictated  and  always  in  the  direction  of  higher 
standards  and  broader  teaching.  Xow  that  four  years  of  attendance  prior 
to  graduation  have  been  adopted  and  required  from  all  candidates,  it  has 
become  possible  to  introduce  new  features  in  the  plan  of  instruction,  by 
which  the  student  will  gain  greater  leisure  for  his  work  and  more  lib- 
erty in  the  selection  of  his  studies. 

A  distinctive  feature  01  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Washington 
University  is  the  requirement  of  and  full  provision  for  extended  laboratory 
work  by  every  student  in  all  the  fundamental  subjects  of  medical  study. 
The  extent  and  scope  of  the  required  practical  work  in  anatomy  and  in 
chemistry  have  been   greatly  enlarged,   and   full   laboratory   courses   are 


186  >NE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

given  in  histology,  in  medical  chemistry,  in  pathological  anatomy  and 
in  bacteriology.  The  actual  making  of  post-mortem  examinations  by  the 
student  himself  is  a  feature  of  the  instruction.  In  general,  the  method  of 
teaching  pursued  in  this  institution  is,  so  far  as  practicable,  that  of  direct 
personal  instruction  of  each  student.  In  addition  to  the  usual  methods 
of  lectures,  didactic  and  clinical,  there  are  recitations  from  the  text- 
books and  clinical  conferences,  in  which  the  student  examines  the  patient 
and.  submits  a  written  report  of  his  diagnosis  for  criticism  and  discus- 
sion. 

The  Medical  Department  of  Washington  University  has  at  its  absolute 
disposal  two  large  and  recently  constructed  buildings.  These  are  the 
edifices  formerly  occupied  by  the  St.  Louis  and  the  Missouri  Medical  Col- 
leges. The  St.  Louis  Medical  College  building,  situated  on  Locust  street, 
between  Eighteenth  and  Nineteenth  streets,  is  a  spacious  and  elegant 
structure,  and  was  erected  in  180?  for  the  conjoint  use  of  the  medical 
and  dental  departments  of  the  university.  In  addition  to  the  space  de- 
voted to  administrative  purposes,  it  contains  five  lecture  halls,  three 
chemical  laboratories,  two  laboratories  of  physiology,  practical  anatomy 
rooms,  a  laboratory  of  microscopy,  a  complete  bacteriological  laboratory, 
two  dental  laboratories  and  a  fully  organized  clinical  department.  The 
various  laboratory  departments  are  fully  equipped  with  the  latest  instru- 
ments of  precision  and  with  apparatus  adapted  both  for  demonstration 
and  for  original  research. 

The  Missouri  Medical  College  building,  erected  in  1895,  is  directly 
connected  with  the  Polyclinic  Hospital  and  Dispensaries,  so  that  the  lect- 
ure halls,  laboratories,  clinic  and  hospital  rooms  are  all  under  one  roof. 
The  building  is  amplv  provided  with  well-equipped  histological,  physio- 
logical, chemical,  pathological  and  bacteriological  and  surgical  amphi- 
theaters, lecture  halls,  general  waiting  apartments  and  special  clinic  rooms. 

The  faculty  is  as  follows: 

AVinfield  S.  Chaplin,  LL.D.  W.  A.  Hardawav.  M.  D.,  LL.D. 

Elisha  H.  Gregory,  M.  D..  LL.D.  11.  X.  Spencer.  A.  M..  M.  D.,  LL.D. 

G.  Baum^arten,  M.  D.,  Dean.  W.  C.  Glasgow.  A.  B..  M.  D. 

II.  Tuhofske.  M.  D.  Hcnrv   Schwarz,   M.   D. 

T.  F.  Prewitt.  M.  D.  Paul  Y.  Tupper.  M.  D. 

W.  E.  Fischei.  M.  D.  E.  VV.  Saunders.  M.  D. 

Robert  Luedekino-.  M.  D.  X.  B.  Carson.  M.  D. 

John  P.  Bryson,  M.  D.  J.  B.  Shapleigh.  M.  D. 

Justin  Steer.  M.  D.  Sidney  P.  Buds:ett.  M.  D. 


THE  ST.  LOUIS  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS. 

This  institution  was  organized  in  1878 — just  twenty-two  years  ago — 
by  the  late  "Dr.  Louis  Bauer  and  others,"  as  the  certificate  of  incorpora- 
tion reads,  and  has  constantly  maintained  a  high  rank  as  an  educational 
institution,  its  diplomas  being  recognized  in  every  State  in  the  Union 
having  a  law  regulating  the  practice  of  medicine. 

For  some  years  after  its  organization  it  was  located  at  the  corner  of 
Eleventh  and  Xorth  Market  streets,  but  ten  years  ago  the  large  building 
at  the  southwest  corner  of  Jefferson  avenue  and  Gamble  street  was  erected 
for  its  accommodation,  and  it  has  since  occupied  these  commodious  quar- 
ters. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  187 

This  building  was  planned  from  bottom  to  top  for  the  sole  purpose 
of  conducting  a  medical  college,  and  was  fitted  with  every  convenience 
which  years  of  experience  had  shown  to  be  necessary  to  facilitate  instruc- 
tion in  this  important  science. 

As  the  requirements  of  an  advanced  standard  of  medical  education 
have  developed  since  its  opening  the  college  has  added  to  its  equipment 
until  it  is  not  surpassed  by  any  school  in  the  West  to-day,  offering  the 
student  all  the  advantages  which  are  available  in  any  country  in  the 
acquisition  of  a  medical  education. 

In  these  days  the  foundation  of  a  medical  education  is  a  good,  prac- 
tical, liberal,  general  education,  and  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons has  been  constant  in  its  demand  for  a  high  educational  standard 
for  its  matriculates,  a  condition  warranted  by  the  standing  of  the  school 
throughout  the  country  and  fully  justified  by  the  reputation  of  its  grad- 
uates. 

Following  is  the  faculty : 

Waldo  Briggs,  M.  D.,  Dean.  r.  W.  J.  Miller,  M.  D. 

jElliott  E.  Furney,  M.  D.,  Treasurer.     Budolph  Buhman,  M.  D. 

James  Moores  Ball,  M.  D.  ,  W.  W.  Essick,  M.  D. 

R,  M.  Kin?,  A.  M.,  M.  D.  Otho  F.  Ball,  M.  D. 

W.  A.  Hall,  M.  D.  [    U.  S.  Boone,  Ph.  G.,  M.  D. 

George  H.  Thompson,  M.  D.  K.  C.  Spain,  M.  D. 

C.  W.  Lillie,  M.  D.,  Secretary.  G.  W.  Haverstick,  M.  D. 

Edward  B.  Kinder,  A.  M.,  M.  D.  Edw.  IT.  Eyermann,  Ph.  G.,  M.  D. 

Julius     C.     Hainer,  M.   S.,  M.  D.,     Henrv  Kruse,  Ph.  G.,  M.  D. 

LL.  B.  J.  Heles,  M.  D. 

Wm.  Standing,  M.  D.  F.  L.  Deck,  M.  D.. 

John  W.  Adams,  M.  D.  H.  P.  Mack,  M.  D. 

Arthur  E.  Mink,  M.  D.  Jules  M.  Bradv,  M.  D. 

M.  J.  Epstein,  M.  D.  E.  E.  Wilson,  M.  D. 

Otto  Sutter,  M.  D.  E.  C.  Eenaud,  M.  D. 

Oscar  F.  Baerens,  M.  D.  W.  J.  Miller, 

J.  L.  Wiggins,  M.  D.  Charles  Lewis. 

Heinrich  Stern,  Ph.  D.,  M.  D.  B.  J.Simpson. 
A.  Fulton,  M.  D. 


UNIVERSITY   OF   THE   STATE    OF  HISSOURI,   COLUMBIA. 

The  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  Missouri 
was  organized  in  1873  at  Columbia,  Mo.,  as  an  integral  part  of  the  edu- 
cational system  of  Missouri.  In  1846  till  1856  there  existed  in  St.  Louis 
a  medical  department  with  only  a  nominal  connection  with  the  university 
electing  a  faculty,  suspended  by  board,  and  when  this  department  was 
organized  in  Columbia  it  was  done  on  the  plan  that  prevailed  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia.  The  leading  feature  was  a  full  session  of  nine 
months.  The  student  was  advanced  upon  examination  alone.  The  first 
years  of  its  existence  there  were  but  few  professors  and  but  few  students. 
It  had  a  hard  struggle  for  existence — practically  no  money  to  operate  on. 
It  had  but  two  laboratories  at  that  time — chemistry  and  physics.  This 
continued  till  1892,  when  it  received  some  money  for  equipment.  The 
standard  for  admission  was  raised  each  year,  and  a  graded  course  of  three 
years,  nine  months  each  year. 


188 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


The  year  of  1900  now  finds  preliminary  requirement  two  years  in  an 
articulated  high  school;  a  graded  course,  four  years  of  nine  months  each, 
and  (1)  anatomical  laboratory  equipped  to  teach  anatomy  by  modern 
methods;  (2),  a  histological  laboratory;  (3),  pathological  laboratory;  (4), 
bacteriological  laboratory;  (5),  physiological  laboratory;  (6),  embryolog- 
ical  laboratory;  (7),  chemical  laboratory;  (8),  one  for  physics. 

It  had  given  it  a  new  hospital  (this  year  1900),  by  Hon.  William  L. 
Parker  of  Columbia,  Mo.,  and  bears  his  name.  The  capacity  of  this  hos- 
pital is  100  beds.     This  is  now  made  a  State  hospital. 


THE    MARION-SIMS   COLLEGE  OF  MEDICINE. 

The  Marion-Sims  College  of  Medicine  was  founded  in  1890,  and  137 
students  were  enrolled  the  first  session,  which  began  October  1  of  that 
year.  At  that  time  the  college  occupied  the  four-story  building,  60x90, 
just  constructed  at  the  corner  of  Grand  avenue  and  Caroline  street.  Two 
years  later  the  faculty  built  the  hospital,  45x54,  adjoining  the  college 
building,  with  a  capacity  of  40  beds.  Two  years  later  an  additional  pur- 
chase of  ground  was  made,  increasing  the  college  possessions  to  almost  an 
acre.  A  short  time  after  this  the  college  purchased  two  additional  lots, 
and  during  the  present  session  (1900)  a  further  purchase  of  a  lot  was 
made,  so  that  now  the  college  owns  one  and  one-half  acres  of  desirable 
property  on  the  corner  of  Grand  avenue  and  Caroline  street.  In  October, 
1899,  the  college  authorities  completed  the  building  for  the  dental  de- 
partment, which  was  established  in  1894.  The  college  has  been  wonder- 
fully successful  both  in  its  medical  and  dental  departments.  It  now  oc- 
cupies a  high  rank  among  the  medical  and  dental  colleges  of  this  country. 
In  the  ten  years  of  its  existence  596  physicians  have  been  graduated  from 
the  medical  department  and  50  from  the  dental  department.  As  now 
constituted  the  faculty  comprises  the  following: 


Young  Hance  Bond,  A.  M.,  M.  D., 

Dean. 
Jacob  Geiger,  M.  D.,  LL.D. 
Carl  Barck,  A.  M.,  M.  D. 
Josephus  Bobert  Lemen,  M.  D. 
Hugo  Summa,  A.  M.,  M.  D. 
Benjamin  McKenclree  Hypes,  A.  M., 

M.   D,  Vice-Dean. 
Hanau  Wolf  Loeb,   A.   M.,   M.   D., 

Secretary, 
Bobert  Chilton  Atkinson,  M.  D. 
Charles  Gilbert  Chaddock,  M.  D. 
Thomas  Casey  Witherspoon,  M.  D. 
George  Clinton  Crandall,  B.S.,  M.D. 
Hermann  Hyacinthe  Born,   M.   D., 

Treasurer. 
Hugo  Maximillian  Starkloff,  M.  D. 
Leo  Bichard  August  Suppan,  B.  S. 
Edwin  Sauter,  M.  D. 
Henry  Clay  Fairbrother,  M.  D. 
Martin  Feeny  Engman,  M.  D. 


Jesse  Shire  Myer,  A.  B.,  M.  D. 
Eben  Bichards,  A.  B.,  LL.B. 
Bransford  Lewis,  M.  D. 
Willard  Bartlett,  A.  M.,  M.  D. 
A.  N.  Curtis,  M.  D. 
^Nicholas  Clinton  Shanahan,  M.  D. 
Malvern  Bryan  Clopton,  M.  D. 
William  Otto  Winter,  M.  D. 
Bobert  Fleming  Amyx,  M.  D. 
John  Douglass,  A.  B.,  LL.B. 
Frederick  S.  Harberle,  M.  D. 
Hudson  Talbott,  M.  D. 
Lloyd  Simpson,  M.  D. 
Bobert  Boy  Keeble,  M.  D. 
Hubert  Beedle,  M.  D. 
William  Davis  Black,  M.  D. 
Claude  Lester  Armstrong,  M.  D. 
Edgar  Pearl  Ward,  M.  D. 
Le  Boy  White  Beardsley,  M.  D. 
Clarence  Edward  Walker,  M.  D. 
Prank  Joseph  Vockel  Krebs,  M.  D. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  189 

Phreeborn  Grundy  Pa  ugh,  M.  D.  Haryey  Svdney  Smith,  M.  D. 

William  Tell  Hirschi,  M.  D.  Louis  Kassieur,  M.  D. 

Will  Rininger,  M.  D.  Louis  Andrew  Brandenburger,  M.D. 

Harlow  James  Phelps,  B.  S.,  M.  D.  Duncan  Scott  Werth,  M.  D. 

Max  Washington  Myer,  A.  B.,  M.  D.  Charles  Howard  Longstreth,  M.  D. 

Clarence  Loeb,  A.  M.,  M.  D.  Erasmus  McGinnis,  M.  D. 

Carl  Jesse  Koontz,  M.  D.  Henry  Schuyler  Oyler. 


BARNES  MEDICAL  COLLEGE. 

The  Barnes  Medical  College  was  organized  June  7,  1892,  by  Dr.  Pinck- 
ney  French,  Dr.  A.  M.  Carpenter  and  Dr.  C.  H.  Hughes  of  St.  Louis.  A 
charter  was  granted  June  21.  Just  fourteen  clays  later  a  site  was  selected, 
ground  purchased  and  building  erected  on  the  northeast  corner  Twenty- 
seyenth  and  Chestnut  streets.  The  building  was  a  handsome  five-story 
and  basement  structure,  containing  two  large  lecture  halls,  biologic,  path- 
ologic and  bacteriologic  laboratories  and  all  modern  conveniences  and  im- 
provements known  at  that  date.  It  was  built  to  accommodate  400  stu- 
dents. 

This  college  was  conducted  from  the  start  on  business  principles  by 
a  board  of  trustees,  and  the  first  year  registered  256  students.  From 
the  beginning  its  growth  was  steady,  and  increased  each  year  until  in 
1895  there  were  350  students  in  attendance.  After  three  years  this  build- 
ing was  found  to  be  too  small,  and  the  board  again  selected  the  site,  pur- 
chased ground  at  Thirtieth  and  Chestnut,  and  erected  the  six-story  and 
basement  building  it  now  occupies.  The  building  is  104x120  feet,  and  is 
the  largest  and  best  equipped  building  of  its  kind  in  the  country.  It  is 
safe  to  say  that  in  the  construction  of  the  entire  building  there  is  nothing 
more  to  be  desired. 

The  anatomic  laboratory  coyers  a  floor  space  of  90x102  feet  (the 
largest  in  the  world),  Avith  tables  at  which  400  students  can  conveniently 
work  at  the  same  time.  The  other  laboratories  are  large,  well  lighted  and 
ventilated,  and  every  modern  conyenience  has  been  proyided  for  the  in- 
struction and  comfort  of  the  student. 

The  Barnes  was  the  first  school  in  the  West  to  establish  the  four- 
year  course,  systematically  arranged. 

The  college  is  governed  and  managed  by  a  board  of  trustees,  on  the 
same  lines  as  universities,  and  this  method  his  proved  satisfactory,  as  the 
growth  of  the  school  will  testify.  Last  year  600  students  were  registered 
and  202  graduated,  this  being  the  largest  class  ever  graduated  west  of  the 
Mississippi. 

When  the  Barnes  Medical  College  was  organized  in  1892  St.  Louis 
was  the  ninth  city  in  the  Lnited  States,  and  also  ranked  ninth  as  a 
medical  center.  At  this  writing  (1900)  St.  Louis  is  the  fifth  city  in  the 
United  States  and  the  Barnes  Medical  College  ranks  as  the  fifth  medical 
college  in  the  United  States. 

The  board  of  trustees  deemed  it  eminently  appropriate  to  aid  in  com- 
memorating the  name  and  in  perpetuating  the  memory  of  one  whose 
munificent  generosity,  unparalleled  in  the  history  of  Western  philanthropy, 
made  it  possible  for  St.  Louis  to  possess,  in  the  near  future,  one  of  the 
greatest  hospitals  of  this  great  country,  and  place  the  profession  of  medi- 


190 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


cine  under  a  lasting  debt  of  gratitude.  As  an  integral  part  of  the  medi- 
cal profession,  the  faculty,  as  well  as  the  trustees,  would  foster  that 
philanthropy  which  builds  abodes  for  the  sick  and  provides  for  their 
care  and  treatment.  Thus  this  institution  was  given  the  name  of  Mr.  Rob- 
ert A.  Barnes,  deceased,  whose  recent  devise  of  a  million  dollars  was 
made  for  the  perpetual  alleviation  of  afflicted  humanity. 
Following  is  the  Honorary  Board  of  Trustees: 


Rev.  John  Matthews,  D.  D. 
Rev.  J.  D.  Hammond,  D.  D. 
Gov.  Lon.  V.  Stephens. 
Rev.  S.  J.  Mccols,  D.  D. 
Judge  W.  F.  CowgiU. 
Horn  R.  L.  Wilson. 
Col.  A.  C.  Avery. 
Hon.  Samuel  Dodd. 
Eon.  W.  E.  Sehweppe. 
Hon.  F.  G.  Xiedringhaus. 
Judge  Thomas  A.  Sherwood. 
Rev.  J.  H.  Garrison,  D.  D. 


Hon.  Isaac  M.  Mason. 
Rev.  Alex.  Proctor,  D.  D. 
Hon!  J.  H.  Alexander. 
Rev.  S.  M.  Martin. 
Dr.  E.  S.  Lemoine. 
Col.  S.  E.  O'Bannon. 
Hon.  R.  W.  Tureman. 
Col.  Thos.  W.  Crouch. 
Hon.  J.  M.  Proctor. 
Maj.  C.  A.  Connett. 
Hon.  Geo.  A.  Hughes. 
S.  K.  Crawford,  M.  D. 


The  Board  of  Trustees,,  is  as  follows : 


John  D.  Yincil,  D.  D.,  President, 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 

John  C.  "Wilkinson,  Vice-Presi- 
dent,   St.   Louis,   Mo. 

George  A.  Baker,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

W.  T.  Anderson,  Treasurer,  St. 
Louis,  Mo. 

J.  B.  Legg,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

John  M.  Marmaduke,  Mexico, 
Mo. 

Appended  is  the  present  faculty 

W.  C.  Lav.  M.  D. 

C.  H.  Hughes,  M.  L\,  President. 

A.  M.  Carpenter,  M.  D.,  Vice-Pres- 
ident. 

A.  R.  Kieifer,  M.  D.,  Recording 
Secretary. 

Pinckney  French,  M.  D.,  Corre- 
sponding Secretary. 

A.  W.  Fleming.  M.  D. 

J.  T.  Jelks,  M.  D. 

M.  D.  Jones.  M.  D. 

C.  M.  Riley,  M.  D. 

R.  C.  Blackmer,  C.  M..  M.  D. 


C.  H.  Hughes,  M.  D.,  St.  Louis, 
Mo. 

A.  M.  Carpenter,  M.  D.,  St.  Louis, 
Mo. 

A.  R.  Kieffer,  M.  D.,  St.  Louis, 
Mo. 

John  M.  Wood,  Esq.,  St.  Louis, 
Mo. 

Pinckney  French,  M.  D.,  Secreta- 
ry. St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Chas.  R.  Oatiuan,  M.  D. 

Edwin  E.  Meng,  M.  D. 

Jas.  H.  Tanquarv,  B.  S.,  M.  D. 

G.  M.  Phillips,  M.  D. 

John  W.  Vaughan,  A.  M.,  M.  D. 

S.  C  Martin,  Sr,  M.  D. 

C.  H.  Powell,  A.  M.,  M.  D. 

M.  Dwight  Jennings,  M.  D. 

W.  L.  Dickerson,  M.  D. 

F.  L.  Henderson,  M.  D. 

J.  Leland  Boogher,  B.  S.,  M.  D. 

John  11.  Duncan,  A.  M.,  M.  D. 


BEAUnONT  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  COLLEGE. 

The  Beaumont  Hospital  Medical  College,  located  at  St.  Louis,  was 
organized  in  1886,  and  the  name  of  "Beaumont"  given  it  in  honor  of  that 
distinguished  physician  and  surgeon.  Dr.  William  Beaumont. 

In  the  spring  of  1900  the  college  closed  its  fourteenth  session  with 
a  graduating  class  of  sixteen. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


191 


Its  students  are  drawn  principally  from  the  Western  States,  but  it  is 
not  an  unusual  thing  to  see  them  registered  from  all  parts  of  the  United 
States.  The  building  is  of  modern  construction  and  contains  three  am- 
phitheaters and  three  laboratories,  a  large,  well-lighted  and  ventilated  dis- 
secting room,  a  museum  and  clinical  rooms.  The  laboratories  are  equipped 
with  all  modern  apparatus.  The  college  has  under  its  control  a  number  of 
hospitals,  in  addition  to  its  free  dispensary  and  clinics. 

Since  its  opening  day  the  Beaumont  College  has  had  for  its  watch- 
word, ••Advancement,"'  and  success  has  followed  success  from  year  to  year, 
through  the  untiring  efforts  of  the  faculty  to  reach  the  highest  attain- 
ments in  college  work  and  uphold  the  honor  6f  the  name  adopted. 

The  faculty.  1899-1900,  was: 


W 

J. 

w 
w 


B.  Outten.  A. 
C.  MulhalL  A. 

A.  MeCandless 

G.   Moore.   M. 
Adolf   Alt,    M.   D. 
Leonidas    H.    Laidlev.    M.    D. 
Frank  J.  Lutz.  A.  M.  M.   D 
J.  B.  Keber,  A.  It..  M.  D. 
Jacob   Friedman.    M.    D. 
Walter  B.   Dorsett,  M.   D. 
J.  B.   Dale,   M.   D. 


M.,  M.  D. 

Jo 

M.,  M.  D. 

C. 

A.  M.,  M.  D. 

C. 

D.j   Tice-Dean. 

M. 

C. 

Dean. 


John   T.   Larew.    M.    D. 

W.   Schleiffarth,  M.  D. 

Shattinger,   M.   D. 

A.  Goldstein,  B.  S..  M.  D. 

M.   Xicholson.   M.   D. 
Kemy  J.    StofM,   M.   D. 
LeGrand   Atwood,    M.    D. 
Howard   Carter,   M.    D. 
Sidnev  I.   Schwab,  M.  D. 
William  Porter,  A.  M\.  M.  D. 
John  A.  Harrison,  A.  M..  M.  D. 


CENTRAL  HEDICAL  COLLEGE. 

The  Central  Medical  College  of  St.  Joseph.  Mo.,  was  legally  char- 
tered under  the  statutes  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  the  31st  day  of  May, 
1891.  Its  first  class  was  graduated  March  1,  1895,  this  class  having  taken 
its  former  courses  in  other  medical  colleges.  It  owns  its  own  building, 
located  at  Xinth  and  Felix  streets,  and  is  well  equipped  in  every  partic- 
ular for  teaching  modern  medicine  and  surgery,  having  well  arranged 
lecture  rooms,  laboratories  and  every  convenience  for  the  education  of 
young  men  and  women  in  the  science  of  medicine  and  surgerv. 

Its  incorporators  were  0.  B.  Campbell,  M.  D. :  T.  F'.  Potter,  M.  D.; 
J.  P.  Chesnev.  M.  D. :  G.  L.  Sherman.  M.  D.:  G.  C.  Potter,  m/d.,  and 
J.  B.  Riley,  M.  D. 

It  has  enjoyed  a  liberal  patronage  from  the  first  of  its  existence, 
and  its  directors  and  faculty  are  pleased  to  say  "that  each  year  its  class 
has  gradually  increased,  so  that  it  was  larger  than  the  preceding  one/' 
It  will  require  four  vears  of  didactic  and  clinical  work  before  conferring 
the  degree  of  M.  D.  from  this  time  on,  the  year  ending  March  1,  1900,  be- 
ing the  last  year  it  will  graduate  on  the  three-year  basis. 

The  faculty  is  composed  of  the  following  well-known  gentlemen: 


O.  B.  Campbell.  M.  D. 

T.  E.  Potter,  M.  D. 

G.  L.  Sherman.  M.  D. 

G.  C.  Potter,  M.  D. 

S.  F.  Carpenter.  M.  D. 

J.  M.  Bell.  A.  M..  M.  D. 

M.  F.  Wevmann,  A.  M..  M.  D. 

O.  G.  Gleaves.  M.  D. 

W.  F.  Flam,  M.  D. 

Hon.   S.   S.  Brown. 


J.  F.  Owens,  M.  D. 

F.  G.  Thompson.  M.  D. 

C.  A.  Tvo-art.  M.  D. 

H.  S.  Kellev.  FF.D. 

S.  D.  Senor,  M.  D. 

Wallace  Deffenbauo-h.  M.  D. 

L.  J.  Dandurant,  A.  B..  M.  D. 

Herbert   Fee.   M.    D. 

Hubbard  Finlev.  M.  D. 

C.   A  Breckenrido-e.  M.  D. 


192  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

The  officers  and  directors  of  this  institution  are  0.  B.  Campbell,  M.  D., 
president;  T.  E.  Potter.  M.  D.,  secretary,  and  G.  C.  Potter,  M.  I).,  treasurer, 
and  G-.  L.  Sherman,  M.  D. 


UNIVERSITY  MEDICAL  COLLEGE  OF  KANSAS  CITY. 

Established  in  1881,  the  University  Medical  College  has  grown  aston- 
ishingly. The  college  draws  on  Missouri  and  the  surrounding  States,  in 
the  main,  in  making  up  its  list  of  students,  although  it  is  not  infrequently 
found  that  a  young  man  has  come  all  the  way  from  Canada  or  some  far 
distant  State  to  study  under  the  skillful  practitioners  who  constitute  the 
faculty. 

The  first  graduating  class  consisted  of  seven  members,  and  the  ex- 
ercises occurred  in  1882,  the  second  year  in  the  existence  of  the  college. 
In  1883  there  were  eight  graduates,  and  in  1884  diplomas  were  received 
by  fourteen  students.  Each  year  of  life  gave  the  college  a  larger  grad- 
uating class  than  it  had  the  year  before,  until  in  1898  the  class  num- 
bered sixty-six.  This  year  there  are  130  members  of  the  senior  class,  and 
of  this  number  nearly  all  will  graduate.  The  average  daily  attendance 
is  more  than  300. 

Dr.  James  E.  Logan  is  president  of  the  college.  Dr.  Charles  T. 
Wainright  is  dean  of  the  college  and  Professor  of  the  Chair  of  Clinical 
Medicine  and  Physical  Diagnosis.  Dr.  John  Punton  is  secretary,  and 
holds  the  Chair  of  Nervous  and  Rectal  Diseases.  Dr.  Samuel  C.  James, 
the  treasurer,  is  Professor  of  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine. 

The  first  president  of  the  college  was  the  late  Dr.  J.  W.  Jackson.  Dr. 
J.  M.  Allen  succeeded  to  the  presidency  upon  Dr.  Jackson's  death.  Dr. 
Wainright  was  the  next  president,  bin;  was  soon  after  elected  dean,  which 
office  had  become  of  great  importance.  Dr.  Logan  was  elected  president 
and  holds  the  position  at  the  present  time. 

Dr.  C.  W.  Adams  was  the  first  dean  of  the  college,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Dr.  Wainright.  While  Dr.  Wainright  was  president,  Dr.  S.  G-. 
Grant  held  the  cleanship.  Dr.  L  A.  Berger,  deceased,  was  the  first  sec- 
retary and  at  his  death  Dr.  Punton  was  elected  secretar}*-,  which  position 
he  now  holds. 

The  college  building  is  a  handsome  four-story  structure,  convenient 
and  complete  as  a  modern  college  edifice.  It  provides  a  large  and  airy 
amphitheater,  two  lecture  halls,  large  and  well  furnished  chemical  lab- 
oratories, well  lighted  and  well  ventilated  dissecting  rooms,  museum,  pro- 
fessors' rooms,  reception  room  and  convenient  apartments  for  the  college 
dispensary.  With  the  most  modern  equipments,  the  facilities  for  teach- 
ing are  greatly  amplified  and  the  comforts  and  attractions  for  students 
correspondingly  increased. 

Recognizing  the  importance  of  laboratory  work  in  modern  scientific 
education,  a  most  prominent  part  has  been  assigned  it  in  the  course  from 
the  beginning!  The  histological,  pathological,  bacteriological,  physiologi- 
cal, chemical  and  anatomical  laboratories,  each  under  the  charge  of  one 
eminently  qualified  by  training  and  experience  in  his  department,  have 
been  fully  equipped  with  all  the  most. modern  appliances  of  this  coun- 
try and  the  old,  and  neither  expense  nor  time  has  been  spared  to  make 
this  course  thoroughly  abreast  with  the  best. 

The  clinical  opportunities  of  this  school  are  of  special  importance, 
and  it  is  very  doubtful  if  they  can  be  surpassed  by  any  medical  school 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  19 3 

in  the  country.  This  fact  has  already  become  well  known  throughout 
the  West  and  Southwest,  and  has  had  more  to  do  with  the  rapid  growth 
of  the  University  Medical  College  than  has  had  almost  any  other  in- 
fluence. 

In  the  clinical  instruction  the  students  in  the  University  Medical 
College  have  the  benefit  of  nearly  all  the  hospitals  in  Kansas  City  and  Kan- 
sas City,  Kan.  The  excellent  hospital  known  as  the  University  Hospital 
is  owned  and  controlled  entirely  by  the  faculty  of  the  University  Medical 
College.  It  is  used  as  a  benefit  to  the  students  in  the  college.  The  hos- 
pital is  complete  and  commodious  in  all  its  various  departments.  It  was 
refitted  when  the  college  took  charge  of  it,  with  the  best  aseptic  and 
antiseptic  appliances  for  the  care  and  treatment  of  patients.  With  its 
fine  operating  room  and  halls,  its  well  ventilated  wards  and  private  rooms, 
it  offers  to  the  student  during  the  coarse  the  opportunity  of  witnessing 
every  operation  in  the  range  of  surgery  and  gynecology,  as  well  as  the 
treatment  of  the  patieuts  in  all  departments  of  the  practice  of  medicine. 

In  addition  to  the  hospital  the  college  has  a  free  dispensary,  consist- 
ing of  a  reception  room,  drug  and  consultation  room,  located  in  the  col- 
lege building:  is  open  every  day  for  the  reception  of  patients.  The  dis- 
pensary service  is  free  to  the  poor. 

Officers — James  E.  Logan,  M.  D.,  president ;  C.  F.  Wainwright,  M.  D.^ 
dean;  John  Punton,  M.  D.,  secretary;  S.  C.  James,  M.  D.,  treasurer;. 
Flavel  B.  Tiffany,  member  executive  committee;  S.  G-.  Gant,  curator. 


THE  MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL  COLLEGE. 

The  Medico-Chirurgieal  College  was  organized  March  14,  1897,  and 
was  known  as  the  Kansas  City  (Kan.)  College  of  Medicine  and  Surgery.  It 
was  reorganized  in  1898  and  removed  to  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  and  adopted  the 
name  of  Medico-Chirurgieal  College. 

The  first  year  it  had  one  graduate,  the  second  year  it  had  eight  grad- 
uates, the  third  year  it  had  twenty  graduates. 

It  is  the  aim  of  the  faculty  and  board  of  trustees  to  make  this  school 
the  peer  of  any  school  in  the  land.  Special  attention  is  given  to  histology,, 
pathology,  bacteriology.  There  will  be  added  to  the  faculty  for  the  years. 
1900  and  1901  several  men  especially  fitted  for  the  work. 

The  Medico-Chirurgieal  School  has  made  rapid  progress  since  it  was 
first  organized.     The  officers  and  faculty  are: 

C.  Lester  Hall,  M.  D.,  President.  N.  J.  Pettijohn,  M.  D. 

James   Thompson,  Vice-President.  Stephen  A.  Dunham,  M.  D. 

B.  L.  Eastman,  Treasurer.  -  Julius  Bruehl,  M.  D. 

Blencoe  E.  Fryer,  M.  D.  James  Thompson,  M.  D. 

W.  F.  Kuhn,  A.  M.,  M.  D.  C.  A.  Dannaker,  M.  D. 

Geo.  0.  Coffin,  M.  D.,  Dean.  J.  L.  Harrington,  M.  D.,  Secretary 

E.  E.  Lewis,  A.  M.,  M.  D.  John  M.  Lan^sdale,  M.  D. 

J.  A.  Lane,  M.  D.  Hon.  E.  B.  Middlebrook,  L.  L  B 

James  F.  Wood,  M.  D.  L.  B.  Sawyer,  M.  D, 

13 


194 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


Stanley  Yewhouse,  M.  D. 

Ealph  J.  Brown,  M.  D. 

Joseph  S.  Lichtenberg,  M.  D. 

W.  Eugene  King,  M.  D. 

Thos.  H.  Cunningham,  D.  D.  S. 

A.  Morrison,  M.  D. 

IT.  D.  McQuade,  M.  D. 

J.  E.  Mount,  M.  D. 

D.  Y.  Whitnev,  Ph.  G. 

E.  E.  Hubbard,  M.  D. 
R.  B.  Tate,  M.  D. 
Howard  Hill,  M.  D. 


Geo.  F.  Berry,  M.  D. 
A.  W.  Thomas,  M.  D. 
James  H.  Manahan,  M.  D. 
J.  VV.  Miller.  M.  D. 
Park  L.  McDonald,  M.  D. 
E.  G.  Taylor,  M  D. 
John  T.  Mitchell,  M.  D. 
Joseph  S.  Lurie,  Ph.  D. 
J.  W.  Carter,  M.  D. 
Howard  Hill.  M.  D. 
I).  Walton  Hall,  M.  D. 


THE  AMERICAN  MEDICAL  COLLEGE. 

The  American  Medical  College  of  St.  Louis  is  a  charter  member  of  the 
National  Federation  of  Eclectic  Medical  Colleges,  and  has  conformed 
strictly  to  the  rulings  adopted  by  the  confederation  in  its  requirements 
for  advanced  medical  teaching.  These  have  been  in  conformity  with  the 
most  advanced  medical  schools  and  Slate  Boards  of  Health  in  the  United 
States,  so  that  its  diplomas  are  acceptable  in  any  part  of  this  country. 

The  college  operated  in  a  downtown  building  for  ten  years,  but  after 
the  streets  were  paved  the  noise  and  other  inconveniences  were  such  that  a 
move  became  necessary,  whereupon  the  present  building  was  erected  by 
the  Board  of  Trustees  and  Faculty,  and  has  been  in  use  exclusively  for 
college  purposes  for  more  than  ten  years. 

The  college,  in  selecting  its  faculty  from  time  to  time,  as  additions 
and  changes  became  necessary,  has  j^referred  its  own  graduates,  some 
of  whom  have  proven  eminent  as  teachers. 

Dr.  John  L.  Ingram  of  the  class  of  '84  and  Dr.  E.  Lee  Standlee  of 
the  class  of  '86  were  elected  to  membership  in  the  faculty  in  the  fall  of 
1886,  and  have  continued  until  the  present  time.  Prof.  Ingram  as  a 
teacher  of  physiology  is  equal  to  the  best.  His  lectures  and  demonstra- 
tions are  clear  and  decisive,  and  the  subject  matter  is  brought  before  the 
student  in  a  manner  that  is  easily  grasped  and  appropriated.  Prof. 
Standlee  has  for  many  years  been  classed  among  the  best  teachers  of 
anatomy. 


The  following  compose  the  faculty: 


Albert  Merrell,  M.  D. 

Edwin  Younkin,  M.  D.,  Dean  of 

Faculty. 
Geo.  C.  Pitzer,  M.  D. 
E.  Lee  Standlee,  M.  D. 
M.  M.  Hamlin,  M.  D. 
William  F.  Francis,  M.  D. 
Ira  W.  Hpshaw,  M.  D. 


J.  B,  Barry,  M.  D. 
John  L.  Ingram,  M.  D. 
J.  Moreau  Blakemore,  M.  D. 
Harry  H.  Helbing,  M.  D. 
J.  Harvev  Moore,  M.  D. 
F.   A.   Kraft,   M.   D. 
John  T.  Sibley,  M.  D. 
Hon.  Wm.  M.  Kinsey. 


196  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

ries.  The  time  has  arrived  when  additional  room  is  necessary,  and  the  ad- 
dition will  doubtless  he  made  within  the  present  year. 

In  order  to  secure  the  building  no  effort  was  made  to  secure  dona- 
tions or  reliance  placed  on  friendly  contributions.  Strictly  business  feat- 
ures were  recognized  as  more  likely  to  result  in  the  gradual  and  normal 
growth  of  the  college,  as  abundantly  attested  during  the  last  eight  years 
of  its  history.  The  Homeopathic  College  Building  "Company  was  organ- 
ized, with  S.  C.  Delap,  M.  D.,  as  president,  and  A.  E.  Xeumeister,  M.  D., 
as  secretary,  and  stock  to  the  amount  of  $4,000  was  authorized.  This 
was  subscribed  and  paid  for  by  ten  members  of  the  faculty,  and  furnished 
the  necessary  cash  to  purchase  the  lot  and  begin  building  operations. 

The  earnings  of  the  college  have  sufficed  to  meet  running  expenses 
and  liquidate  all  debts.  Xext  year  the  college  will  inaugurate  the  rather 
unusual  policy  for  medical  colleges  of  paying  the  instructors  a  salary. 
As  a  result  a  fewer  number  will  be  employed  as  teachers  and  better  service 
will  be  secured. 

During  the  first  year  fifteen  students  were  matriculated  and  four 
were  graduated.  Twenty-four  were  matriculated  the  second  year  and 
seven  graduated.  The  fourth  year  the  course  was  extended  from  that  of 
two  years  to  three,  and  thirty-four  were  matriculated  and  six  were  grad- 
uated. The  course  of  instruction  has  now  been  extended  to  four  years, 
and  during  the  }*ear  1S99-1900  seventy-six  have  been  matriculated  and 
ten  graduated. 

The  list  of  graduates  now  number  118.  Of  this  number  thirty-three 
are  women,  the  college  recognizing  the  principle  of  co-education  from  the 
beginning. 

As  might  have  been  expected,  all  was  not  uninterrupted  progress  and 
harmony  in  the  growth  of  the  college.  Those  who  were  not  invited  to  join 
in  the  work  at  the  outstart  only  became  friends  after  a  place  of  their  own 
choice  had  been  made  for  them  in  the  faculty.  Others  who  entered  later 
were  not  always  found  adapted  to  the  work  or  capable  of  working  in 
harmony  with  others.  Under  such  circumstances  the  progress  of  the  col- 
lege, from  its  modest;  beginning  to  its  present  substantial  position,  was 
greater  at  times  than  others,  but  the  fact  that  it  has  a  serviceable  and 
commodious  home  of  its  own,  free  from  debt,  with  a  most  respectable 
alumni  list  and  efficient  faculty,  indicate  that  the  most  has  been  made 
of  opportunities  and  that  a  useful  and  prosperous  future  is  before  it. 

The  college  faculty  is  as  follows: 

A.  E.  Xeumeister,  M.  D.,  Dean.  W  A.  Connell,  Ph.  D. 

G.  E.  ApLynne,  M.  D.,  Begistrar.  Carrie  Allcutt,  M.  D. 

Mark  Edirerton,  M.  D.,  Financial  Charles  K.  "Wiles,  M.  D. 

Secretarv.  Schuyler  C.  Elliott,  M.  D. 

S.  C.  Delap,  M.  D.  W.  C.  Allen,  D.  D.  S. 

H.  M.  Fryer,  M.  D.,  Secretary  Board  Charles   Ott,   M.   D. 

of   Trustees.  Andrew  H.  Starcke,  M.  D. 

Wm.  Davis  Foster,  M.  D.  E.  E.  Enz,  M.  D. 

L.  G-.  A'an  Scoyoc,  M.  D.  J.  C.  Stewart,  M.  D. 

E.  B.  Heath,  M.  D.  J.  E.  Badley,  M.  D. 

Solon  T.  Gilmore,  A.  B.,  EL.  B.  C.  E,  Putnam,  M.  D. 

G.  A.  Dean,  M.  D.  S.  C.  Delap,  M.  D. 

Sam  H.  Anderson,  M.  D.  John  T.  Boland,  It.  D. 

Emilv  S.  Colt,  M.  D.  E.  L.  Xorris,  M.  D. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  197 

G.  E.  ApLynne,  M.  D.  Sam  H.  Clothier,  M.  D. 

R.  V.  Ditzler,  M.  D.  L.  C.  Guggenheim,  M.  D. 

J.  H.  Nolan,  M.  D. 

Drs.  Hems,  Westover  and  Hall  were  the  first  Homeopathic  physicians 
of  St.  Joseph,  all  living  and  doing  well. 

In  Kansas  City  the  first  ones  in  the  order  of  their  coming  were  Drs. 
Feld,  Joshua  Thorne  and  Peter  Baker.  All  are  now  dead.  Up  to  1888 
the  number  was  less  than  a  score.  At  this  date  the  Kansas  City  Homeo- 
pathic Medical  College  was  organized,  and  this  institution  gave  an  im- 
petus to  homeopathy  that  was  before  unknown,  and  the  history  of  the 
college  is  virtually  the  history  of  homeopathy  in  this  city.  There  are  sixty 
homeopathic  .physicians  now  in  the  city. 

The  Kansas  City  Homeopathic  Hospital  was  organized  in  1890  and 
prospered  for  several  years,  but  at  the  end  of  this  period  its  effects  were 
soid  for  the  debts,  and  it  went  out  of  existence. 

Identified  with  this  hospital  were  Drs.  Canfield,  Foster  and  Eunnels, 
with  various  other  members  of  the  school.  Unseemly  as  it  may  appear, 
it  was  the  occasion  of  much  discord  among  the  Homeopaths  of  the  city 
Several  would-be  leaders  failed  to  attract  a  following,  and  the  result  was 
disastrous  to  the  cause. 

At  present  there  are  three  hospitals  in  the  city  devoted  in  whole  or 
in  part  to  the  interests  of  the  homeopathic  school — the  Medical  and  Surgi- 
cal Sanitarium  at  Eleventh  and  Forest,  the  Women's  and  Children's  Hos- 
pital at  Eleventh  and  Troost  and  a  new  Homeopathic  hospital  at  402 
Whittier  place. 

On  several  occasions  a  club  has  been  organized,  but  it  always  lacked 
sufficient  cohesiveness  to  hold  together  for  more  than  a  very  few  months. 
The  only  organization  that  has  been  maintained  over  a  half  dozen  years 
has  been  the  Kansas  City  Homeopathic  Medical  College. 


198  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OP 


CHAPTER  XV.— MEDICAL  JOURNALS  OF  THE  STATE. 

Since  1843,  when  the  St.  Louis  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  was 
founded,  many  medical  journals  have  heen  launched  in  this  State,  and 
while  a  few  have  succumbed  to  the  varying  winds  of  circumstance,  most 
still  remain  and  flourish. 

There  are  medical  journals  of  all  kinds  and  types — the  weekly,  the  bi- 
weekly, the  monthly,  the  quarterly,  the  general  journal,  the  special  journal, 
the  college  journal,  the  proprietary  journal  and  the  journal  for  publishers — 
all  are  represented.  In  fact,  it  is  currently  admitted  that  there  are  more 
medical  journals  published  in  this  State  than  in  any  other  in  the  union. 
St.  Louis  alone  contributes  22;  Kansas  City,  3,  and  St.  Joseph,  2.  While 
necessarily  some  are  of  indifferent  value  from  a  standpoint  of  medical  lit- 
erature, quite  a  few  are  leaders  of  their  class.  This  is  particularly  true  of 
the  special  journals  published  in  St.  Louis,  which  include  the  Annals  of 
Ophthalmology,  Annals  of  Otology,  Laryngology  and  Rhinology,  Laryngo- 
scope, American  Journal  of  Ophthalmology  and  Alienist  and  Neurologist; 
and  what  might  seem  strange  at  first  sight,  these  journals  have  few  proto- 
types in  this  country.  Thus  there  are  only  two  other  ophthalmological 
journals  of  any  standing  published  in  this  country  (one  in  Chicago  and  one 
in  New  York)  and  these  have  the  same  relative  value  as  the  St.  Louis  publi- 
cations. The  two  nose  and  throat  journals  are  the  only  ones  of  any  pre- 
tention published  in  this  country.  In  England  there  is  one  of  this  type, 
and,  according  to  universal  opinion,  it  is  below  the  standard  of  the  Laryn- 
goscope and  the  Annals  of  Otology,  Laryngology  and  Rhinology.  The 
Alienist  and  Neurologist  is  a  good  example  of  the  three  American  journal 
devoted  exclusively  to  neurology  and  psychiatry.  The  single  weekly  and  bi- 
weekly and  many  of  the  monthlies  have  a  position  which  seems  far  be- 
yond the  possibilities  of  a  city  so  far  from  the  original  center  of  medical 
education  and  advancement.  However,  when  the  improvements  which 
St.  Louis  and  the  State  have  made  in  these  regards  are  taken  into  consid- 
eration, the  reasons  are  obvious  and  clear.  AVhile  no  attempt  has  been 
made  to  enter  fully  into  the  history  of  each  individual  journal,  it  is  hoped 
that  expression  of  the  leading  points  in  the  development  of  the  various 
publications  here  described  may  be  of  service  in  showing  their  influence 
upon  the  medical  profession  of  the  State  of  Missouri. 


THE  ALIENIST  AND  NEUROLOGIST. 

The  Alienist  and  Neurologist,  a  "Journal  of  Neurology,  Psychology, 
Psychiatry  and  Neuriatry  for  the  General  Practitioner  of  Medicine/'  was 
founded  in  1880  by  Dr.  Charles  H.  Hughes.  The  journal  referred  to  is  a 
quarterly,  averaging  250  pages,  and  has  been  eminently  successful  from 
the  beginning.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  Dr.  Hughes,  through  the  me- 
dium of  this  journal,  has  reflected  great  credit  upon  St.  Louis,  as  the  home 
of  his  journal,  and  has  been  of  marked  service  to  the  profession.  Dr. 
Hughes,  when  a  very  young  man  in  the  later  '60s,  was  fortunate  in  being 
superintendent  and  resident  physician  of  the  State  Insane  Asylum  at  Ful- 


ABRAM    LITTON. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  199 

ton,  Mo.  He  was  the  youngest  man  who  had  been  placed  in  charge  of  such 
an  institution.  This  early  education  and  experience  developed  in  him  a 
marked  taste  and  skill  for  the  work.  By  his  prominence  and  influence 
Dr.  Hughes  has  been  able  to  secure  contributions  from  the  ablest  men 
in  America  and  abroad  for  his  periodical.  These  articles,  together  with 
the  splendid  editorials  that  Dr.  Hughes  himself  has  furnished,  have  placed 
the  Alienist  and  Neurologist  on  a  high  plane.  Dr..  Hughes  is  in  the  prime 
of  life,  unusually  young  for  his  years,  though  very  old  in  experience,  and 
there  can  be  no  question  that  with  his  splendid  magazine  he  will  serve  the 
interests  of  the  profession  and  the  mentally  perturbed  for  years  to  come. 


THE  AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  DERMATOLOGY  AND  GENITO-URINARY  DISEASES. 

The  American  Journal  of  Dermatology  and  Genito-Urinary  Diseases,  a 
bi-monthly  journal,  was  first  published  in  the  month  of  April,  1897,  Dr. 
S.  C.  Martin,  Sr.,  being  its  editor,  with  Dr.  S.  C.  Martin,  Jr.,  assistant  edi- 
tor in  charge  of  the  department  of  genito-urinary  diseases.  The  import- 
ance of  these  departments  of  medicine  to  the  profession  in  general,  and 
the  limited  supply  of  literature  on  the  subjects  to  which  this  journal  is  de- 
voted, brought  it  rapidly  before  the  medical  profession  and  insured  for  it 
a  brilliant  future.  The  reading  matter,  which  is  composed  chiefly  of  orig- 
inal articles  from  the  pens  of  specialists  in  these  departments  and  edito- 
rials on  practical  subjects  in  this  field  of  investigation,  fills  fifty  pages  of  the 
journal,  while  thirty  pages  are  assigned  to  advertisers.  It  now  enjoys  a 
wide  circulation  in  the  profession  and  is  cordially  received  by  all  of  its 
readers.  The  editor  of  this  journal  holds  the  Chair  of  Dermatology  and 
Clinical  Dermatology  in  the  Barnes  Medical  College,  and  the  assistant  edi- 
tor is  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  of  Missouri. 


AHERICAN  J<  URNAL  OF  SURGERY  AND  GYNECOLOGY. 

The  American  Journal  of  Surgery  and  Gynecology  was  established  in 
1887  at  Kansas  City  by  Dr.  Emory  Lanphear,  then  Professor  of  Orthopedic 
Surgery  and  Clinical  Surgery  in  the  University  Medical  College. 

In  1894  it  was  sold  (on  removal  of  Dr.  Lanphear  to  St.  Louis)  to  Dr. 
Herman  E.  Pearse,  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  Kansas  City  Medical  Col- 
lege. One  year  later  it  was  transferred  to  Dr.  L.  A.  Schaeffer,  who  be- 
came editor  and  publisher. 

It  was  purchased  in  December,  1895,  by  the  American  Journal  Pub- 
lishing Company  (Dr.  George  H.  Thompson,  president;  E.  Lanphear,  sec- 
retary; M.  A.  Lanphear,  treasurer,)  and  removed  to  St.  Louis,  since  which 
time  it  has  been  edited  by  Emory  Lanphear,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  for- 
merly Professor  of  Operative  Surgery  in  the  Kansas  City  Medical  College 
and  Professor  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery  in  the  St.  Louis 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  under  whose  management  it  has  be- 
come one  of  the  leading  surgical  journals  of  this  country. 


AHERICAN  X-RAY  JOURNAL. 

The  American  X-Ray  Journal  was  founded  by  Dr.  Heber  Robarts  in 
May  of  1897,  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  entered  at  the  local  postoffice  in  the 
same  month. 


200  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

The  editor  became  interested  in  X-ray  work  in  the  February  following 
the  discovery  of  the  X-rays  by  Roentgen,  which  occurred  in  December  of 
'95,  and  as  his  work  is  almost  exclusively  devoted  to  the  professional  line  of 
diagnosis,  the  journal  was  founded  for  the  distribution  of  our  knowledge 
of  the  advancement  in  X-ray  work  and  its  value  in  diagnosis  and  disease. 
Actirig  upon  this  judgment,  the  first  number  of  The  American  X-Eay  Jour- 
nal appeared  in  May  of  '97.  The  specific  purpose  of  this  journal  is  de- 
scribed on  its  title  page:  A  Monthly  Devoted  to  the  Practical  Application 
of  the  Xew  Science  and  to  the  Physical  Improvement  of  Man.  Sis  issues 
of  the  Journal  appeared  in  the  year  of  its  advent,  and  it  has  since  been 
published  regularly  every  month. 

The  increased  demand  for  this  new  method  of  diagnosis  has  made  the 
general  demand  and  circulation  for  the  Journal.  Its  circulation  is  not 
confined  to  the  United  States,  but  extends  into  all  countries  of  this  con- 
tinent and  all  regions  of  the  world  where  English  is  read.  The  Journal  is 
printed  on  coated  paper  and  is  illustrated  with  original  X-ray  pictures.  It 
was  the  first  publication  of  its  kind  in  the  world.  The  first  to  follow  was 
"The  Archives  of  the  Roentgen  Society;"  the  next  two  were  journals  pub- 
lished in  Paris  and  Berlin.  The  American  X-Eay  Journal  is  still  the  only 
publication  in  America  devoted  specifically  to  X-ray  work. 


ANNALS  OF  OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

This  well-known  journal  of  international  reputation  was  founded  in 
1891  by  James  Pleasant  Parker,  who  virtually  gave  up  his  life  to  assure  its 
success.  In  the  earlier  years  the  editor  and  proprietor  denied  himself  to 
all  the  pleasures  and  many  of  the  necessities  of  life  in  order  that  the  journal 
might  be  kept  up  to  its  outlined  standard.  In  1896,  just  as  success  was 
crowning  his  efforts,  he  succumbed  to  life's  struggles  and  quietly  closed 
his  eyes  upon  the  scenes  of  his  trials,  with  the  knowledge  that  his  work 
was  not  in  vain  and  that  he  had  founded  a  monument  for  himself  in  the 
journal  which  for  the  years  to  come  would  have  the  wortlry  function  of 
distributing  the  literature  of  ophthalmology  and  laryngology.  His  brother 
Mr.  Jones  H.  Parker,  succeeded  him  as  publisher,  and,  by  applying  proper 
business  methods  in  the  conduct  of  the  journal,  he  has  been  able,  Avith  the 
hearty  co-operation  of  the  editors,  to  increase  its  standard  and  usefulness. 
In  1897  the  journal  was  divided  to  accommodate  the  increasing  necessities 
of  the  special  branches  of  medicine.  Thus  the  Annals  of  Ophthalmology, 
with  Casey  A.  Wood  of  Chicago  as  editor,  was  established,  and  the  Annals 
of  Otology,  Larvngology  and  Rhinology,  with  T.  Melville  TIardie  as  editor. 

Previous  to  this  time  Dr.  C.  II.  May  of  Xew  York  acted  as  managing 
editor. 

Under  the  chief  editorship  of  Dr.  Wood  of  Chicago  the  journal  con- 
tinued to  grow  in  influence  and  prosperity,  and  when  in  1899  he  found 
it  necessary  to  yield  the  chief  position  to  Dr.  H.  Y.  Wurdeman  of  Milwau- 
kee, he  knew  that  its  continued  success  was  assured.  Dr.  Wurdeman  has 
more  than  realized  the  dreams  of  the  founder,  and  bids  fair  to  carry  the 
journal  far  beyond  the  supposed  limits  of  the  medical  possibilities  of 
America. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  201 


THE  ANNALS  OF  OTOLOGY,  LARYNGOLOGY  AND  RHINOLOGY. 

This  journal  is  the  outgrowth  of  the  Annals  of  Ophthalmology  and 
Otology,  founded  in  1891  D}'  James  Pleasant  Parker. 

In  1897,  when  it  was  found  necessary  to  divide  the  journal,  Mr.  Jones 
H.  Parker,  who  had  hecome  the  publisher,  secured  a  worthy  editor-in-chief 
in  Dr.  T.  Melville  Hardie  of  Chicago.  He  continued  in  this  capacity  until 
1899,  when  he  yielded  the  position  to  Dr.  H.  W.  Loeh,  who  had  occupied 
a  sub-editorship  upon  the  journal  for  more  than  five  years. 

He  brought  to  the  journal  a  ripe  experience,  both  in  the  details  of 
medical  journalism  and  in  his  acquaintance  and  relation  with  the  leading 
nose,  throat  and  ear  specialists  of  this  country.  Under  his  editorial  man- 
agement the  journal  has  greatly  improved,  and  now  occupies  a  position  in 
the  foremost  ranks  of  the  otological  and  laryngological  journals  of  the 
world.  In  this  particular  work  he  has  been  greatly  assisted  by  the  associate 
editors,  Dr.  T.  Melville  Hardie,  Chicago:  Dr.  James  T.  Campbell,  Chicago; 
Dr.  George  Morganthau,  Chicago;  Dr.  G.  L.  Eichards,  Fall  Eiver,  Mass.; 
Dr.  J.  L.  Goodale,  Boston;  Dr.  S.  E.  Allen,  Cincinnati. 


CLINICAL  REPORTER. 


This  journal,  which  is  the  only  homeopathic  organ  published  in  St. 
Louis,  was  established  by  Dr.  I.  D.  Foulon,  who  later  sold  it  to  the  Schultz 
Printing  Company.  They  consolidated  it  with  the  St.  Louis  Journal  of 
Homeopathy,  with  Drs.  Edmonds  and  Kershaw  as  editors.  Dr.  D.  M. 
Gibson  subsequently  became  editor  and  still  retains  that  position. 


1NTER3TATE  HEDICAL  JOURNAL. 

The  Interstate  Medical  Journal  of  St.  Louis  is  a  publication  having 
a  large  circulation  among  the  physicians  of  the  Mississippi  Yalley  and 
Southwest.  It  also  circulates  largely  among  the  railway  surgeons  of  the 
country.  Dr.  Warren  B,  Outten,  chief  surgeon  of  the  Missouri  Pacific 
Eailway  Hospital  system,  is  editor,  assisted  by  Dr.  E.  B.  H.  Gradwohl,  asso- 
ciate editor,  and  Dr.  Otho  F.  Ball,  managing  editor. 

This  publication  was  founded  at  Keokuk,  la.,  in  1893,  by  Dr.  James 
Moores  Ball,  under  the  name  of  the  Tri-State  Medical  Journal.  One  year 
later  it  was  removed  to  St.  Louis,  from  which  point  it  has  continued  to 
the  present  time.  In  1896  the  Peoria  Medical  Eecord  and  in  1897  the  Gen- 
eral Practitioner  were  purchased  and  consolidated  with  the  Tri-State  Med- 
ical Journal,  but  owing  to  the  growth  of  the  publication  outside  of  the 
tri-State  combination  (Iowa,  Illinois  and  Missouri),  the  name  was  changed 
-to  the  Interstate  Medical  Journal,. under  which  title  it  has  continued  to 
exert  an  influence  in  its  sphere  of  medical  journalism. 

The  Interstate  Medical  Journal  differs  from  others  of  its  class  in  be- 
ing profusely  illustrated — in  fact,  it  is  more  of  a  medical  magazine 
than  a  purely  technical  publication. 


KANSAS  CITY  MEDICAL  INDEX-LANCET. 


The  Kansas  City  Medical  Index-Lancet  was  founded  by  Dr.  F.  F. 
Dickman  at  Ft.  Scott,  Kan.,  in  1879  and  1880,  and  was  called  The  Kansas 


202  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

Medical  Index.  In  1883  we  find  associated  with  him  Dr.  W.  C.  Boteler, 
with  J.  R.  Cheaney  as  business  editor.  In  August,  1882,  Dr.  Boteler  re- 
tired and  the  journal  was  then  changed  to  The  Kansas  and  Missouri  Valley- 
Medical  Index.  In  November  Dr.  Cheaney  retired,  leaving  the  publication 
under  the  sole  editorship  of  Dr.  Dickman.  In  1885  the  journal  was  moved 
to  Kansas  City  and  called  the  Kansas  City  Medical  Index,  with  an  edito- 
rial staff  of  Drs.  F.  F.  Dickman,  J.  B.  Browning,  1ST.  A.  Drake,  J.  W.  Elston, 
C.  W.  Adams.  In  September  Drs.  Emory  Lanphear  and  J.  W.  Elston  as- 
sumed charge  and  edited  the  journal  until  January,  1887,  when  Dr.  Elston 
retired,  Dr.  Lanphear  continuing  as  editor,  naming  the  journal  Lanphear's 
Kansas  City  Medical  Index.  In  1894  the  journal  was  transferred  to  Dr. 
II.  E.  Pearse,  who  assumed  control  until  March,  1899,  when  Dr.  Punton, 
who  was  then  editor  of  the  Kansas  City  Lancet,  consolidated  the  two  jour- 
nals and  called  them  the  Kansas  City  Medical  Index-Lancet,  with  J.  0. 
McKjllip  as  business  manager. 


KANSAS  CITY  MEDICAL  RECORD. 


This  journal,  which  is  in  point  of  years  the  oldest  in  Kansas  City,  was 
acquired  by  the  present  management  in  1894,  and  since  that  time  has  pros- 
pered, with  A.  L.  Fulton,  M.  D.,  as  editor  and  proprietor.  The  Record  has 
always  been  favorably  known  for  the  high  professional  stand  it  has  taken 
on  all  subjects. 


THE  AMERICAN  MEDICAL  JOURNALIST. 


This  monthly,  which  is  the  only  one  in  this  country  devoted  to  the 
interests  of  medical  editors  and  publishers  and  advertisers,  was  established 
at  St.  Joseph  in  1898  by  Charles  Wood  Fassett,  M.  D.  Its  prosperity  has 
been  continuous  since  the  very  first  number  appeared. 


LARYNGOSCOPE. 


Tn  July,  1896,  Dr.  M.  A.  (xoldstein,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  F.  M. 
Eumbold,  both  of  St.  Louis,  established  The  Laryngoscope,  a  64-page 
monthly  journal,  devoted  to  the  consideration  of  Diseases  of  the  Nose, 
Throat  and  Ear.  Apparently  there  was  a  fertile  field  for  this  journalistic 
venture,  as  evidenced  by  the  constantly  increasing  success  of  The  Laryngo- 
scope. 

This  journal  occupies  a  special  field  of  usefulness  and  influence  in 
laryngologic  and  otologic  literature,  and  it  is  the  only  regular  monthly 
journal  of  its  class  published  in  America.  . 

Assisted  by  an  efficient  staff  of  associate  editors  and  a  large  number 
of  collaborators,  representing  every  prominent  medical  center  in  both  hem- 
ispheres, the  Laryngoscope  has  become  an  influential  factor  in  progressive 
otology  and  laryngology,  and  is  to-day  recognized  as  an  international 
journal  of  record  of  the  specialties  which  it  represents. 

In  July,  1899,  the  interests  of  Dr.  Eumbold  were  acquired  by  Dr. 
Goldstein,  who  now  continues  the  exclusive  management  of  this  journal. 

The  Laryngoscope  is  the  official  organ  of  several  of  the  representative 
societies  devoted  to  laryngology  and  otology,  and  has  received  the  indorse- 
ment of  nearly  every  prominent  worker  in  these  fields  of  medicine  in  Amer- 
ica and  England. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  203 


THE  MEDICAL  BRIEF. 


The  Medical  Brief  dates  its  history  from  1873,  when  medical  journals 
were  not  so  numerous  as  now.  The  policy  that  should  dominate  a  medical 
journal  was  conceived  by  its  founder  and  editor,  J.  J.  Lawrence,  A.  M., 
M.  D.,  and  to  his  efforts  are  due  the  grand  consummation  of  his  original 
idea,  which  proved  to  be  a  correct  one.  Its  popularity  has  so  increased  that 
now  the  best  medical  talent  in  the  world  send  their  original  communica- 
tions to  its  columns,  Thus  making  it  superior  to  any  text-book  published. 
These  contributors  hail  from  all  sections  of  the  world  where  the  English 
language  is  read.  Its  subscription  list  has  kept  pace  with  its  wide  pop- 
ularity, until  the  list  contains  all  countries  in  the  civilized  world.  In  the 
United  States  its  circulation  is  in  excess  of  30,000  copies  each  issue,  while 
its  foreign  circulation  is  enormous  for  an  American  journal.  About  1883 
Mr.  W.  H,  Lehman  assumed  the  business  management  of  the  Brief,  and, 
being  a  practical  man,  has,  with  the  business  acumen  of  the  proprietor, 
made  it  one  of  the  best  journalistic  properties  in  the  world.  Its  financial 
standing  is  second  to  none. 


HEDICAL  FORTNIGHTLY. 


The  Fortnightly  of  St.  Louis,  which  was  established  by  Dr.  Bransf ord 
Lewis  in  1891,  appears  on  the  10th  and  25th  of  each  month.  Succeeding 
Dr.  Lewis,  the  editorship  passed  to  Dr.  Frank  Parsons  Norbury,  who  has 
since  divided  the  position  with  Dr.  Thomas  A.  Hopkins.  The  journal 
numbers  among  its  contributors  many  of  the  best  writers  of  both  Europe 
and  America. 


MEDICAL  HERALD. 


The  Medical  Herald  of  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  was  established  in  January, 
1882,  Dr.  Prank  C.  Hoyt  being  the  first  editor.  He  was  succeeded  by  Dr. 
H.  W.  Loeb,  Dr.  Jacob  Geiger,  Dr.  Daniel  Morton  and  Drs.  Hiram  Chris- 
topher and  W.  J.  Bell,  who  now  conduct  the  editorial  management.  Chas. 
Wood  Passett,  M.  D.,  has  been  business  manager  since  its  establishment. 


MEDICAL  MIRROR. 


The  Medical  Mirror  of  St.  Louis,  "a  Monthly  Keflector  of  the  Medical 
Profession  and  Its  Progress,"  was  founded  in  1890  by  Dr.  I.  1ST.  Love,  and 
has  been  owned  and  edited  by  him  from  the  beginning.  Dr.  Love  had  been 
a  liberal  contributor  to  the  medical  press  of  the  country  for  ten  or  fifteen 
years  before;  was  associate  editor  for  many  years  on  the  staff  of  the  New 
England  Medical  Monthly  and  other  Eastern  journals;  in  1878  was  asso- 
ciate and  business  editor  of  the  St.  Louis  Courier  of  Medicine,  which  was 
a  journal  established  by  100  of  the  leading  medical  men  of  the  State  of 
Missouri,  under  the  name  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Medical  Journal  As- 
sociation. This  latter  journal  ceased  publication  about  1885.  Dr.  Love 
was  also  for  several  years  editor  of  the  Weekly  Medical  Eeview  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Medical  Press  Association  of  St.  Louis,  which  conducted  the 
editorial  department  of  said  journal.  All  of  these  experiences  had  made 
Dr.  Love  well-known  throughout  the  United  States  as  a  medical  writer. 
In  1889  he  was  elected,  president  of  the  American  Medical  Editors'  Associa- 


204  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

tion  at  the  meeting  held  in  Newport,  E.  I.  Learning  that  he  was  the  first 
president  of  said  association  who  did  not  own  and  control  a  medical  journal, 
he  determined  to  establish  one,  and  the  Medical  Mirror  was  the  result.  As 
announced  in  his  prospectus,  he  did  not  establish  the  Medical  Mirror  to 
"fill  a  long-felt  want,  but  for  the  reason  that  he  loved  the  medical  pro- 
fession and  medical  journalism,  and  was  willing  to  indulge  in  the  luxury 
of  the  Medical  Mirror  as  a  medium  of  communication  between  the  two." 
Believing  that  it  was  necessary  to  strike  out  along  new  lines,  with  a  view 
to  success  in  establishing  the  Mirror,  he  introduced  for  the  first  time  the 
artistic  features,  then  becoming  popular  in  literary  magazines,  into  the 
Mirror,  presenting  the  portraits  of  leading  workers  and.  writers  of  the 
profession.  He  declared  that  he  "would  present  not  only  science/but  any- 
thing and  everything  likely  to  be  of  interest  to  doctors;  that  he  believed 
the  profession  was  interested  in  the  personality  of  its  members;  that  he 
would  not  hesitate  to  be  personal  in  the  conduct  of  his  journal,  but  never 
unkindly  so.  He  announced  his  policy  to  be  of  a  character  to  make  the 
Medical  Mirror  interesting — to  make  it  readable.  Probably  no  medical 
journal  ever  established  in  America  had  more  prompt  success  from  the 
outstart;  perhaps  no  one  journal  in  iVmerica  has  had  a  better  sustained  suc- 
cess and  is  better  known  than  the  Medical  Mirror. 


HEDICAL  REVIEW. 


The  Medical  L'eview  enjoys  the  distinction  of  being  the  only  weekly 
medical  publication  in  St.  Louis  and  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  with  a 
single  exception  it  is  the  only  one  south  of  Philadelphia.  By  virtue  of 
these  conditions  its  influence  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  south  of  the 
Ohio  is  not  divided  with  any  other  journal.  Its  history  begins  twenty-six 
years  ago,  when  it  was  founded  by  Dr.  E.  C.  Dudley,  its  first  editor.  For 
two  years  it  was  published  as  a  semi-monthly.  The  Medical  Eeview  As- 
sociation then  assumed  charge  of  the  publication  until  it  passed  into  the 
hands  of  J.  H.  Chambers  &  Co.,  who  continued  to  publish  the  journal  until 
July  1,  1895,  when  0.  H.  Dre}'er  acquired  it.  In  April,  1899,  the  journal 
was  purchased  by  Dr.  H.  W.  Loeb,  and  it  is  in  his  possession  at  the  pres- 
ent time.  Since  Dr.  Dudley  assumed  the  editorial  management  the  follow- 
ing have  been  editors:  Drs.  Gamble,  Lued  eking,  Wise,  Primm,  Porter, 
Lewis,  Dumesnil,  Broome,  Eiesmeyer  and  Loeb.  The  following  comprises 
the  editorial  staff: 

Dr.  H.  W.  Loeb,  Drs.  Willard  Bartlett,  Y.  H.  Bond,  M.  B.  Clopton, 
W.  B.  Dorsett,  Carl  Fisch,  W.  Freudenthal,  A.  Friedlander,  E.  B.  H.  Grad- 
wohl,  W.  P.  Loth,  F.  J.  Lutz,  H.  N.  Moyer,  J.  S.  Myer,  B.  H.  Portuondo, 
S.  I.  Schwab,  C.  Shattinger. 


THE  NORTH  AHERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  DIAGNOSIS  AND  PRACTICE. 

This  publication  entered  the  field  of  medical  journalism  January  1, 
1898,  with  the  following  gentlemen  as  proprietors  and  editors:  Dr.  C.  H. 
Powell,  Dr.  J.  G.  Ehrhardt,  Dr.  A.  E.  Kieffer  and  Mr.  Ben  W.  Lewis. 
During  the  years  1898  and  1899  the  Journal  continued  with  the  same 
parties  associated  with  it,  but  in  December,  1899,  Dr.  C.  H.  Powell  pur- 
chased outright  the  interests  of  the  others,  and  subsequently  sold  an  in- 
terest to  Mr.  John  J.  McLean  and  Mr.  J.  B.  C.  Lucas  of  this  city.      Com- 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  205 

menoing  with  the  February  issue  for  1900  radical  improvements  were 
made,  making  the  North  American  Journal  one  of  the  handsomest  publi- 
cations edited  in  St.  Louis.     The  Journal  comprises  64  pages  and  cover. 


ST.  LOUIS  CLINIQUE. 


This  journal  was  established  in  1887  as  the  journal  of  the  St.  Louis 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  It  continued  under  the  college  man- 
agement until  1897,  when  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Clinique  Pub- 
lishing Company,  the  present  proprietors.  From  1895  to  the  beginning  of 
the  Spanish-American  War  it  was  edited  by  T)r.  Thomas  Osmond  Sum- 
mers, whose  tragic  death  last  June  surprised  and  shocked  the  profession. 
When  Dr.  Summers  entered  the  service  of  the  Government  in  the  spring 
of  1898,  Dr.  C.  W.  Lillie,  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Toxicology  of  the  St. 
Louis  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  took  editorial  control,  a  position 
which  is  still  held  by  him. 

The  Clinique  is  an  exponent  of  progressive  medicine  and  medical 
science,  very  popular  with  the  profession  and  with  advertisers. 

The  editorial  office  is  in  East  St.  Louis,  111.,  but  the  office  of  publica- 
tion is  at  620  North  Fourth  street,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


ST.  LOUIS  COURIER  OF  HEDICINE. 

In  order  to  place  their  scientific  work  and  contributions  to  medical 
literature  properly  before  the  medical  prof ession -the  Medical  Journal  and 
Library  Association  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  an  organization  composed 
of  a  large  number  of  the  leading  members  of  the  profession  in  St.  Louis 
and  throughout  the  State  of  Missouri  founded  the  St.  Louis  Courier  of 
Medicine.  The  first  number  appeared  in  January,  1879.  Those  who,  in 
an  editorial  capacity,  first  moulded  its  character  and  shaped  the  course 
of  its  existence  were  Drs.  A.  J.  Steele,  W.  A.  Hardaway  and  E.  W. 
Schauffler.  To  the  broad  foundation  laid  by  them  and  to  the  high  stand- 
ard of  excellence  which  characterized  their  handiwork  was  due  the  marked 
success  Avhich  this  publication  attained.  It  attracted  attention  from  its 
initial  issue  and  soon  gained  the  enviable  distinction  of  being  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  leading  medical  publications  in  the  United  States, 
a  position  it  has  since  maintained.  In  1880  Dr.  E.  M.  Nelson  succeeded 
Dr.  Steele  as  editor-in-chief  of  the  Courier,  aided  by  Drs.  J.  P.  Bryson, 
W.  A.  Hardaway  and  W.  C.  Glasgow  as  associate  editors.  Lnder  their 
editorship  the  reputation  and  popularity  of  the  journal  was  widely  ex- 
tended and  its  high  character  in  every  way  sustained. 

In  1899  Dr.  C.  E.  Dudley  was  chosen  editor-in-chief,  with  Drs.  Joseph 
Grindon,  Elsworth  S.  Smith  and  W.  A.  Shoemaker  as  associate  editors. 
Thev  have  carried  on  the  work  along  the  lines  laid  down  by  their  prede- 
cessors, and  have  maintained  the  standard  that  has  always  characterized  it. 

During  the  many  years  of  its  existence  the  medical  profession,  has 
accorded  to  it  their  co-operation  and  support,  and  to  this  fact  in  a  large 
measure  has  been  due  its  success. 


206  ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 

THE  ST.  LOUIS  HEDICAL  AND  SURGICAL  JOURNAL. 

To  write  the  history  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal 
would  be  to  give  a  history  of  medical  St.  Louis.  The  Journal  was  the  first 
medical  publication  issued  west  of  the  Mississippi  River.  Its  age  places 
it  also  in  the  front  rank  of  medical  journals  which  have  survived  a  half- 
centnry  of  existence.  The  ^Tew  York  Medical  Journal  was  at  one  time 
the  oldest  medical  monthly  in  the  United  States,  but  some  years  ago  be- 
came a  weekly,  and  this  change  left  the  St.  Louis  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal  the  oldest  medical  monthly,  which  position  it  holds  to-day,  and  the 
only  evidence  of  age  which  it  presents  is  that  offered  by  the  large  number 
of  volumes  which  have  been  issued. 

It  was  founded  in  18d3  by  Dr.  M.  L.  Linton,  the  date  of  the  initial 
number  being  April.  Dr.  Linton  was  born  in  jSTelson  County,  Kentucky, 
April  12,  1808.  A  farmer  boy,  with  but  limited  advantages  in  the  way  of 
securing  an  education,  he  evinced  early  a  desire  to  study  medicine,  and 
read  what  books  he  could  find  when  he  could  snatch  a  few  moments  from 
his  arduous  labor  of  felling  trees.  When  he  arrived  at  the  age  of  man- 
hood he  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  I.  H.  Pohn,  who  also  instructed  him  in 
Latin  and  Greek.  Ee  entered  Transylvania  College,  Lexington,  Ky.,  where 
he  remained  for  two  years.  After  getting  married  he  went  to  Europe  for 
one  year.  Soon  after  he  was  invited  to  take  the  Chair  of  the  Principles 
and  Practice  of  Medicine  in  the  Medical  Department  of  St.  Louis  Univer- 
sity (later  the  St.  Lonis  Medical  College),  which  position  he  occupied  for 
twenty-six  years.  Dr.  Linton  was  devoted  to  his  profession,  made  a  good 
editor  and  was  a  medical  author  of  no  mean  importance  or  abilities. 

In  1845,  when  Volume  III.  of  the  Journal  began,  Dr.  William  M.  Mc- 
Pheeters  became  assistant  editor,  and  his  numerous  contributions  in  the 
Journal  may  be  easily  recognized  by  his  signature,  McP.  In  May,  1845, 
the  Missouri  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  was  founded,  but  it  did  not 
last  long,  for  we  find  that  three  years  later  it  was  absorbed  by  the  Journal. 

Dr.  John  S.  Moore  was  editor  of  the  absorbed  Missouri  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal,  and  was  made  an  assistant  editor  of  the  Journal,  which 
position  he  held  until  1861,  the  same  year  that  Dr.  McPheeters  stepped 
out,  both  of  them  acting  as  surgeons  during  the  Civil  War.  Another  as- 
sistant editor  was  Dr.  E.  Deming,  who  assumed  the  position  in  1854,  and 
died  in  1855.  Dr.  Victor  J.  Fourgeaud  was  an  associate  editor  with 
Linton  and  McPheeters  in  1845,  but  did  not  long  retain  the  position.  He 
drifted  out  West,  finally  settled  in  San  Francisco,  and  died  there  in  1875. 

We  find  on  the  cover  of  the  Journal  for  1865  the  name  of  Dr.  J.  E. 
Allen  in  company  with  Drs.  Linton,  Moore  and  Johnston.  Dr.  Frank  S. 
White  became  an  assistant  editor  in  the  same  year,  but  further  details  are 
not  obtainable.  In  1867  Drs.  Linton  and  White  continued  as  editors  and 
Dr.  G-.  Baumgarten  became  assistant  editor.  The  next  year  Dr.  White 
retired  and  Dr.  Baumgarten  became  associate  editor  with  Dr.  Linton.  In 
1872  Dr.  William  S.  Edgar  succeeded  Drs.  Linton  and  McPheeters  as  edi- 
tor of  the  Journal,  and  he  continued  to  act  in  that  capacity  until  1877, 
having  associated  with  him  Dr.  H.  C.  Gill.  In  1877  Dr.  Thomas  F.  Rum- 
bold  became  editor  and  proprietor  and  infused  new  life  into  the  Journal. 
During  that  year  he  associated  Dr.  Hiram  Christopher  as  assistant  editor, 
but  he  resigned  upon  his  removal  to  St.  Joseph  In  1882  Dr.  Rumbold 
ceased  editing  the  Journal  and  this  position  was  assumed  by  Dr.  Le  Grand 
Atwood,  whoedited  the  Journal  but  for  a  short  time.     Dr.  John  B.  Keber 


wiBssm 


m 


t|§l| 

vmm 


1S1 


HENRY    H.    MUDD. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  -V,- 

was  assistant  editor  during  18833  and  continued  for  some  time.  Dr.  Frank 
M.  Eumbold  being  editor  in  18S4  and  tmtil  Drs.  Prank  L.  James  and  Oh- 
ruann-Dumesnil  became  co-editors.  Dr.  F.  M.  Eumbold  being  business  man- 
ager. 

In  159?  Dr.  Ohmann-DnmesniL  the  present  editor  and  proprietor,  ac- 
quired the  Journal.  He  has  long  been  identified  "with  the  publication, 
having  been  a  regular  contributor  since  1877.  assistant  editor  in  1S30, 
and  editor  since  1887. 

The  Journal  is  known  throughout  the  civilized  world.  It  circulates 
in  all  the  countries  included  in  the  International  Postal  Lnion,  and  has 
been  the  pioneer  in  many  of  the  latest  medical  discoveries.  Its  pages  con- 
stitute a  veritable  medical  history  of  St.  Louis,  and  in  them  may  be 
found  the  annals  of  medicine  as  it  has  been  in  the  Mississippi  Valley.,  as 
well  as  a  record  of  the  achievements  of  the  mejlical  profession. 


ST.  LOU 5  .MEDICAL  ERA. 


The  first  number  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Era,  a  monthly  journal,, 
appeared  in  September,  1892,  with  Dr.  S.  C.  Martin,  Sr..  as  editor:  Dr. 
Pinckney  French,  associate  editor,  and  Dr.  S.  C.  Martin,  Jr.,  business 
manager.  The  professional  and  other  duties  of  Dr.  French  soon  compelled 
him  to  relinquish  his  duties  in  connection  with  the  Journal,  which  were 
immediately  assumed  by  Dr.  S.  C.  Martin,  Jr.,  the  position  which  he  va- 
cated being  filled  by  Dr.  Clarence  Martin. 

This  journal  is  issued  monthly  and  is  devoted  to  medicine  and  surgery. 
The  aim  of  the  management  has  been  to  keep  a  faithful  record  of  the  lat- 
est discoveries  and  improvements  in  all  the  different  departments  of  med- 
icine and  surgery,  as  well  as  to  furnish  the  practitioner  with  the  highest 
standard  of  current  literature  on  all  practical  subjects  engaging  the  at- 
tention of  the  medical  profession. 

it  contains  68  pages,  about  40  pages  of  which  are  devoted  to  reading 
matter  ami  28  to  advertisements. 

It  now  has  subscribers  in  every  hamlet  in  the  land  and  is  widely 
kncttTL  throughout  the  United  States  and  many  parts  of  Europe.  It  not 
only  keeps  a  record  of  every  new  development  in  medical  science,  but 
separates  the  practical  from  the  theoretical  in  all  the  progressive  achieve- 
ments of  medical  science. 


STYLUS. 

The  Stylus^  founded  in  1900.  is  a  medical  journal  devoted  to  the  hos- 
pital and  clinical  interests  of  St.  Louis,  and  giving  each  month  a  resume 
of  the  best  practical  methods  of  treatment,  both  medical  and  surgical.  The 
members  of  the  staff  represent  1,500  hospital  beds,  and  are  active  men 
in  private  practice.  The  manager  is  Mr.  C.  E.  Eiker;  editor,  Dr.  William 
Porter:  assistant  editor.  Dr.  E.  If.  Ross;  editorial  committee.  Drs.  F.  J. 
Xutz,  J.  T.  Larew.  TV.  G.  Moore,  M.  A.  Goldstein,  C.  M.  Nicholson. 


20S 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


CHAPTEK  XVI.— BIOGRAPHICAL. 


Brief  Sketches  of  Well-Known  Practitioners,  Past  and  Present. 


OLXEY  A.  AMBEOSE. 

Twenty-fi  ye  years  ago  in  tlie  little 
city  of  Brookfleld,  Mo.,  Olney  A. 
Ambrose  was  born.  Within  a  few 
months  after  his  birth  the  family 
removed  to  Stanberry,  where  young 
Ambrose  spent  the  early  years  of  his 
life. 

His  early  education  was  obtained 
in  the  public  schools  of  Stanberry, 
later  attending  Yorthwestern  Yor- 
mal  School,  from  which  he  gradu- 
ated, receiving  the  degree  of  A.  M. 

Having  decided  to  study  medicine, 
he  in  1895  entered  the  Barnes  Medi- 
cal College  of  St.  Louis,  taking  the 
visual  three  years'  course.  Graduat- 
\g  from  that  institution  in  1898,  he 


at  once  entered  upon  active  practice 
in  St.  Louis. 

Dr.  Ambrose  has  devoted  his  en- 
tire attention  to  general  practice, 
and  by  hard  work  and  careful  atten- 
tion has  met  with  more  than  ordi- 
nary success.  He  has  continued  to 
study  since  his  graduation  and  has 
made  a  special  study  of  chemistry 
and  texicoiogy,  on  which  subjects  he 
lectures  in  the  Barnes  Medical  Col- 
lege, occupying  the  position  of  as- 
sistant to  the  professor  of  that 
chair. 

BOBERT  FLEMING  AMYX. 

The  assistant  superintendent  of 
the  St.  Louis  City  Hospital  is  Dr. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


209 


Eobert  F.  Amyx,  the  subject  of  this 
sketch.  He  was  born  in  Stockton, 
CaL,  on  the  29th  dav  of  March, 
1866. 

As  a  young  man  he  received  a 
public  school  education  in  the 
Stockton  schools.  After  leaving 
high  school  young  Amyx  received  a 
business  education  in  San  Francisco. 
He  was  for  a  time  a  bookkeeper  and 
afterwards  identified  himself  with 
one  of  the  largest  dry  goods  houses 
in  Stockton. 

In  1894  he  decided  to  come  East, 
and  in  the  fall  of  that  year,  carrying- 
out  a  long  cherished  hope  to  study 
medicine,  entered  the  Marion-Sims 
Medical  College  of  St.  Louis,  from 
which  he  graduated  with  high  hon- 
ors in  the  spring  of  1897. 

Through  his  ability  to  pass  a 
competitive  examination  he  secured 
an  interneship  in  the  City  Hospital 
during  the  same  year,  and  he  has 
been  connected  with  that  institution 
ever  since.  His  complete  mastery  of 
the  routine  of  the  hospital  work  and 
his  general  good  work  there  made 
him  assistant  superintendent,  which 
position  he  now  holds. 

Dr.  Amyx  is  regarded  as  a  bril- 
liant executive  as  well  as  physician 
and  surgeon.  His  record  in  the  hos- 
pital speaks  for  itself. 

The  doctor  is  an  Odd  Fellow  and 
a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Micro- 
scopical Society,  the  St.  Louis  Acad- 
emy of  Medical  and  Surgical  Science 
and  the  St.  Louis  City  Hospital 
Alumni  Medical  Society. 


GUY  ELMONT  AP  LYNNE. 

Dr.  Guy  Elmont  Ap  Lynne  whs 
born  in  Mount  Pleasant,  la.,  thirty 
years  ago.  He  removed  to  Califor- 
nia early  in  life,  and  was  educated 
first  at  Sturgiss  Business  College, 
San  Bernardino,  and  later  graduated 
from  Chaffey  College  at  Ontario^ 
Cal.  He  began  the  study  of  medi- 
cine in  the  Hahnemann  Medical  Col- 


lege of  Chicago,  and  afterward  went 
to  Kansas  City  and  graduated  from 
the  Kansas  Citv  Homeopathic  Med- 
ical College  in  1899. 

Since  his  graduation  Dr.  ApLynne 
has  made  a  specialty  of  surgery  and 
the  diseases  of  women,  and  has  iden- 
tified himself  with  the  Kansas  City 
Homeopathic  Medical  College  as 
registrar  of  the  college  and  Profes- 
sor of  the  Chair  of  Physiology. 

Dr.  ApLynne  has  already  estab- 
lished himself  as  one  of  the  most 
successful  of  the  young  homeopathic 
physicians  and  surgeons  of  Kansas 
City. 

LB   GRAND   ATWOOD. 

One  of  the  "wheel  horses"  of  the 
Missouri  profession  is  Dr.  Le  Grand 
Atwood,  who  was  born  at  La 
Grange,  Tenn.,  in  1832.  His  parents 
removed  to  St.  Louis  when  he  was 
but  6  months  old.  Dr.  Atwood's 
father  was  a  well-known  business 
man  of  St.  Louis.  For  years  he 
conducted  a  wholesale  drug  business 
in  that  city.       Young  Atwood  was 


210 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


educated  in  the  private  schools, 
more  especially  in  that  of  Edward 
Wyman,  the  foremost  of  the  local 
tutors  of  that  time.  At  the  age  of 
14  he  commenced  the  study  of  med- 
icine under  his  relative  and  pre- 
ceptor, Dr.  Joseph  Nash  McDowell. 
Pie  graduated  from  the  medical  de- 
partment of  the  Missouri  State  Uni- 
versity at  the  age  of  18,  in  March, 
1851,  and  commenced  the  practice 
of  his  profession  the  same  spring, 
forming  a  husiness  and  professional 
■connection  with  Dr.  Charles  W.  Ste- 
vens, then  a  noted  practitioner  of 
Missouri. 

Soon  afterward  Dr.  Atwood 
changed  his  plans,  and,  crossing  the 
plains  to  California,  entered  upon 
the  practice  of  medicine  in  that  sec- 
tion of  the  country.  He  pursued 
his  professional  work  there  with 
avidity  until  1855,  when  he  returned 
to  Missouri  and  settled  as  a  practi- 
tioner at  Marshall,  Saline  County. 
Afterwards  he  returned  to  St.  Louis. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  war  be- 
tween the  States,  Dr.  Atwood  cast 


his  lot  with  the  Confederacy,  and 
offered  his  services  to  the  then  exist- 
ing government  of  Missouri.  He 
was  appointed  surgeon  of  the  First 
Missouri  Eegiment  of  the  State 
Guard,  under  Col.  Marmaduke,  and 
remained  in  that  capacity  until 
some  four  months  afterwards.  Af- 
ter the  fall  of  Lexington,  Mo.,  he 
was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Federal 
forces  in  Lafa}rette  County  and  held 
on  a  charge  of  conspiracy  againat 
the  Federal  Government.  It  is  prob- 
able that  this  charge  was  brought 
about  by  the  doctor's  activity  as  a 
Southern  sympathizer  just  prior  to 
the  outbreak  of  hostilities.  He 
was  offered  his  release  on  taking  the 
oath  of  allegiance  or  furnishing 
bonds  for  future  conduct  toward  the 
Government,  but,  refusing,  was  kept 
a  prisoner  of  war  for  about  eighteen 
months  at  Booneville,  Mo.  When 
his  release  finally  came  the  circum- 
stances were  not  favorable  for  his 
re-entry  into  the  Confederate  ser- 
vice. When  war  had  ended,  Dr.  At- 
wood returned  to  St.  Louis,  recom- 
menced the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion there,  and  has  continued  so  en- 
gaged ever  since. 

He  has  been  vice-president  of  the 
Missouri  State  Medical  Association 
and  president  of  the  St.  Louis  Medi- 
cal Society,  and  has  always  been 
prominent  in  medical  society  circles 
as  a  stanch  upholder  of  the  ethics 
of  the  profession. 

As  an  evidence  of  the  interest 
that  Dr.  Atwood  has  taken  in  the 
past  in  medical  educational  matters, 
it  may  be  mentioned  that  he  has 
filled  the  chairs  of  medical  institu- 
tions of  the  State  in  the  capacities 
of  Professor  of  Physiology,  of  Ther- 
apeutics and  Toxicology,  of  Mental 
and  Nervous  Diseases  and  Psychia- 
try. He  was  appointed  in  1886  su- 
perintendent of  the  St.  Louis  Insane 
Asyhim,  and  remained  chief  of  that 
institution  for  the  succeeding  five 
years.     Subsequently  he  was  elected 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


211 


superintendent  of  State  Asylum  No. 
1,  retaining  that  position  for  a  year. 

Stalwart  of  build,  Dr.  Atwood  is 
far  from  being  an  old  man  in  ap- 
pearance and  action,  although  he. 
has  known  and  been  associated  with 
many  Missouri  physicians  of  note, 
long  since  dead  and  passed  out  of 
public,  memory.  His  recollections 
of  early  professional  associations 
would  make  a  very  interesting  his- 
tory in  themselves  for  a  Missouri- 
an's  perusal. 

At  this  writing  Dr.  Atwood  con- 
tinues in  very  active  professional 
work. 

HUGO   A.   AULEE. 

One  of  the  successful  practition- 
ers of  South  St.  Louis  is  Dr.  Hugo 
A.  Auler,  who  comes  from  a  family 
of  physicians.  His  father,  the  late 
Dr.  Hugo  Auler,  was  at  one  time 
Coroner  of  St.  Louis*  and  a  man 
quite  prominent  in  the  profession 
during  his  lifetime.  Dr.  Laurence 
Auler,  the  grandfather  of  Hugo  A. 


Auler,  was,  up  to  the  time  of  his 
death  in  1853,  also  prominent  in  the 
profession  in  St.  Louis.  The  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  is  a  native  of  St. 
Louis,  and  was  born  September  27, 
1867. 

He  received  his  preliminary  edu- 
cation in  the  public  schools  of 
St.  Louis,  and  when  but  20  years 
old  graduated  from  the  Jesuit  Col- 
lege at  Prairie  du  Chien,  Wis.,  re- 
ceiving therefrom  the  degree  of 
Master  of  Arts.  Later  the  same 
college  conferred  upon  Dr.  Auler 
a  Ph.  B.  degree.  In  1890  he  grad- 
uated from  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
College.  He  immediately  began  the 
practice  of  his  chosen  profession  in 
South  St.  Louis,  and  has  been  quite 
successful  from  the  start.  He  makes 
a  special  study  of  the  diseases  of 
women  and  children,  and  his  prac- 
tice is  largely  devoted  to  that  spe- 
cialty. 

Dr.  Auler  has  been  appointed  con- 
sulting physician  to  the  recently 
projected  Mount  St.  Eose  Hospital 
for  Consumptives,  the  building  now 
being  in  progress. 


WILLIAM  BADGER. 

William  Badger  was  born  in  Me- 
tropolis, 111.,  April  26,  1866.  His 
literary  education  was  received  in 
the  public  schools  of  St.  Louis,  to 
which  city  his  parents  had  removed 
when  he  was  but  2  years  old. 

Some  years  after  his  graduation 
from  the  St.  Louis  High  School  he 
took  up  the  study  of  medicine^  and 
finally  graduated  from  the  Homeo- 
pathic Medical  College  of  Missouri 
in  the  spring  of  1894.  He  com- 
menced practice  at  once,  in  St. 
Louis,  where  he  has  remained  ever 
since.  While  engaged  in  a  gen- 
eral practice,  Dr  Badger  handled 
successfully  a  number  of  cases  of 
cancer,  and  may  be  considered  ex- 
pert in  that  line. 


212 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


Without  any  intention  of  entering 
the  field  as  a  specialist,  as  the  result 
of  years  of  hard  professional  work, 
Dr.  Badger  has  built  up  a  practice 
that  occupies  his  entire  time  and  at- 
tention. 


OSCAE  F.  BAEBENS. 

Dr.  Oscar  F.  Baerens,  while  still  a 
young  man,  has  made  for  himself 
an  enviable  place  in  the  ranks  of  his 
chosen  profession.  He  was  born 
and  reared  in  St.  Louis,  where  he 
commenced  his  early  education  in 
private  schools,later  entering  Toens- 
feldt's  Educational  Institution  (a 
noted  school  in  the  early  '80s),  from 
which  he  graduated.  In  1885  Dr. 
Baerens  attended  the  St.  Louis  Col- 
lege of  Pharmacy,  taking  a  full 
course,  graduating  in  1888,  securing 
the  title  Ph.  G. 

In  the  following  year  he  entered 
the  Beaumont  Hospital  Medical  Col- 
lege of  his  native  city,  graduating 
from  that  institution  in  1892.  He 
immediately  engaged  in  the  practice 
of  medicine,  locating  in  the  State  of 


Illinois,  remaining  there  one  year. 
Early  in  1893  Dr.  Baerens  returned 
to  St.  Louis,  where  he  has  continued 
to  practice  ever  since. 

He  has  made  a  specialty  of  the 
diseases  of  the  ear,  nose  and  throat, 
and  his  successful  work  during  the 
past  eight  years,  along  those  lines 
have  won  for  him  the  honor  of  being 
chosen  professor  of  those  diseases  in 
the  St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons. 

Dr.  Baerens  is  a  member  of  sev- 
eral medical  societies,  a  number  of 
secret  orders  and  has  been  actively 
connected  with  several  of  the  medi- 
cal journals,  contributing  a  number 


of  papers  of  interest  to  the  medical 
profession. 

PEIESTLY  A.   BAIKBBIDGE. 

Priestly  A.  Bainbridge,  one  of  the 
most  prominent  physicians  of  St. 
Louis,  was  born  in  Bainbridge, 
Williamson  Co.,  111.,  59  years  ago. 
His  early  education  was  received  in 
the  schools  of  Illinois.  Later  in 
life  he  entered  the  St.  Louis  Medi- 
cal College,  graduating  in  1864. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


213 


He  immediately  entered  the  Unit- 
ed States  Army,  taking  the  field  as 
assistant  surgeon,  having  received 
the  appointment  from  AVillard  P. 
Hall.  He  served  until  the  end  of 
the  war,  being  honorably  discharged 
August  11,  1865. 

Soon  afterwards  Dr.  Bainbridge 
located  in  St.  Louis,  engaging  in  an 
active  general  practice,  with  which 
he  has  been  eminently  successful 
ever  since. 

The  doctor  is  a  member  of  sev- 
eral medical  societies  and  secret  and 
patriotic  orders. 

His  long  life  in  the  profession 
has  been  an  honorable  career,  and  he 
has  the  esteem  of  his  co-practition- 
ers and  patients. 


ery  American  youth  enjoys  at  this 
period  of  civilization. 

Early  in  life  young  Bansbach  had 
decided  to  devote  his  life  to  the 
study  of  medicine.  After  finishing 
his  education  in  the  public  schools 
he  entered  the  Ensworth  Medical 
College  of  St.  Joseph,  taking' the  us- 
ual three  years'  course,  and  grad- 
uated from  that  institution  in 
March,  1898. 

Dr.  Bansbach  at  once  began  prac- 
tice in  his  native  city  as  a  general 
practitioner,  and,  although  a  young 
man,  has  rapidly  risen  to  the  front 
ranks  of  his  chosen  profession  by 
beins;  a  close  student,  faithful  and 


B^^MilBiSil 


P0M 


untiring  in  his  work  as  a  physician, 
has  made  him  quite  successful  from 
the  start. 


J.  J.  BANSBACH. 

Joseph  J.  Bansbach  was  born  in 
St.  Joseph,  and  lived  there  ever 
since.  His  early  education  was  ob- 
tained in  the  public  and  high 
schools  of  his  native  city,  where  he 
received  that  thorough  schooling  ev- 


ALCxEENON  SIDNEY  BAKNES. 

Algernon  Sidney  Barnes,  son  of 
John  Barnes,  M.  D.,  and  Caroline 
Clark  Barnes,  both  of  Philadelphia, 
was  born  in  Mont  Albin,  Mississippi, 
March  8,  1831.  He  came  to  Mis- 
souri in   1841,  and  has  since  that 


214 


ONE    HUNDRED    TEARS    OF 


time  resided  in  St.  Louis.  He 
attended  a  course  of  lectures  in  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College,  session 
of  1849-50.  Attended  Ike  medical 
department  oi  the  University  of 
Missouri,  session  of  1853-4  and 
1854-5.  and  was  graduated  by  that 
institution  in  the  spring  of  1855, 
has  practiced  medicine  here  since 
that  time,  and  is  still  practic- 
ing. He  was  one  of  the  early  St. 
Louisans  to  cross  the  plains  in  1850 
with  an  ox  team,  via  Salt  Lake  City, 
to  the  gold  mines  of  Southern  Cali- 
fornia, returning  in  1853  to  take  up 
the  study  of  medicine,  as  noted 
above. 

At  the  commencement  of  the 
Civil  War  he  entered  the  govern- 
ment service  in  the  capacity  of  sur- 
geon, and  served  until  the  close  of 
the  war,  during  that  time  acting 
as  surgeon  in  charge  of  several  mili- 
tary hospitals  in  St.  Louis,  as  well 
as  attending  officers  and  their  fami- 
lies, men  on  furlough  and  detached 
service,  and  examining  for  the  regu- 
lar army. 

Dr.  Barnes  also  served  as  surgeon 


in  the  State  Militia,  holding  the 
commission  of  Major  on  General  A. 
G.  Edwards'  staff.  In  1879  he  was 
appointed  to  a  professorship  in  the 
St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  and  has  since  filled  the 
Chair  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of 
Women  and  Infants.  He  was  also 
elected  to  the  deanship  of  the  above- 
named  institution,  but  later  com- 
pelled to  resign  on  account  of  pro- 
fessional duties.  In  1890  he  was 
chosen  dean  in  the  college. 

Dr.  Barnes  is  a  member  of  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  Society,  of  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association,  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley  Medical  Associa- 
tion, the  Missouri  State  Medical  So- 
ciet}r,  and  is  consulting  physician' to 
several  State  and  city  institutions. 

Dr.  Barnes  is  prominent  in  local 
Masonic  circles,  a  charter  member 
of  Tuscan  Lodge,  and  is  also  a  char- 
ter member  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 

He  was  married  April  26,  1859,  to 
Susan  C.  Bailey  of  Lancaster,  Penn- 
sylvania. Three  children  were  born, 
one  of  whom  died  in  infancy.  Al- 
gernon Sidney  Barnes,  Jr.,  is  a  phy- 
sician practicing  in  St.  Louis.  A 
third  son,  Percival  Clinton  Barnes, 
is  a  manufacturing  chemist.  As  an 
eminent  physician,  Dr.  Barnes  is 
known  throughout  the  length  and 
breadth  of  Missouri— and  beyond  its 
borders. 

JULES  BARON". 

Jules  Baron  is  a  native  St.  Louis- 
sn,  having  been  born  there  August 
11th,  1859.  He  obtained  a  public 
school  education  and  entered  the 
Washington  University  after  com- 
pleting the  course  of  the  Laclede 
School.  He  remained  in  the  Wash- 
ington University  but  two  years, 
quitting  when  in  his  sophomore 
year  to  enter  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
College.  He  received  his  M.  D. 
from  that  college  in  the  spring  of 
1881.  During  the  summer  of  1881 
Dr.  Baron  sailed  for  Europe,  where 


MEDICINE    AND     SURGERY, 


215 


for  the  next  three  years  and  a  half 
he  further  pursued  his  study  of 
medicine  in  Paris,  Tienna  and  Ber- 
lin. 

In  1884  Dr.  Baron  returned  to 
St.  Louis  and  began  the  practice  of 
medicine.  He  located  in  South  St. 
Louis  and  has  ever  since  been  ac- 
counted as  one  of  the  leading  physi- 
cians and  surgeons  of  that  section  of 
the  city. 

Dr.  Baron  is  a  member  of  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  Society,  and  he  is  also 
prominent  in  the  ranks  of  the 
Knio-hts  of  Pythias  of  the  city. 


Dr.  Bartlett  has  a  large  general 
practice,  but  makes  a  specialty  of 
diseases  of  women. 

He  is  accredited  the  leading  phy- 
sician of  that  division  of  the  city 
known  as  Yortk  Springfield.  For 
nine  years  he  has  been  the  house 
physician  at  St.  John's  Hospital  in 
Springfield,  and  was  recently  ap- 
pointed consulting  surgeon  at  the 
Frisco  Bailroad  Hospital.  He  is 
medical  examiner  for  several  old  line 
insurance  companies.  ITnder  Cleve- 
land's second  administration  he  was 
president  of  the  local  Pension  Board, 
and  has  served  one  term  of  two 
years  as.  County  Physician  of 
Greene  Count}-. 

Dr.  Bartlett  is  at  present  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Springfield  Board  of 
Health. 

KEATING  BAUDUY. 

-  The  oldest  son  in  each  generation 
of  the  Bauduy  family  for  the  last 
four  decades  has  been  a  physician, 
Dr.  Keating  Bauduy,  the  subject  of 
this  sketch,  being  the  son  of  J.  K. 
Bauduv.  M.  D.,  LL.  D..  the  distin- 


JAMES  E.  BARTLETT. 

James  Balph  Bartlett  was  born  in 
Marshalltown,  la.,  March  21,  1861. 
In  March,  1883,  he  graduated  from 
the  University  Medical  College  of 
Yew  York  City,  and  in  later  years 
took  two  post-graduate  courses — in 

1889,  surgery  and  diseases  of  women 
at   Polyclinic,    New   York,    and   in 

1890,  diseases  of  women  in  Carl 
Brown  Clinic  at  Yienna.  He  com- 
menced practice  at  his  present  loca- 
tion in  Springfield  in  1893. 


.■&:'. 


m 


216 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


guished  alienist  and  neurologist  of 
St.  Louis. 

Keating  Bauduy  was  born  in  St. 
Louis  on  New  Year's  Day  of  1866. 
He  received  his  early  education  in 
the  schools  of  that  city,  attending 
Washington  University  prior  to  the 
establishment  of  Smith  Academy, 
afterwards  graduating  from  the  St. 
Louis  University.  He  spent  two 
years  in  the  Jesuit  College  at  St, 
Mary's,  Kan.,  and  the  Christian 
Brothers'  College  of  St.  Louis,  di- 
viding the  time  equally  between  the 
two.  He  then  entered  the  Missouri 
Medical  College,  and,  after  finishing 
the  course  of  study,  graduated  in 
1S86  at  the  head  of  his  class,  re- 
ceiving highest  distinction. 

He  immediately  entered  upon  the 
active  practice  in  which  he  has 
been  so  successful.  The  doctor  has 
made  a  national  reputation  as  an 
army  surgeon  and  also  as  a  medical 
expert  in  many  prominent  criminal 
-trials. 

Dr.  Bauduy  made  his  reputation 
as  an  expert  in  famous  trials  early 
in  his  career,  and  has  been  associ- 
ated as  a  "medical  expert"  in  nearly 
all  prominent  medico-legal  contests 
in  the  past  decade. ,  He  arrayed  the 
medical  evidence  and  drew  up  the 
hypothetical  case  presented  to  the 
jury  in  the  Duestrow  trial,  which 
was  so  much  talked  of  during  the 
early  90's.  • 

At  the  breaking  out  of  the  Span- 
ish-American War,  Dr.  Bauduy  was 
commissioned  surgeon-in-chief,  with 
the  rank  of  Major,  and  assigned  to 
the  Sixth  Missouri  Volunteer  Infan- 
try by  Gov.  Stephens. 

During  the  encampment  of  that 
regiment  at  Jacksonville,  Fla.,  Maj. 
Bauduy  was  especially  recommend- 
ed and  complimented  in  the  report 
of  the  Inspector-General  to  the  Sur- 
geon-General of  the  Armv  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  the  report  being  that 
the  Sixth  Missouri  Volunteer  Infan- 


try had  the  best  sanitary  laws  and 
regulations  of  any  regiment  in  the 
Seventh  Army  Corps.  The  Sixth 
Missouri  held  the  record  for  health, 
based  upon  the  sanitary  laws  laid 
down  by  Dr.  Bauduy.  Gen.  Fitz- 
hugh  Lee,  commanding  the  Seventh 
Army  Corps,  also  paid  tribute  to 
Maj.  Bauduy's  efficiency. 

As  a  surgeon  in  the  army  Dr. 
Bauduy  designed  the  "Geneva  Cross 
Field  Hospital,"  but  he  won  most  of 
his  prestige  as  a  surgeon  by  his  fam- 
ous "individual  deposit  cover," 
which,  as  the  composite  fever  chart 
of  the  Seventh  Army  Corps  will 
show,  brought  about  the  termina- 
tion of  the  typhoid  fever  epidemic 
at  Jacksonville.  Maj.  Bauduy  saw 
service  in  Havana  Avith  the  Sixth 
Begiment.  After  the  regiment  was 
mustered  out,  Dr.  Bauduy  returned 
to  St.  Louis  fend  resumed  his  private 
practice.  On  December  9  last  Gov. 
Stephens  commissioned  him  medi- 
cal director,  with  the  rank  of  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel, of  the  First  Brigade 
of  the  National  Guard  of  Missouri. 
Dr.  Bauduy  is  a  medical  writer  of 
some  note.  He  was,  for  a  time,  as- 
sociate editor  of  the  St.  Louis  Cour- 
ier of  Medicine  and  the  St.  Louis 
Clinique. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Society,  and  in  1897  was 
its  vice-president,  being  the  young- 
est man  who  ever  held  that  office  in 
the  societ}r. 

The  doctor,  during  his  connection 
with  the  St.  Louis  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons,  where  he  held 
the  Chair  of  Nervous  and  Mental 
Diseases,  was  consultant  to  the  City 
Hospital  of  St.  Louis  and  the  St. 
Louis  Insane  Asylum.  Later  he 
was  assistant  to  the  Chair  of  Psy- 
chological Medicine  and  Nervous 
Diseases  at  the  Missouri  Medical 
College  and  chief  of  the  neurologi- 
cal clinic  and  on  the  staff  of  the  St. 
John's  Hospital  department  of  the 
same  college. 


EX-PRESIDENTS  MISSOURI  STATE  MEDICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

[n  addftfon   to   others   whose    portraits  are  elsewhere  given.) 


£%!»&. 


*#%f  m^-jfi'-, 


c 


W.    G.    THOMAS,    1850. 


I.    P.    VAUGHN,    1853. 


J 


<f 


/r&  *£ 


J 


J.  B.  ALEXANDER,  1854. 


G.   A.   WILLIAMS,   1S67 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


ail 


BENJAMIN   G.   BENSON. 

Dr.  Benjamin  G.  Benson  is  a  na- 
tive of  the  Mound  City,  having  been 
horn  here  June  6,  1867.  After  ob- 
taining a  preliminary  education  in 
Smith  Academy  and  the  Educa- 
tional Institute,  both  of  St.  Louis, 
he  entered  the  St.  Louis  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  from 
which  he  received  his  diploma  and 
M.  D.  degree  in  March,  1888. 

That  same  }rear  Dr.  Benson  went 
abroad,  where,  until  1890,  he  fur- 
ther pursued  his  study  of  medicine 
in  the  famous  universities  at  Kiel 
and  Heidelberg,  Germany. 

Returning  to  this  country  in 
1890,  he  located  in  the  far  "West,  at 
Green  Eiver,  Sweetwater  Co.,  Wyo., 
where  he  remained  for  the  next  two 
years.  During  that  time  Dr.  Ben- 
eon  was  the  surgeon  for  the  Union 
Pacific  Eailroad  Company. 

In  1892  he  came  to  his  native 
city,  where  he  has  been  engaged  in 
general  practice  ever  since. 


HENRY  W.  BEWIG. 

Henry  W.  Be  wig  was  born  in  St. 
Clair  County,  Illinois,  on  the  2d 
day  of  -July,  1863.  He  received  Ms 
early  education  in  the  schools  of  his 
native  State,  and  at  Central  Wes- 
leyan  College  of  Missouri,  and  pre- 
vious to  his  entrance  to  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  College,  from  which 
he  graduated  in  the  spring  of  1891. 
he  went  through  a  thorough  classi- 
cal course  of  study. 

After  his  graduation  from  what 
is  now  the  Medical  Department  of 
the  Washington  University,  Dr.  Be- 
wig became  assistant  at  City  Hos- 
pital during  '91  and  '92,  Finding 
that  the  field  there  was  not  broad 
enough  to  justify  him  in  remaining, 
he  removed  in  1893  to  St.  Louis, 
where  he  has  in  the  meantime  built 
up  a  large  and  lucrative  private 
practice. 

The  doctor  is  a  clinician  in  the 
Medical  Department  of  the  Wash- 
ington University.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  several  prominent  medi- 
cal societies,  and  has  contributed  a 
number  of  valuable  monographs  to 
the  professional  press. 

ISAAC  H.  BIED. 

Isaac  Henry  Bird  is  by  birth  a 
Canadian,  born  in  the  town  of  Gait, 
May  6,  1851.  He  attended  Cana- 
dian and  United  States  schools,  and 
in  1882  graduated  from  the  Medical 
College  of  Ohio. 

He  commenced  the  practice  of 
medicine  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and 
continued  there  until  1896,  in  which 
year  he  became  a  resident  of  St. 
Louis. 

Doctor  Bird's  professional  career 
in  Ohio  was  a  remarkably  successful 
one.  He  was  connected  with  the 
Cincinnati  Hospital  for  two  years; 
was  attached  to  the  medical  staff  of 
Longview  Insane  Asylum,  a  state 
institution  located  in  a  suburb  of 
Cincinnati,   for   a   period     of     two 


218 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


y ears,  and  served  a  two-j^ear  term  as 
assistant  health  officer  of  Cincin- 
nati. Dr.  Bird's  Ohio  record  has  ob- 
tained  for  him  a  ready  welcome  in 
the  Missouri  metropolis. 

Acting  on  the  principle  that  one 
is  never  too  old  to  learn,  Dr.  Bird 
took  a  second  course  of  medical 
study,  this  time  in  Barnes'  Medical 
College  of  his  adopted  city,  finishing 
in  1898.  Dr.  Bird  has  grown  in 
popular  favor  and  is  building  up  a 
good  general  practice. 

VILE  AY  PAPIN  BLAIB. 

Dr.  Yilray  Papin  Blair,  one  of  the 
young  men  of  the  St.  Louis  prac- 
titioners, is  a  native  of  that  city  in 
all  that  the  word  implies.  He  was 
born,  reared,  educated  and  has,  since 
his  entrance  into  the  medical  frater- 
nity, always  practiced  there. 

It  was  on  the  15th  of  June,  1871, 
that  Dr.  Blair  was  born.  After  a 
preliminary  education  in  the  public 
and  grammar  schools  of  the  Mis- 
souri metropolis,  he  became  a  stu- 
dent of  medicine  in  the  medical  de- 


partment of  the  Washington  Uni- 
versity. After  completing  the 
course  of  study  there  he  was  grant- 
ed a  diploma  and  the  Doctor  of  Med- 
icine degree  in  1892. 

Dr.  Blair  at  once  began  practicing 


in  St.  Louis,  and  he  has  been  quite 
successful  from  the  start. 


AKMEKEUS  F.  BOCK. 

A.  P.  Bock  was  born  in  Monroe 
County,  Illinois,  in  1846,  and  re- 
ceived his  early  education  in  the 
public  classical  schools  of  that  State. 

When  scarcely  20  years  of  age  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  went  to  Ger- 
many, where  he  studied  medicine  in 
the  University  of  Wuerzburg,  in  the 
province  of  Bavaria.  He  graduated 
from  that  famous  seat  of  learning 
jn  1868,  and  after  spending  one  year 
jn  touring  the  continent,  Dr.  Bock 
returned  to  this  country  and  located 
jn  St.  Louis.  He  has  been  there 
ever  since,  and  in  his  thirty-one 
years  of  practice  has  made  for  him- 
self an  honorable  reputation  as  a 
gentleman  and  physician. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


219 


Dr.  Bock  has  devoted  his  entire 
attention    to   his   general   practice. 

He  is  a  member  of  several  influen- 
tial medical  societies,  both  State 
and  local. 

The  doctor  has  contributed  to 
medical  literature  to  a  considerable 
extent,  both  in  the  magazines  and  in 
the  societies,  and  his  writings  have 
all  been  clear  and  forcible — a  good 
index  of  his  character. 

LOUIS  CHARLES  BOISLINIERE 

Louis  Charles  Boisliniere,  emi- 
nent as  physician,  author  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  September  2,  1816, 
in  the  Island  of  Guadaloupe,  one  of 
the  West  Indian  possessions  of 
France.  His  father  was  the  ownei 
of  a  large  iugar  plantation  on  the 
Island  of  Guadaloupe.  His  early 
education  was  obtained  under  pri- 
vate tutors  in  France,  and  later  he 
took  his  degree  of  Letters  and  Arts 
at  the  University  of  France.  He 
studied  law  at  the  same  institution, 
receiving  the  degree  and  license  that 
entitled  him  to  practice  in  the 
French  courts. 


After  graduating-  he  returned  to 
Guadaloupe,  made  an  extended  trip 
through  South  America  and,  upon 
his  return  to  Guadaloupe,  found  the 
island  in  such  an  unsettled  condi- 
tion that  he  decided  to  establish  his 
home  in  the  United  States. 

In  1842  he  arrived  in  New  Or- 
leans, soon  afterwards  going  to  Ken- 
tucky, bearing  letters  of  introduc- 
tion to  Henry  Clay  and  other  noted 
persons  of  that  State.  He  then  en- 
tered the  Medical  Department  of 
the  University  of  Louisville,  study- 
ing under  the  preceptorship  of  such 
noted,  physicians  and  educators  as 
Drs.  Gross,  Flint  and  the  elder  Yan- 
dell.  He  then  went  to  St.  Louis 
and  entered  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
College,  graduating  in  1848,  having 
been  advised  to  take  this  step  by  Dr. 
Henry  M.  Bullitt.  After  graduat- 
ing he  at  once  entered  upon  the  ac- 
tive practice  of  medicine  in  St. 
Louis,  and  rendered  valuable  service 
to  the  public  during  the  cholera  epi- 
demic of  1849.  In  1858  he  was 
elected  Coroner  of  St.  Louis  County. 
He  was  the  first  physician  to  hold 
this  office  in  St.  Louis  County,  and 
was  re-elected  to  the  office  in  1860. 
He  had  special  laws  passed  govern- 
ing the  office,  which  were  declared 
constitutional  by  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  State,  and  which,  have 
guided  all  subsequent  Coroners  in 
the  conduct  of  their  affairs.  The 
position  has,  since  his  election,  al- 
ways been  held  by  a  physician. 

While  engaged  in  general  prac- 
tice, he  gave  special  attention  to  ob- 
stetrics and  gynecology,  and  induced 
the  Sisters  of  Charity  to  open  a  ly- 
ing-in hospital,  which  was  conduct- 
ed under  the  name  of  St.  Ann's 
Asylum,  and  was  the  first  institu- 
tion of  its  kind  west  of  the  Alle- 
ghenies.  1  or  more  than  twenty 
years  he  was  the  attending  obstetri- 
cian. In  1870  he  was  appointed  to 
the  Chair  of  Obstetrics,  Gynecology 
and  Diseases  of  Children  in  the  St. 


220 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


Louis  Medical  College,  and  in  con- 
nection with  this  professorship  con- 
ducted a  large  gynecological  clinic 
at  the  Mullanphy  Hospital. 

He  was  president  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Society  in  1878-9,  and  was 
for  several  terms  president  of  the  St. 
Louis  Obstetrical  and  Gynecological 
Society.  In  1879  the  St.  Louis  Uni- 
versity conferred  upon  him  the  de- 
gree of  Doctor  of  Laws  and  certain 
scientific  communications  of  which 
he  was  the  author,  caused  him 
to  be  elected  an  honorary  member 
of  the  Anthropological  Society  of 
Paris. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  American  As- 
sociation of  Obstetricians  and  Gyne- 
cologists, held  in  St.  Louis,  he  de- 
livered the  address  of  welcome  on 
the  part  of  St.  Louis  physicians, 
and  was  elected  to  honorary  fellow- 
ship in  that  society.  He  contributed 
many  valuable  papers  to  medical  lit- 
erature, and  was  the  author  of  the 
work  entitled,  "A  Treatise  Upon 
Obstetric  Accidents,  Emergencies 
and  Operations/'  which  met  with  a 
cordial  reception  from  the  medical 
profession  at  large,  and  is  used  as  a 
text  book  by  many  medical  colleges. 

Dr.  Boisliniere  was  noted  for  his 
great  learning  and,  notwithstanding 
the  exacting  nature  of  his  profes- 
sional duties,  he  found  time  during 
his  life  to  keep  up  his  classical  and 
literary  studies,  and  was  always  ac- 
tive in  matters  of  public  interest. 
His  kindly  courtesy  and  the  per- 
sonal interest  he  took  in  each  mem- 
ber of  the  profession  endeared  him 
to  them  all,  and  he  was  both  be- 
loved and  honored  by  the  general 
public. 

As  an  obstetrician  he  was  ag- 
gressive. He  was  the  pioneer  of  the 
obstetric  forceps  in  the  West,  and 
fought  its  battle  against  what 
seemed  insurmountable  opposition 
until  the  victory  was  complete,  and 
that  great  "prime  mover  of  obste- 
trics   and    conservator  of  infantile 


life"  is  found  in  the  obstetric  bag  of 
every  practitioner. 

In  the  early  days  of  this  contro- 
versy his  greatest  opponent  was  the 
most  famous  obstetrician  in  the 
city,  who  contended  that  delivery 
at  the  superior  strait  by  means  of 
the  forceps  was  a  physical  impossi- 
bility, but  when  its  possibility  was 
demonstrated  beyond  a  doubt,  re- 
treated with  the  statement,  "It  was 
a  most  hazardous  and  altogether  un- 
warrantable proceeding." 

Another  stand  taken  by  Dr.  Boisli- 
niere early  in  his  medical  career 
was  the  ethical  wrong  and  unscien- 
tific proceeding  of  craniotomy  upon 
the  living  child. 

In  all  his  obstetric  experience, 
covering  as  it  did  some  forty-five 
years  of  active  obstetric  work,  both 
in  private  practice  and  hospital  ser- 
vice, not  once  was  craniotomy  upon 
the  living  child  resorted  to.  He  de- 
fended his  position,  against  all  com- 
ers, ably  assisted  and  encouraged  by 
his  friend  and  colleague,  Dr.  T.  L. 
Papin  of  St.  Louis.  In  1890  he 
published  a  pamphlet  entitled, 
"Craniotomy  and  Caesarean  Sec- 
tion," in  which  the  ethical  wrong 
was  clearly  proven  and  the  opera- 
tion of  craniotomy  demonstrated  to 
be  unsnrgical  and  scientifically  in- 
expedient and  inhuman. 

His  lifelong  battle  against  this 
useless  sacrifice  of  human  life  was 
— owing  to  the  advance  of  modern 
surgery — crowned  with  success,  and 
he  had  the  satisfaction  of  knowing 
that  the  operation  of  craniotomy 
was  relegated  to  the  past. 

Dr.  Boisliniere  died  in  St.  Louis, 
January  13,  1896.  His  wife  and 
six  children  survived  him,  five 
daughters  and  a  son — Dr.  L.  C. 
Boisliniere,  Jr.  Although  he  was 
in  his  80th  year,  he  was  active  to 
the  last.  Never  having  relinquished 
his  practice,  he  had  the  satisfaction 
of  dying  in  the  harness. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


221 


DAVID  S.  BOOTH. 

Dr.  David  S.  Booth  comes  of  a 
family* of  physicians.  His  grand- 
father was  Dr.  John  J.  Booth,  who 
removed  from  Philadelphia  in  1847 
to  Fredericktown,  Mo.,  where  he 
practiced  medicine  until  his  death. 

Dr.  Booth's  father,  Dr.  David  S. 
Booth,  Sr.,  began  practice  in  the 
early  part  of  1850  in  Southwest 
Missouri,  where  he  remained  until 
the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  when 
he  was  appointed  surgeon  on  the 
Queen  of  the  West,  a  gunboat  of  the 
Western  flotilla. 

While  the  gunboats  were  attempt- 
ing to  run  past  Vicksburg,  Dr. 
Booth,  pere,  was  taken  prisoner  by 
the  Confederates,  but  was  soon  re- 
leased by  exchange,  and  assigned  to 
the  position  of  Snrgeon-in-Charge 
of  the  General  and  Post  Hospitals 
at  Springfield,  Mo.,  which  position 
he  held  until  the  war  was  ended, 
when  he  became  a  resident  of  Il- 
linois. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  was 
born  April  6,  1863,  in  Enterprise, 


McDonald  County,  Missouri,  but 
when  a  year  old  removed  with  his 
parents  to  Sparta,  111.,  where  he  re- 
ceived his  early  education,  graduat- 
ing in  the  classical  course  from  the 
High  School,  after  which  he  attend- 
ed the  Southern  Illinois  Normal 
University.  After  studying  medi- 
cine with  his  father  he  entered  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College,  and  grad- 
uated therefrom  in  1886.  The  lat- 
ter part  of  his  medical  course  he 
was  a  private  pupil  of  the  late  Dr. 
H.  H.  Mudd.  Soon  after  receiving 
his  diploma  he  became  assistant 
house  surgeon  and  pharmacist  in 
the  Missouri  Pacific  Eailway  Hos- 
pital at  Palestine,  Tex.,  and  a  few 
months  later  was  transferred  to  the 
railway  con.pany's  hospital  in  St. 
Louis.  In  the  latter  part  of  1897 
he  returned  to  Texas  to  take  charge 
of  the  Palestine  Hospital.  Resign- 
ing  in  the  spring  of  1889,  he  located 
in  Webster  Groves,  a  suburb  of  St. 
Louis,  but  after  three  months  re- 
moved with  his  father  to  Belleville, 
111. 

In  1891  he  accepted  a  position  as 
assistant  to  Dr.  C.  H.  Hughes  of  St. 
Louis,  with  whom  he  was  associated 
until  January  1,  1899.  During  his 
connection  with  Dr.  Hughes  he  was 
business  manager  and  collaborator 
of  the  "Alienist  and  Neurologist." 

Dr.  Booth  has  filled  the  position 
of  Clinical  Instructor  in  Nervous 
Diseases  in  Marion-Sims  Medical 
College,  and  later  in  the  Barnes 
Medical  College. 

He  is  consultant  to  the  Missouri 
Pacific  Railway  Hospital  and  to  St. 
Joseph's  Sanitarium  and  examiner 
for  the  Pacific  Mutual  Insurance 
Company.  He  was  recently  appoint- 
ed local  surgeon  to  the  St.  Louis 
Southwestern  Eailway  Company. 

Dr.  Booth  was  married  in  June, 
1892,  to  Basmath  Ariadne,  a  daugh- 
ter of  Dr.  W.  West  of  Belleville, 
TIL 


222 


ONE    HUNDRED    TEARS    OF 


WALDO  BEIGGS. 

Those  who  are  acquainted  with 
the  medical  profession  of  St.  Lonis 
and  the  State,  and  who  know  the 
merits  and  demerits  of  its  indi- 
vidual members,  rank  Dr.  Waldo 
Briggs,  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  the 
St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  as  one  of  the  men  most 
prominent  in  the  profession.  Cer- 
tain-it is,  that  his  professional  life 
has  won  for  him  the  regard  and 
esteem  of  his  co-practitioners  as 
well  as  that  of  the  laity. 

Forty-fire  years  ago,  at  the  town 
cf  Bowling  Green,  which  is  in  the 
heart  of  the  famous  blue  grass  re- 
gion of  Kentucky/Waldo  Briggs  was 
born.  He  receired  a  special  course  of 
studr  which  fitted  him  for  entrance 
in  the  Medical  Department  of  the 
Vanderbilt  University,  of  jSTashville, 
Tennessee.  It  was  in  1877  that  he 
graduated  from  the  college. 

Soon  afterwards  Dr.  Briggs  came 
to  St.  Louis,  where  erer  since  he  has 
followed  the  profession  of  his  choice. 
He  has  devoted  most  of  his  atten- 
tion to  surgery,   and  so  good  has 


been  his  work  along  this  line  that 
he  is  now  accounted  as  one  of  the 
foremost  surgeons  in  this  section  of 
the  country. 

Dr.  Briggs,  in  addition  to  being 
the  dean  of  the  faculty,  is  professor 
of  surgery  in  the  St.  Louis  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  with 
which  he  has  been  connected  for  a 
number  of  years  past.  He  is  con- 
sulting surgeon  in  the  St.  Louis 
City  Hospital,  the  Female  Hospital 
of  St.  Louis  and  of  the  St.  Andrew's 
Hospital  located  in  Murphysboro, 
111.  Dr.  Briggs  is  also  the  chief 
surgeon  of  the  Jefferson  Hospital  of 
St.  Louis.  These  positions  are  held 
by  Dr.  Briggs  by  virtue  of  good 
work  in  surgery  and  his  originality 
in  performing  operations. 

As  the  doctor  is  now  just  in  the 
prime  of  his  life,  it  can  be  safely 
asserted  that  he  is  destined  to  be 
one  of  the  most  prominent  surgeons 
that  St.  Louis  has  ever  produced. 

EDWAED  BBINKMAtt. 

The  St.  Louis  Medical  College  is 
the  institution  in  which  Dr.  Edward 
Brinkman  received  that  early  pro- 
fessional knowledge  which  has  since 
been  of  material  advantage  to  him 
and  which  he  has  enlarged  until  he 
is  now  regarded  as  one  of  the  most 
thorough  and  scholarly  of  the  phy- 
sicians and  surgeons  of  St.  Louis. 

The  doctor  was  born  in  the  town 
of  Edwardsville,  in  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois, on  the  18th  day  of  February, 
1861.  He  was  the  recipient  of  an 
early  education  in  the  public  schools 
of  his  early  home  that  paved  the 
way  for  his  future. 

After  his  graduation  from  the  St. 
Louis  Medical,  March  6,  1885,  Dr. 
Brinkman  returned  to  his  native 
State,  where  for  the  next  three 
years  years  he  engaged  in  the  gen- 
eral practice  of  medicine. 

In  1888  he  came  to  St.  Louis, 
where  he  has  since  remained.     He 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


223 


has  devoted  most  of  his  time  to  his 
specialty  of  obstetrics  and  gyne- 
cology. 

Dr.  Brinkman  is  a  member  of  sev- 
eral medical  societies  and  occupies 
a  high  place  in  the  affections  of  his 
patients  and  co-practitioners. 


A.  V.  L.  BEOKAW. 

Born  in  the  City  Hospital,  the 
son  of  a  physician,  it  is  but  natural 
that  his  choice  of  profession  was 
influenced  by  the  paternal  bent,  and 
the  surroundings.  The  father, 
Doctor  F.  V.  L.  Brokaw,  was  Su- 
perintendent and  Surgeon  in  charge 
at  the  St.  Louis  City  Hospital  at  the 
time  of  the  birth  of  the  subject  of 
this  sketch. 

Augustus  Von  Lieu  Brokaw  was 
born  '  on  the  6th  day  of  April, 
1863.  His  early  schooling  was  had 
in  the  St.  Louis  public  schools,  and 
followed  by  the  training  of  Poly- 
technic and  High  Schools.  He 
studied  medicine,  graduating  with 
class  honors  in  March,  1885. 
He  then  went  abroad  in  pursuit  of 
further     medical     education,     and 


studied  in  the  universities  of  Berlin 
and  Vienna;  there  he  received  a 
special  surgical  training.  Later, 
he  devoted  a  year  to  hospital  work 
in  some  of  the  notable  institutions 
of  Europe. 

Dr.  Brokaw  began  the  practice  of 
his  profession  in  his  native  city  in 
1887,  and  has  since  then  received 
the  appointment  of  surgeon  to  St. 
John's  Hospital  and  that  of  profes- 
sor of  anatomy  and  operative  sur- 
gery in  the  Missouri  Medical  Col- 
lege. When  the  "Missouri"  was 
merged  in  the  medical  department 
of  Washington  University  he  be- 
came Professor  of  Clinical  Gynecol- 
ogy. 

Dr.  Brokaw  is  also  surgeon  to  the 
City  and  Female  Hospitals,  chief 
surgeon  of  the  St.  Louis  Transit 
Company  and  general  consulting 
surgeon  to  the  St.  Louis  &  San 
Francisco  E.  E.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Societ}^  of 
the  Missouri  State  Medical,  the 
American  Medical  Association  and 
the  Southern  Surgical  and  Gyneco- 
logical Association.  In  private 
practice  Dr.  Brokaw  has  made  a 
specialty  of  surgery,  and,  although 
not  yet  in  lifers  prime,  he  is  favor- 
ably known  throughout  the  State 
as  an  expert. 

JOHN  YOUNG  BEOWN,  JE. 

Dr.  John  Young  Brown  claims  his 
birthplace  in  a  State  that  has  fur- 
nished Missouri  many  of  her  best 
citizens.  He  is  a  son  of  that  other 
John  Young  Brown  so  well  known 
as  a  one  time  Governor  of  Ken- 
tucky and  a  prominent  and  hon- 
ored citizen  of  that  State.  Another, 
ancestor  of  Dr.  Brown's  was  Archi- 
bald Dixon,  who  succeeded  Henry 
Clay  in  the  United  States  Senate 
and  was  elected  to  various  State  of- 
fices in  his  political  career. 

John  Young  Brown,  Jr.,  was  born 
in  Henderson,  Ky.,  July  20,   1865. 


221 


ONE    HUNDRED    TEARS    OF 


He  received  an  elemental  educa- 
tion in  the  public  schools  of  the 
Commonwealth  and  finished  his  lit- 
erary schooling  at  University  School 
of  Petersburg,  Ya.  He  read  medi- 
cine under  Dr.  Arch.  Dixon  at  Hen- 
derson. After  a  year  of  such  pre- 
liminary study  he  entered  Bellevue 
Hospital  College  and  graduated 
from  that  famous  medical  school  in 
1887. 

He  began  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession in  his  native  town,  and  ac- 
quired and  maintained  a  highly  suc- 
cessful general  practice  during  the 
next  five  years.  He  then  went  East 
to  study  and  fit  himself  for  special 
work  in  gynecology  and  abdominal 
surgery.  He  took  a  post-graduate 
course  at  the  Xew  York  Polyclinic, 
and,  altogether,  spent  the  major 
portion  of  five  years  in  acquiring  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  his  chosen 
specialties.  At  one  time  he  was  the 
pupil  of  Dr.  Joseph  Price,  renowned 
as  one  of  the  world's  greatest  sur- 
geons. 

Dr.  Brown  came  to  Missouri  tak- 
ing up  his  residence  in  St.  Louis 


in  February  of  1896.  He  has  be- 
come a  prominent  resident,  and  has 
been  markedly  successful  profes- 
sionally, especially  so  as  an  operator 
in  cases  which  come  under  the  head 
of  his  special  studies.  Dr.  Brown 
is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medi- 
cal Society  and  of  the  Missouri  State 
Medical  Association.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  the  St.  Louis  Obstetri- 
cal and  Gynecological  Society  and  a 
Fellow  of  the  American  Association 
of  Obstetricians  and  Gynecologists. 
He  is  an  honored  ex-vice-president 
of  the  Kentucky  State  Medical  So- 
ciety, and  of  the  Mississippi  Valley 
Medical  Association. 

J.  C.  BKOWXLEE. 

A  well-known  physician  and  sur- 
geon of  Kansas  City  is  James  C. 
Brownlee,  who  comes  of  a  family  of 
long  residence  in  Pennsylvania. 
Dr.  Brownlee  was  born  in  West 
Alexander,  Washington  Co.,  Penn., 
the  date  being  February  9,  1854. 

He  acquired  an  excellent  literary 
education  in  the  institutions  of  his 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


225 


'native  State,  and  after  a  course  of 
reading  preparatory,  became  a  stu- 
dent in  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical 
College  in  New  York  City. 

After  his  graduation  in  1880  lie 
established  himself  in  his  birth^ 
place  and  soon  had  a  lucrative  prac- 
tice. 

In  1885,  attracted  by  the  great 
possibilities  evidenced  in  the  lise 
and  rapid  growth  of  Kansas  City,  he 
removed  to  that  place,  and  has  since 
resided  there,  becoming  a  full- 
fledged  and  enthusiastic  Missourian. 

Dr.  Brownlee  has  been  very  suc- 
cessful in  Kansas  City,  both  from 
a  professional  and  business  stand- 
point. He  has  a  large  general  prac- 
tice, but  is  best  known  as  an  expert 
in  surgical  work.  In  the  latter- 
named  branch  he  has  performed 
many  very  difficult  operations  with 
complete  success. 


E.  SHEPABD  BEY  AN. 

Eichard  Shepard  Bryan  is  a  na- 
tive Missourian.  He  was  born  in 
St.  Louis,  August  25,  1870. 

After  a  preparatory  course  re- 
ceived at  Eacine,  Wis.,  he  attended 


Smith  Academy,  preparing  for  a  col- 
lege education.  He  then  entered 
Princeton  University,  where  he  was 
graduated  with  the  class  of  1893. 

Having  decided  to  follow  the  pro- 
fession of  medicine,  he  entered  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College  Depart- 
met  of  the  Washington  University, 
taking  a  full  course  of  studies,  and 
graduated  from  that  institution  in 
1897,  and  immediately  engaged 
in  the  general  practice  of  medicine 
in  his  native  city. 

Dr.  Bryan  has  charge  of  one  of  the 
medical  clinics  of  the  O'Fallon  Dis- 
pensary, a  department  of  the  Medi- 
cal Department  of  Washington  Uni- 
versity. He  is  a  member  of  the 
Alumni  Association  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  College,  a  member  of  the 
Princeton  Club  of  St.  Louis  and  of 
the  Washington  University  Associa- 
tion. 

JOHN  P.  BEYSON. 

John  Paul  Bryson  is  of  Southern 
extraction.  He  was  born  in  Macon, 
Miss.,  April  16, 1846.  His  early  ed- 
ucation was  acquired  in  the  public 


226 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


and  private  schools  of  his  native 
State.  The  outbreak  of  the  war 
between  the  States  found  our  sub- 
ject too  young  for  military  service, 
but  in  1863,  when  but  17  years  old, 
his  partiality  for  the  Southern 
cause  led  him  to  enlist  in  the  Con- 
federate service.  He  was  assigned 
to  the  Seventh  Kentucky  Cavalry, 
attached  to  Morgan's  (afterward. 
Duke's)  brigade,  and  served  to  the 
end  of  the  war. 

Returning  to  his  home  in  Macon 
in  1865,  he  commenced  the  study  of, 
medicine  by  a  coarse  of  reading, 
pursued  under  the  direction  of  Dr. 
S.  V.  D.  Hill,  then  a  well-known 
Mississippi  physician.  In  1866  he 
came  to  Missouri  and  matriculated 
in  the  Humboldt  Medical  College  of, 
St.  Louis.  Graduating  in  1868,  he 
determined  to  become  a  permanent 
resident,  and  to  that  end  com- 
menced his  professional  career  in  St. 
Louis.  After  serving  for  a  year  as 
'&  City  Hospital  interne,  Dr.  Bryson 
began  the  building  of  a  private 
practice,  which  has  since  grown  to 
large  proportions.  His  specialty  is 
surgery,  principally  that  of  the  gen- 
ito-urinary  organs. 

In  1882  he  became  a  lecturer  in 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  on 
diseases  of  the  genito-urinary  or- 
gans, and  in  1886  became  Professor 
of  Genito-Urinary  Surgery,  and  is 
now  fdling  that  chair  in  the  Medical 
Department  of  Washington  Univer- 
sity, of  which  the  old  St.  Louis  Med- 
ical has  become  a  part.  His  con- 
nection with  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
'College  antedates  the  period  of  his 
lecturate  by  about  ten  years. 

Dr.  Bryson  was  a  prominent  mem- 
ber of  the  Medico-Chirurgical  So- 
ciety of  St.  Louis,  and  is  now  a 
member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
Societ3r,  of  the  Missouri  State  Medi- 
cal Association,  of  the  American 
Medical  Association,  of  the  Ameri- 
can Association  of  Genito-Urinary 
Surgeons  and  of  the  Southern  Sur- 


gical and  Gynecological  Society.  He 
is  also  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis 
City  Hospital  Alumni  and  surgeon 
to  St.  Louis  Mullanphy  Hospital. 

EDWIN  CLARK  BURNETT. 

Edwin  Clark  Burnett  was  born  at 
Mansfield,  0.,  Jan.  19,  1854.  Short- 
ly after  his  birth  the  family  re- 
moved to  Olney,  111.,  where  the  early 


vp-irc;   of    hid   tifp   wprp   =mpn  +    siHpnrl- 

ing  the  public  schools  and  receiving 
the  education  offered  the  average 
American  youth. 

In  1880  he  went  to  St.  Louis  and 
entered  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Col- 
lege, from  which,  after  a  three- 
years'  course  of  study,  he  graduated 
in  1883,  having  been  fitted  for  his 
course  of  study  there  by  a  prepara- 
tory work  given  him  by  a  preceptor 
under  whom  he  studied  for  three 
years  previous  to  his  entering  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College. 

After  graduating  Dr.  Burnett 
practiced  for  one  year  at  Olney,  111., 
after  which,  in  1884,  he  located  in 
St.  Louis,  where  he  has  continued 
to  practice  ever  since. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


227 


He  has  made  a  specialty  of  geni- 
to-urinary  surgery.  Dr.  Burnett  is 
lecturer  in  the  Medical  Department 
of  the  Washington  University  and 
Chief  of  Clinic  for  Genito-Urinary 
Diseases. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  American 
Association  of  Genito-Urinary  Sur- 
geons and  also  of  the  St.  Louis  Med- 
ical Society. 

I.  H.   CADWALLADEE. 

Isaac  Henry  Cadwallader  was  born 
in  "Waynes ville,  0.,  August  29,  1850. 
When  he  was  but  seven  years  old 
his  parents  removed  to  Illinois,  iu 


which  State,  after  short  residences 
at  Canton  and  Havana,  the  family 
settled  in  Lincoln.  Here  young 
Cadwallader  received  the  greater 
part  of  his  literary  education,  finish- 
ing a  course  in  Lincoln  University, 
an  institution  under  Presbyterian 
auspices,  in  1868. 

His  father,  who  was  a  physician, 
during  his  residence  in  Lincoln  was 
proprietor  of  a  drug  store,  and  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  for  several 


years  was  a  pharmaceutical  clerk  in 
this  store.  As  a  result  of  such  em- 
ployment he  gained  much  practical 
knowledge  of  medicine,  and  supple- 
mented that  experience  by  a  course 
of  reading  along  the  same  lines.  His 
maternal  grandfather  had  been  a 
physician,  as  also  were  several  other 
members  of  his  mother's  family.  So 
it  naturally  followed  that  his  choice 
of  a  profession  was  easily  deter- 
mined. He  finally  matriculated  at 
Busk  Medical  College  in  Chicago, 
and  graduated  therefrom  in  1875. 

On  March  10,  in  the  year  of  his 
graduation,  Dr.  Cadwallader  came 
to  Missouri,  and,  locating  in  St. 
Louis,  engaged  at  once  in  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession,  and  has  been 
continuously  so  engaged  ever  since, 
moving  his  office  location  only  to 
follow  the  natural  "residence  sec- 
tion" changes  incident  to  the 
growtjh  of  an  American  city. 

While  engaged  in  general  practice, 
and  not  seeking  to  become  a  special- 
ist, the  specialty  has  come  to  him 
in  the  shape  of  "diseases  of  women," 
in  which  he  has  developed  consid- 
erable skill.  As  an  instructor  Dr. 
Cadwallader  was  for  three  years 
connected  with  the  Woman's  Medi- 
cal College,  lecturing  on  materia 
medica  and  therapeutics.  Lor  the 
past  ten  years  he  has  been  on  the 
active  medical  staff  of  the  Missouri 
Baptist  Sanitarium,  and  a  part  of 
his  work  there  has  been  to  lecture 
before  the  nurses  of  that  institu- 
tion. 

Dr.  Cadwallader  has  a  large  cli- 
entele in  the  State  outside  of  the 
city  of  St.  Louis,  and  is  a  busy  man. 
He  has  always  been  a  hard  worker. 
During  the  year  of  the  typhoid  fever 
epidemic  he  contributed  his  full 
share  of  professional  work,  handling 
over  100  cases. 

Dr.  Cadwallader  is  a  member  of 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  and 
always  among  the  foremost  to  take 
advantage  of  any  discovery,  inven- 


228 


ONE   HUNDRED   YEARS    OP 


tion  or  other  improvement  in  the 
practice  of  the  healing  art. 


WM.   M.   CAMPBELL. 

William  Muse  Campbell,  one  of 
the  leading  physicians  and  surgeons 
of  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  was  born  in 
Kobinson,  Brown  County,  Kan., 
March  17,  1873. 

His  father,  the  Eev.  William  G. 
Campbell,  was  a  minister  of  the  M. 
E.  Church  in  Kansas,  a  member  of 
the  Kansas  Conference.  He  died  in 
1889.  His  mother's  maiden  name 
was  Elizabeth  Muse  and  she  was  the 
daughter  of  Joseph  Muse,  a  resident 
of  Western  Pennsylvania.  Our  sub- 
ject was  educated  in  the  public 
schools,  and  at  the  age  of  17  he  be- 
gan the  study  and  practice  of  medi- 
cine, and  graduated  from  the  North- 
western Medical  College  of  St.  Jo- 
seph in  1893.  He  then  engaged  in 
practice  at  Fairview,  Kan.,  where  he 
remained  two  years  and  obtained  a 
large  practice.  He  then  left  for 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  where  he  attended 
Jefferson  Medical  College,  and  while 
there  was  elected  to  the  Chair  of 


Physiology  in  Central  Medical  Col- 
legp,  St.  Joseph. 

He  returned  to  St.  Joseph,  form- 
ing a  partnership  with  his  uncle, 
Dr.  0.  B.  Campbell.  In  1897  Dr. 
Campbell  left  St.  Joseph  on  ac- 
count of  poor  health  and  traveled 
a  couple  of  )^ears.  Eeturning  to  St. 
Joseph,  he  again  took  up  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession.  His  fame, 
both  as  a  physician  and  surgeon,  is 
widespread,  and  he  is  often  called 
in  consultation  and  to  perform  dif- 
ficult operations  at  distant  points. 
Dr.  Campbell  is  a  member  of  the 
Masonic  Order,  Odd  Fellows  and  a 
number  of  other  fraternal  orders. 
In  his  early  struggles  he  received 
every  encouragement  and  sympathy 
from  his  mother,  a  woman  remark- 
able for  her  energy  and  lofty  ambi- 
tion, for  her  nobility  of  purpose  and 
strength  of  character,  and  he  natu- 
rally feels  proud  when  he  sees  in  his 
successful  present  the  fruition  of 
her  prophecies  and  his  hopes. 

L.  CAPLAK 

Dr.  L.  Caplan  is  one  of  the  most 
prominent   of  the  ear,   throat   and 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


229 


nose  specialists  of  the  city  of  St. 
Louis. 

He  was  born  in  Russia  on  the  15th 
day  of  Hay,  1865,  and  received  his 
early  education  in  that  and  other 
European  countries. 

After  taking  the  prescribed 
course,  of  study  in  the  University  of 
Vienna,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
1890,  he  further  pursued  the  study 
of  medicine  in  various  European 
capitals.  After  the  three  years'  ad- 
ditional work  in  Europe,  which  he 
devoted  to  a  special  study  of  dis- 
eases of  the  ear,  nose  and  throat, 
Dr.  Caplan  came  to  America  and  lo- 
cated in  St.  Louis. 

The  thorough  education  he  had 
received  abroad  placed  him  almost 
immediately  in  the  front  rank  of 
the  profession  here. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Society  and  the  American 
Medical  Association,  and  from  1894 
to  1898  was  connected  with  the  old 
Missouri  Medical  College. 

Dr  .Caplan  is  also  the  aurist  and 
laryngologist  of  the  Bethesda  In- 
stitute and  the  St.  Vincent  Orphan 
Asvlum  as  well. 


CHARLES  L.   CARTER. 

Charles  Leonidas  Carter  was  born 
in  Dayton,  Tenn.,  on  the  1st  day  of 
March  1832.  He  is  the  son  of  Wil- 
liam and  Ruth  B.  McFarland  Carter. 
The  father  was  a  Virginian.  The 
mother  was  born  in  Scotland,  but 
came  with  her  parents  to  Abbeville, 
S.  C,  when  an  infant.  She  was  a 
blood  relation  of  the  famous  Cal- 
houn family.  "William  Carter,  fath- 
er of  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was 
elected  sheriff  of  Bradley  County, 
Tennessee,  but  died  during  his  term 
of  office  in  the  year  1836,  when 
Charles  L.  Carter  was  but  4  years 
old.  The  father's  estate,  which  was 
ample,  was  squandered  by  bad  man- 
agement of  the  administrator,  so 
that   the   widowed  mother   of  four 


small     children  was  left  in  strait- 
ened circumstances. 

At  an  early  age  Charles  developed 
a  love  for  books,  and  became  a  de- 
voted student.  By  teaching  school 
and  other  work  he  acquired  the 
means  to  obtain  for  himself  a  lib- 
eral literary  education.  Medicine 
had  always  been  his  goal,  so  he  pre- 
parer! himself  by  a  course  of  scien- 
tific reading  and  study  for  entrance 
to  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College, 
from   which   institution   he    gradu- 


ated in  1862.  But  he  had  some 
years  previously  successfully  passed 
an  informal  examination  on  merit, 
and  had  acquired  a  large  and  lucra- 
tive practice. 

In  April,  1863,  he  was  commis- 
sioned Assistant  Surgeon  in  the 
Sixth  Cavalry  Regiment,  M.  S.  M., 
after  he  had  declined  a  similar  posi- 
tion in  the  Twenty-first  Missouri  In- 
fantry, having  passed  the  examina- 
tion with  a  marking  24  points  above 
the  requirements  of  the  service.  Af- 
ter about  a  year's  service  Dr.  Carter 
resigned  on  account  of  failiug 
health.     His  health  improving  after 


230 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


a  few  months,  lie  passed  the  exami- 
nation taken  by  applicants  for  reg- 
ular army  surgeonships  and  was  as- 
signed to  the  Clay  General  Hospital 
in  Louisville,  Ky.  From  there  he 
was  sent  to  Marietta,  Ga..  and 
placed  in  charge  of  the  sick  and 
wounded  officers  of  the  Seventeenth 
Army  Corps,  with  the  superintend- 
ency  of  the  corps  hospital.  His 
health  again  failing,  he  resigned  af- 
ter the  fall  of  Atlanta. 

In  1866  he  wrote  a  treatise  on 
"General  Pathology/'  which  was 
made  a  text  book  in  several  medical 
schools,  and  is  now  in  the  second 
edition,  Dr.  Carter  is  a  concise  and 
cogent  writer,  and  was  formerly  one 
of  the  editors  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Eecord.  In  1867  he  was 
tendered  the  Chair  of  Materia  Med- 
ica  and  Therapeutics  in  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  College. 

He  was  married  to  Virginia 
Haynes  at  Holden,  Mo.,  February 
24,  1875.  Two  children  are  the  re- 
sult of  the  union.  Socially,  financial- 
ly and  professionally,  Dr.  Carter's 
life  has  been  a  success.  He  is  now 
(1900)  living  in  comfortable  retire- 
ment at  Warrensburg,  Mo. 

GEOEGE  CALMESE  CATLETT. 

George  Calmese  Catlett,  M.  D., 
was  born  June  20,  1828,  in  Union 
Co.,  Kentucky.  He  was  associated 
with  the  following  medical  asso- 
ciations: Shreveport,  La.;  St.  Jo- 
seph, Mo.;  the  State  Society  of  Mis- 
souri, American  Medical  Associa- 
tion and  the  Association  of  Asylum 
Superintendents.  Dr.  Catlett  was 
a  frequent  contributor  to  medical 
periodicals,  these  treatises  being  for 
most  part  on  nervous  diseases.  He 
entered  the  Confederate  Army,  was 
with  Gen.  Sterling  Price  in  that  of- 
ficer's Missouri  campaign,  then  he 
became  field  surgeon  with  Gen. 
Bragg  until  the  fall  of  Vicksburg, 
at  which  time  he  was  appointed  sur- 


geon of  hospitals  and  inspector  and 
medical  purveyor  for  the  Trans- 
mississippi  departments  under  Gen. 
E.  Kirby  Smith.  In  187-1  he  was 
elected  superintendent  of  State 
Lunatic  Asylum  No.  2  at  St.  Jo- 
seph, Mo.,  in  which  position  he  re- 
mained until  his  death,  May  19, 
1886. 


During  the  greater  part  of  his  life 
after  attaining  manhood  he  was  a 
zealous  member  of  the  order  of  Free 
Masons.  He  belonged  to  the  St.  Jo- 
seph Lodge,  No.  78,  A.  F.  and  A. 
M.;  St.  Joseph  Eoyal  Arch  Chap- 
ter, No.  14;  St.  Joseph  Command- 
ery,  jSTo.  4,  Knights  Templar,  and 
Eminent  Commander  of  Hugh  de 
Payne  Commandery,  No.  4,  Knights 
Templar,  of  St.  Joseph. 

Dr.  Catlett  married  Miss  Pamela 
Culver,  November  9,  1854,  daughter 
of  Dr.  Henry  Culver,  Prince  George 
County,  Maryland.  His  family  con- 
sisted of  three  children — Corinne 
Belle,  Harry  Middleton  and  George 
Calmese,  Jr.  Dr.  Catlett  came  to 
Missouri  when  a  boy,  and  with  the 
exception  of  his  service  in  the  army, 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


231 


be  made  St.  Joseph  his  home,  and 
died  at  the  State  Lunatic  Asylum. 
No.  2,  May  19,  1886,  at  that  place, 
and  his  body  rests  in  a  vault  in  beau- 
tiful Mount  Mora. 


F.  E.  CHASE. 

Frank  E.  Chase  was  born  May  23, 
1866,  in  Carbondale.  111.  After 
the  usual  early  training  to  be  had 
under  the  American  public  school 
system,  he  entered  Chaddock  Col- 
lege, located  at  Quincy,  111. 

When  he  had  pursued  a  general 
course  of  study  for  three  years  he 
attended  the  medical  department  of 
the  same  college,  graduating  in 
March,  1890.  The  following  year 
he  took  a  post-graduate  course  in 
the  American  Medical  College, 
graduating  in  June,  1891,  and  after 
some  further  preparation  in  bacte- 
riological and  microscopical  work  at 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, commenced  the  practice  of 
medicine,  establishing  an  office  on 
Clayton  road  in  St.  Louis  in  July, 
1891.  In  January,  1895,  he  changed 


his  office  to  its  present  location  on 
Chouteau  avenue. 

Besides  being  engaged  in  general 
practice,  Dr.  Chase  is  Medical  Ex- 
aminer for  the  Protective  Home 
Circle,  A.  0.  TJ.  W.  and  Degree  of 
Honor.  He  is  a  thorough,  conscien- 
tious worker  in  his  chosen  profes- 
sion, and  possesses  the  physique  and 
temperament  which  enter  largely 
into  the  make-up  of  the  successful 
physician. 

GEOKGE  0.  COFFIK 

Dr.  George  0.  Coffin,  city  physi- 
cian of  Kansas  City,  was  born  at 
Danielsville,  in  Xorthampton  Co., 
Pennsjdvania,  August  1,  1858.  His 
early  education  was  received  in  the 
public  schools  of  his  native  State 
and  under  private  tutelage.  He 
early  in  life  took  up  the  study  of 
medicine,  and  commenced  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  in  1879,  in 
Marshall  County,  Kansas,  where  he 
maintained  himself  successfully  for 
a  number  of  years. 

In  1886,  attracted  by  opportuni- 


232 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


ties  offered  to  .ambitious  profession- 
al men  in  Kansas  City,  Dr.  Coffin 
took  up  his  residence  there,  and 
soon  proved  to  his  own  satisfaction 
and  that  of  the  community  that 
his  removal  to  the  city  on  the  Kaw 
had  been  a  wise  one.  He  served  as 
house  surgeon  in  the  City  Hospital 
during  the  3  ears  1894  and  1895,  and 
in  the  latter  year  became  city  phy- 
sician, which  position  he  has  filled 
in  a  manner  most  acceptable  to  the 
citizens  of  Kansas  City.  He  re- 
mains in  tnat  position  at  this  writ- 
ing (1900). 

In  medical  educational  matters  in 
Missouri  Dr.  Coffin  has  taken  an 
active  interest.  He  is  Professor  of 
Surgery  in  the  Medieo-Chirurgical 
College  of  Kansas  City  and  Dean  of 
the  faculty  of  that  institution. 

He  is  a  'member  of  the  Jackson 
County  Academy  of  Medicine,  of  the 
Missouri  Medical  Association  and 
of  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion. Dr.  Coffin  practices  surgery 
especially.  He  is  a  graduate  of  the 
Kansas  City  Medical  College. 


T.  G.  COMSTOCK. 

T.  Griswold  Comstock  was  born 
in  Leroy,  Genessee  Countv,  New 
York,  July  27,  1829,  son  of  Lee  and 
Sarah  Calkins  Comstock,  both  na- 
tives of  Connecticut.  His  father 
was  a  brother  of  Dr.  John  Lee  Com- 
stock, who  Avas  a  surgeon  in  the  TJ. 
S.  Army  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  au- 
thor of  "Comstock's  Philosophy," 
"Comstock's  Chemistry,"  "Corn- 
stock's  Geology,"  and  other  text 
books  on  mineralogy,  physiology, 
natural  history  and  physical  geog- 
raphy. His  mother  was  a  daughter 
of  Dr.  Daniel  Calkins,  an  accom- 
plished and  celebrated  physician  of 
that  time  in  New  London  County, 
Connecticut,  and  a  descendant  in 
the  sixth  generation  of  one  of  the 
Mayflower  Puritans. 
Youna;   Comstock  was  reared  and 


had  his  academic  education  in  his 
native  town.  He  later  came  West 
to  St.  Louis,  and  soon  after  his  arri- 
val began  the  study  of  medicine  un- 
der Dr.  J.  V.  Prather,  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
College.  He  attended  a  course  of 
lectures  in  that  institution  and  re- 
ceived his  first  doctor's  degree  there- 
from. 

Subsequently  he  took  up  homeop- 
athy under  i  he  direction  of  Dr.  J.  T. 
Temple,  finishing  with  a  course  in 
the  Homeopathic  Medical  College  of 
Pennsylvania,  in  Philadelphia.     He 


graduated  there  in  1854.  He  imme- 
diately began  to  practice  in  St. 
Louis,  but  in  a  short  time  went 
abroad. 

He  visited  prominent  hospitals  in 
Europe,  spending  some  time  at  the 
clinics  in  I.  mdon,  Paris,  Berlin  and 
Prague.  From  thence  he  went  to 
Vienna  and  matriculated  at  the 
University  of  Vienna,  where  he 
studied  specially  obstetrics  and  gy- 
necology. He  passed  an  examina- 
tion in  the  German  language  before 
the  faculty  of  the  university,  and 


EX-PRESIDENTS  MISSOURI  STATE  MEDICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

(In  addition   to   others   whose    portraits  are  elsewhere  given.) 


C.    F.    CLAYTON,    1869. 


T.    B.    LESTER,    1870. 


■ 

"*:W:^.?$0k 

J.  E.  TEFFT,  1871. 


E.  MONTGOMERY,  1872. 


MEDICINE    AXD    SURGERY. 


233 


graduated  as  Master  in  Obstetrics 
or  Doctor  in  Midwifery. 

Dr.  Comstock  resumed  practice  in 
St.  Louis  in  1858,  and  took  high 
rank  among  ti~e  local  leaders  in  the 
profession.  He  Has  been  conspicu- 
ous in  medical,  educational  and  hos- 
pital work,  and  is  one  of  the  repre- 
sentative physicians  of  his  school  in 
the  YTest.  He  has  been  honored  by 
the  St.  Louis  Lniversity  with  the 
degree  of  Master  of  Arts  and  Doctor 
of  Philosophy,  and  has  held  the 
Chair  of  Professor  of  Obstetrics  in 
the  St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons — later  merged  with 
the  Homeopathic  College  of  Mis- 
souri. 

In  1862  he  served  a  short  time  as 
surgeon  in  the  First  Missouri  Vol- 
unteer Infantry.  He  was  for  twen- 
ty years  primarius  physician  on  the 
staff  of  Good  Samaritan  Hospital, 
and  is  president  of  the  medical  staff 
of  the  St.  Louis  Children's  Hospital. 
He  is  also  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Humane  Society  of  Missouri. 

While  engaged  in  general  prac- 
tice, Dr.  Comstock  is  authority  on 
obstetrical  and  gynecological  sur- 
gery. He  is  the  possessor  of  one  of 
the  hnest  medical  libraries  owned 
by  any  doctor  in  the  TTest. 

GEOKGE  CL1XT0X  CPAXDALL. 

George  Clinton  Crandall  was  born 
near  Elgin,  111.,  35  years  ago.  At 
an  early  age  his  parents  removed 
to  Michigan,  and  in  that  State  be 
received  his  early  education,  grad- 
uating from  the  High  School  and 
Scientific  College,  receiving  the  de- 
gree of  Bachelor  of  Science  pre- 
vious to  his  entrance  into  the  Medi- 
cal Department  of  the  University  of 
Michigan.  In  1890  he  graduated 
from  the  university,  receiving  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  He 
was  appointed  on  the  medical  staff 
of  the  Northern  Michigan  Insane 
Asylum  shortly  afterwards.  He  held 


this  position  from  1890  to  1891  in- 
clusive, resigning  in  the  latter  year 
that  he  might  go  abroad,  where,  un- 
til his  return  to  America  in  1895, 
he  further  pursued  his  study  of 
medicine  under  the  masters  of  Eu- 
rope. 

Upon  his  return  to  this  country 
[Jr.  Urandall  came  to  Missouri  and 
located  in  active  general  practice  in 
St.  Louis, where  he  has  ever  since  re- 
mained. The  doctor  has  made  a 
specialty  of  nervous  and  mental  dis- 
eases, and  has  divided  his  practice 


between  that  specialty  and  his  gen- 
eral work. .  The  success  he  has  had 
with  his  specialty  is  indicative  of  the 
growth  of  his  practice,  and  his  work 
along  that  line  has  made  him  well- 
known,  both  to  the  laity  and  the 
profession. 

Dr.  Crandall  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Medical  Association,  the 
American  Medico-Psychological  As- 
sociation, the  St.  Louis  Medical  So- 
eietv  and  the  St.  Louis  Microscopi- 
cal Society.  In  the  spring  of  1899 
Dr.  Crandall  was  elected  president 
of   the   last-named   societv.        The 


231 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


doctor  is  also  Professor  of  the  Chair 
of  General  Medicine  in  the  Marion- 
Sims  College  of  Medicine  of  St. 
Louis. 

AKTHUB  X.  CUKTIS. 

Dr.  Arthur  X.  Curtis  is  one  of  the 
most  prominent  of  the  younger 
physicians  of  South  St.  Louis.  He 
has  been  practicing  there  for  the 
past  seven  years,  and  has  always 
Been  regarded  as  a  man  of  unusual 
ability  by  those  who  know  his  ca- 
pabilities. 

Dr.  Curtis  was  born  near  Boston, 
at  Brookfield,  Mass.,  and  his  early 
life  was  spent  in  that  and  other 
Massachusetts  towns,  where  he  re- 
ceived the  education  that  fitted  him 
for  entrance  of  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the  Columbia  University 
(the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  Xew  York  City),  from 
which  lie  graduated  in  1888. 

His  record  as  a  student  there  won 
for  him  an  interneship  in  the  Belle- 
vue  Hospital  of  Xew  York  City, 
where  he  remained  for  the  ensuing 
year. 

For  the  next  four  years  Dr.  Cur- 
tis took  post-graduate  courses  in 
medicine  in  the  colleges  and  hospi- 
tals of  Berlin  and  A'ienna.  Eeturn- 
ing  to  this  country  in  1893,  he  lo- 
cated in  St.  Louis,  where  he  still  is. 

His  practice  is  a  large  one,  and 
he  is  enabled  by  his  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  medicine  to  readily  grasp 
the  contingencies  that  mav  arise  in 
it. 

CHAELES   OTTO    CUETMAX. 

Charles  Otto  Curtman  was  born 
July  30.  1829,  in  Giessen,  Germany, 
the  small  city  where  Justus  von  Lie- 
big  established  the  first  chemical 
laboratory  in  the  world.  His  father 
was  a  prominent  director  in  the 
gymnasium,  and  young  Otto  had  the 
advantage  of  a  thorough  educator 
in  the  teachings  of  his  father.       A 


good  foundation  having  thus  been 
laid  at  home  and  in  the  gymnasium 
and  realsclmle  at  Giessen  and  later 
in  Offenbach.  Curtman  commenced 
the  studies  of  chemistry  at  Giessen. 

Having  finished  his  university 
studies,  he  went  to  Antwerp,  Bel- 
gium, and  when  but  20  years  old 
came  to  the  United  States,  and  land- 
ed in  Xew  York  in  1819,  shortly 
afterwards  engaging  in  the  drug 
business  in  Xew  Orleans.  When 
the  Civil  War  broke  out  Curtman 
first  acted  as  army  surgeon  in  a 
Confederate  Cavalry  Regiment,  but 
at  the  request  of  Gen.  Price  estab- 
lished laboratories  at  Arkadelphia, 
Ark.,  and  Tyler  and  Marshall,  Tex., 
producing  on  the  one  hand  deadly 
munitions  of  war  and  on  the  other 
medicines  for  the  sick  and  wounded 
in  the  interests  of  the  Confederate 
.Army.  At  the  close  of  the  war 
Curtman  lived  for  a  short  time  in 
Memphis,  but  soon  came  to  St. 
Louis  through  the  solicitation  of 
Dr.  J.  X.  McDowell  to  co-operate  in 
the  reorganization  of  the  Missouri 
Medical  College.  It  was  at  this  time 
that  he  began  studying  medicine, 
receiving  the  degree  of  M.  D.  in 
the  proper  course  of  time. 

Although  he  was  most  successful 
as  a  practitioner,  yet  he  never  liked 
the  work  and  made  known  that  he 
would  no  longer  practice,  and  raised 
his  fees  to  prevent  people  calling, 
yet  such  was  his  personal  magnet- 
ism that  many  insisted  on  getting 
his  medical  advice  as  long  as  he 
lived.  He  was  Professor  of  Chem- 
istry in  the  Missouri  Medical  Col- 
lege and  the  St.  Louis  College  of 
Pharmacy.  As  a  teacher  he  had  no 
equal,  as  many  thousands  of  stu- 
dents could  testify.  His  early  con- 
tributions to  literature  are  widely 
scattered  through  medical,  chemical 
and  pharmaceutical  journals. 

He  died  April  22,  1896,  at  his 
home  in  St.  Louis,  mourned  by 
thousands  of  friends. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


235 


H.  C.  DALTOK 

Aberdeen,  Miss.,  is  the  birthplace 
of  H.  C.  Dalton,  now  one  of  St. 
Louis'  most  prominent  physicians. 
He  was  born  May  7,  1847,  and  ob- 
tained a  liberal  education  at  the 
University  of  Alabama  previous  to 
the  Civil  War.  After  the  close  of 
the  war  Dr.  Dalton  came  to  Mis- 
souri, and  in  St.  Louis  received  his 
medical  education. 

He  graduated  from  the  Missouri 
Medical  College  in  1870,  and  be- 
gan practice  at  once. 

In  1872  he  was  appointed  assist- 
ant physician  in  the  St.  Louis  City 
Hospital,  serving  in  that  capacity 
during  the  ensuing  year.  From 
1886  to  1892  Dr.  Dalton  was  super- 
intendent of  the  City  Hospital, 
which  position  he  filled  with  credit 
to  himself  and  the  advancement  of 
the  efficiency  of  the  institution. 

The  doctor  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Medical  Association,  the 
Missouri  State  Medical  Society,  the 
Mississippi  Valley  Medical  Associa- 
tion, the  Tri-State  Medical  Society 
and  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society. 


CHARLES  B.  DE  CROAT. 

Charles  B.  De  Groat  was  born  in 
New  Orleans,  La.,  February  10, 
1857.  He  obtained  his  early  edu- 
cation in  the  public  schools  of  his 
nativ§  cit}r,  after  which  he  gradu- 
ated from  the  Cheshire  Military 
College  of  Cheshire,  Conn.  He  then 
engaged  in  business,  but  gave  that 
up  in  1892  to  enter  the  Marion-Sims 
Medical  College  of  St.  Louis,  from 
which  he  graduated  three  years  la- 
ter. 

Soon  after  his  graduation  from 
college,  Dr.  De  Croat  began  practice 
in  Hannibal,  Mo.  Later  he  re- 
moved to  Kansas  City,  where  he 
was  connected  with  the  Kansas  City 
Hospital.  In  1899  Dr.  De  Groat 
went  to  St.  Louis  and  located  on 
the  South  Side. 

Dr.  De  Groat  is  connected  with 
the  staff  of  the  Rebekah  Hospital, 
and  also  serves  in  a  like  capacity  in 
the  United  States  Marine  Hospital. 
He  has  made  no  specialt}^,  preferr- 
ing tov  devote  his  entire  attention 
to  his  general  practice. 

ARMAKD  DERIVAUX. 

It  was  in  the  Province  of  Alsace, 
that  bone  of  contention  between 
France  and  Germany,  and  on  the 
19th  clay  of  September,  1849,  that 
Armancl  Derivaux  was  born.  His 
early  life  was  spent  in  his  native 
country,  and  he  served  in  the 
French  army  in  the  war  of  1870-71. 
He  received  his  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine  from  the  Paris  (France) 
University  in  1876. 

The  following  year  Dr.  Derivaux 
settled  in  St.  Louis,  where  he  has 
been  ever  since.  He  has  built  up 
for  himself  in  his  twenty-three  years 
of  practice  a  large  clientele.  He  has 
made  a  specialty  of  obstetrics,  and 
is  President  for  the  present  year  of 
the  St.  Louis  Obstetrics  and  Gyne- 
cological Society. 

Dr.  Derivaux  is  quite  proud  of  the 


236 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


fact  that  his  grandfather  helped  to 
free  the  Americans  from  the  British 
yoke  when  they  were  struggling  col- 
onies. Maj.  Mathieu  Derivaux,  the 
grandfather,  was  a  surgeon  in  Eoch- 
ambeau's  Corps  during  the  closing 
battles  of  the  War  for  Independ- 
ence, when  the  French  allies  so 
valiantly  aided  the  colonists.  He 
witnessed  and  took  a  hand  in  the 
dramatic  finale  at  Yorktown,  when 
Cornwallis  and  his  troops  laid  down 
their  guns  and  silently  marched  be- 
tween the  French  and  American  ar- 
mies— prisoners  of  war. 

WILLIAM  S.  DEUTSCH. 

Of  the  young  men  who  have  rapid- 
ly pushed  their  way  to  the  front 
none  are  held  in  higher  esteem,  both 
by  the  profession  and  laity,  than 
Dr.  William  S.  Deutsch. 

The  doctor  is  of  German  descent, 
and  was  born  in  St.  Louis  29  years 
ago.  After  a  course  of  instruction 
in  the  grammar  and  high  schools 
of  his  native  city,  young  Deutsch,  in 
1889,  entered  the  famous  old  Mis- 
souri Medical  College. 


While  there  his  conscientious  ap- 
plication to  his  work  won  for  him 
the  well-deserved  approbation  of  his 
instructors. 

Graduating  in  1892,  Dr.  Deutsch 
afterwards  immediately  began  the 
practice  of  medicine.  He  has  made 
a  specialty  of  surgery,  and  his  orig- 
inal and  clever  work  along  this  line 


has  pushed  him  into  the  front  rank 
of  the  surgeons  of  St.  Louis. 

CIIAELES  H.  DIXON. 

Charles  H.  Dixon  was  born  in 
Paterson,  N.  J.,  on  the  23d  day  of 
August,  1856.  He  obtained  a  thor- 
ough early  and  classical  education 
jn  the  schools  of  St.  Louis,  whither 
his  parents  had  removed  when  he 
was  still  a  boy. 

After  receiving  bis  preparatory 
training  he  entered  the  Missouri 
Medical  College,  graduating  there- 
from with  the  class  of  '78. 

It  was  in  1881  that  Dr.  Dixon 
commenced  practicing  in  St.  Louis, 
where  he  has  since  remained.  He 
has  devoted  most  of  his  attention  to 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


237 


surgery,  and  his  successful  work  is 
a  matter  of  history. 

Dr.  Dixon  is  chief  of  surgical  clin- 
ics and  clinical  lecturer  on  surgery 
in  the  Medical  Department  of  Wash- 
ington TTniversit}T  and  surgeon  to 
the  Bethesda  Hospital,  a  member  of 
the  Association  of  Military  Sur- 
geons, a  member  of  the  prominent 
medical  societies,  and  has  contrib- 
uted considerable  to  the  medical 
literature  of  the  day. 


JOHX  DOOLEY. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  is  by 
birth  an  Englishman,  born  at 
Burton-on-Trent,  Eeb.  12,  1834. 
His  early  education  was  acquired 
in  private  schools  of  his  native 
country.  He  studied  medicine  un- 
der able  preceptors,  and  was  a  prac- 
ticing physician  when  he  came  to 
the  United  States  in  1863. 

After  stopping  for  about  sis 
months  in  Illinois  he  proceeded  to 
Kansas,  settling  first  in  Shawnee 
County.  He  "pioneered"  in  Kansas 
until  1879,  practicing    in    different 


parts  of  the  section  in  which  he  had 
settled.  In  those  clays  the  Western 
country  doctor  thought  nothing  of 
traveling  twenty  and  thirty  miles  to 
attend  a  single  patient,  and  Dr. 
Dooley's  circuit  was  a  large  one. 

He  removed  from  Leavenworth, 
where  he  last  practiced  in  Kansas, 
to  Kansas  City,  and  remained  in  the 
latter  location  until  1887,  when  he 
was  compelled  to  give  up  his  prac- 
tice on  account  of  an  accident,  by- 
which  the  doctor  became  almost  to- 
tally blind.  He  went  to  Los  An- 
geles, Cal,  and  rested  from  his  pro- 
fessional labors  for  a  period  of  two 
years.  Meanwhile  he  had  regained 
the  use  of  his  eyes  through  a  skill- 
ful operation. 

In  1889  Dr.  Dooley  came  to  Mis- 
souri and  recommenced  the  practice 
of  medicine  in  St.  Louis.  While 
engaging  in  general  practice,  his 
specialty  has  been  gjmecological  sur- 
gery. He  is  one  of  those  called 
"'natural  born  physicians,"  and  has 
been  very  successful  throughout  his 
professional  career. 

He  graduated  from  the  Physio  - 
Eclectic  Medical  College  of  Cincin- 
nati in  1876,  and  in  1890  finished 


238 


ONE    HUNDRED    TEARS    OF 


a  further  course  in  the  American 
Eclectic  Medical  College  of  Cincin- 
nati. 

WALTEE  B.  DOESETT. 

The  present  president  of  the  Mis- 
souri State  Medical  Society  is  Dr. 
Walter  B.  Dorsett,  a  man  who,  by 
sheer  force  of  energ3^  hacked  by  a 
great  deal  of  natural  ability,  has  in 
twenty-two  years  of  practice  risen 
to  the  high  position  he  now  occupies 
in  the  profession. 


A  native  of  St.  Louis  County,  Dr. 
Dorsett  obtained  his  education  in 
the  public  schools,  "Washington  Uni- 
versity and  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
College.  Before  taking  up  the  study 
of  medicine  Dr.  Dorsett  engaged  in 
the  commission  business  for  a  short 
time.  He  began  the  study  of  med- 
icine under  Dr.  Le  Grand.  Atwood 
in  1875,  and  shortly  afterwards 
matriculated  in  the  St.  Louis  Med- 
ical College,  graduating  therefrom 
with  the  class  of  '78. 

The  same  year  in  which  he  grad- 
uated as  a  physician    Dr.    Dorsett 


was  appointed  as  an  interne  in  the 
St.  Louis  City  Hospital,  which  posi- 
tion he  held  for  the  ensuing  year. 
From  1S79  to  1887  he  was  physician 
at  the  St.  Louis  City  Dispensary. 
He  resigned  this  latter  position  in 
the  spring  of  '87  to  accept  the  su- 
perintendency  of  the  St.  Louis  Fe- 
male Hospital,  where  he  was  for  the 
next  five  years. 

In  April,  1892,  Dr.  Dorsett  re- 
tired to  devote  his  whole  time  to  his 
private  practice,  after  having  been 
almost  constantly  in  the  service  of 
the  city  of  St.  Louis  from  the  time 
of  his  graduation,  some  fourteen 
years. 

Dr.  Dorsett  makes  a  specialty  of 
gynecology.  He  has  been  unusually 
successful  with  this  work,  and  his 
practice  is  devoted  almost  exclusive- 
ly to  it.  Along  this  line  Dr.  Dor- 
sett has  come  into  a  national  repu- 
tation through  his  scholarly  treat- 
ises on  the  diseases  of  women.  By 
virtue  of  his  success  and  the  reputa- 
tion he  has  acquired,  Dr.  Dorsett 
was  first  made  a  member  of  the  St. 
Louis  Obstetrical  and  Gynecological 
Soeiet}r,  and  later  of  the  American 
Association  of  Obstetricians  and 
Gynecologists.  He  is  now  (1900) 
the  president  of  the  former,  and 
was  in  1898  elected  vice-president  of 
the  latter  society.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  the  Southern  Surgical 
and  Gynecological  Society. 

The  doctor  is  an  ex-president  of 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  and 
a  member  of  the  American  Medical 
Association. 

Ever  since  he  became  a  member 
of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  As- 
sociation Dr.  Dorsett  has  been  prom- 
inently identified  with  the  progres- 
sive element  of  that  society,  and  he 
has  always  been  one  of  its  best 
counselors.  He  is  one  of  the  most 
popular  men  in  the  organization, 
and  at  the  meeting  in  1899  was 
chosen  president  for  the  ensuing 
vear.     He  has  made  himself  almost 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


239 


indispensable  to  the  association, 
not  only  by  his  fine  conception  of 
the  code  of  ethics  and  his  conscien- 
tious insistence  of  its  workings  in 
•every  detail,  but  by  his  masterful 
■executive  ability  as  well. 


_ 


'':':^;^::v:v^':::^0 


THOMAS  H.  DOYLE. 

November  5,  1840,  is  the  date 
and  Doylestown,  Franklin  Co.,  Pa., 
the  place  of  birth  of  Thos.  H.  Doyle, 
now  one  of  the  most  prominent 
of  the  present  generation  of  physi- 
cians of  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 

He  received  from  the  schools  of 
his  native  State  the  education  that 
is  the  birthright  of  every  American 
youth.  It  was  the  University  Med- 
ical College  of  the  city  of  New  York 
that  gave  to  young  Doyle  his  di- 
ploma and  degree  of  Doctor  of  Med- 
icine, which  he  received  in  March  of 
1865,  later  on,  in  1868-9,  taking  a 
post-graduate  course  at  Bellevue 
Hospital  Medical  College  of  New 
York. 

For  the  following  four  years  Dr. 
Doyle  practiced  in  the  East,  coming 
West  in  1869,  when  he  located  in 
St.  Joseph,  then  but  a  small  town. 


The  growth  of  the  town  to  the  city 
has  been  typical  of  that  of  Dr. 
Doyle's  professional  career  from  the 
humble  practitioner  to  president  of 
the  faculty  of  the  Ensworth  Medi- 
cal College  of  St.  Joseph. 

Patient  and  earnest,  striving  af- 
ter all  that  is  best,  has  won  for  the 
doctor  high  honors  in  his  profession. 
For  some  years  past  he  has  been 
president  of  the  faculty  of  the  Ens- 
worth  College  and  Professor  of  the 
Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine 
and  Clinical  Medicine.  These  are 
but  two  of  the  many  honors  which 
have  been  thrust  upon  him. 

He  is  a  man  who  not  only  com- 
mands the  respect  of  the  students 
with  whom  he  comes  in  contact  in 
his  official  capacity  at  the  college, 
but  from  the  profession  at  large,  be- 
cause of  his  indefatigable  efforts  in 
its  behalf. 

Dr.  Doyle  was  Health  Officer  of 
St.  Joseph  from  April,  1886,  to 
April,  1878,  and  Mayor  of  St.  Jo- 
seph from  April,  1886,  to  April, 
1888-,  and  was  president  of  the 
United  States  Pension  Examiners' 
Board  of  St.  Joseph  during  both 
terms  of  President  Cleveland's  ad- 
ministration. He  is  a  member  of 
the  American  Medical  Association 
and  of  the  Missouri  Valley  Medical 
Society  and  of  the  St.  Joseph  Medi- 
cal Society. 

F.  B.  DEESCHER. 

Frederick  B.  Drescher  was  born 
on  Missouri  soil,  at  St.  Louis,  Sept. 
4,  1861.  His  literary  education 
was  received  in  the  public  schools 
and  at  Washington  University  at  St. 
Louis.  Later  he  obtained  employ- 
ment as  a  drug  clerk,  serving  about 
three  years  in  that  capacity.  He 
became  a  student  at  the  St.  Louis 
College  of  Pharmacv,  and  graduated 
"Ph.  G."  in  1882,  He  then  entered 
the  Missouri  Medical  College,  grad- 
uating therefrom  in  1884. 


240 


ONE    HUNDRED    TEARS    OF 


He  commenced  the  practice  of  his 
profession  at  Danville,  111.,  having 
been  appointed  house  surgeon  to  the 
Wabash  Eailroad  Hospital.  He  re- 
turned to  his  native  city  in  May  of 
1  385,  and  has  remained  in  St.  Louis 
ever  since,  engaged  in  general  prac- 
tice. 

From  Yovember,  1887,  to  De- 
cember, 1890,  Dr.  Drescher  served 
on  the  medical  staff  of  Alexian 
Brothers'"  Hospital  as  attending 
physician.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  Society  and  of  the 
Alumni  Associations  of  the  St. 
Louis  College  of  Pharmacy  and  the 
Z\Iedieal  Department  of  Washington 
University.  Dr.  Drescher  is  a  pop- 
ular physician  in  South  St.  Louis, 
where  he  has  a  large  clientele.  He 
has  been  very  successful. 

CL1FTOY  KOGEKS  DUDLEY. 

Clifton  E.  Dudley,  recording  sec- 
retary of  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
Society  and  editor  of  the  St.  Louis 
Courier  of  Medicine,  was  born  at 
Palmvra,  Mo.,  December  24,   1867. 


He  lived  in  that  city  until  he  was  IS 
years  of  age,  -when  he  entered  the 
University  of  Virginia,  from  which 
he  graduated,  with  an  academic  de- 
gree, in  1889. 

He  then  entered  the  Bellevue 
Hospital  Medical  College  of  Yew 
York  City,  graduating  two  years 
later. 

This  college  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine. 

For  the  next  18  months  Dr.  Dud- 
ley served  as  interne  in  the  Charity 
Hospital  and  in  the  Yew  York  Ma- 
ternity Hospital  of  Yew  York  City. 
He  completed  his  term  of  service  in 
the  fall  of  1893,  and  came  to  St. 
Louis,  where  he  decided  to  locate, 
in  March,  1894. 

Until  recently  Dr.  Dudley  has  de- 
voted his  entire  time  to  his  large 
general  practice.  Yow,  however,  he 
has  specialized  in  gynecology  and  is 
givinsf  most  of  his  attention  to  that. 
'  Dr7  Dudley  is  at  present  (1900) 
instructor  in  obstetrics  in  the  Beau- 
mont Hospital  Medical  College  of 
St.  Louis  and  a  member  of  the  staff 
of  the  Missouri  Baptist  Sanitarium. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


241 


The  doctor  is  also  a  member  of 
trie  St.  Louis  Obstetrical  and  Gyne- 
cological Society  and  of  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  Society,  of  which  he 
has  twice  been  elected  recording  sec- 
retary, and  is  now  serving  in  that 
capacity. 

In  addition  to  these  numerous 
duties,  Dr.  Dudley  edits  the  St, 
Louis  Courier  of  Medicine,  where 
his  thorough  knowledge  of  medicine 
and  his  literary  ability  have  won 
for  him  an  honored  place  among  the 
medical  writers  of  the  present  gen- 
eration. 

JOHX  HAEEIS  DOTCAK 

The  name  of  John  Harris  Duncan 
is  one  of  the  best  known  to  the 
profession  of  the  State  of  Missouri. 
For  twenty-five  years,  ever  since  he 
began  his  practice,  he  has  been 
a  prominent  educator  and  a  man 
who  has  always  connected  himself 
with  whatever  was  for  the  advance- 
ment of  the  profession  and  for  its 
best  interests. 

Dr.  Duncan  was  born  in  the  uni- 
versity town  of  Columbia,  Mo.,  on 
the  16th  day  of  August,  1852.  His 
father  was  Dr.  William  Henle  Dun- 
can of  Virginia,  and  his  mother  was 
Susan  Woods  Harris.  He  received 
his  early  education  in  that  town  at 
the  Baptist  College,  now  known  as 
the  Stephens  College.  In  1865 
young  Duncan  entered  the  academic 
department  of  the  State  University 
of  Missouri,  which  is  located  in  his 
native  town.  After  four  years' 
study  there  young  Duncan  en- 
tered the  William  Jewell  College 
at  Liberty.  Missouri.  Three  years 
later,  in  1872,  he  graduated  from 
that  college,  receiving  the  degree  of 
Master  of  Arts.  This  was  the  first 
A.  M.  degree  granted  by  that  col- 
lege after  the  close  of  the  war. 

Deciding  to  enter  the  medical 
profession  young  Duncan  studied  in 
the  Medical  Department  of  the  Mis- 


souri State  University,  graduating 
in  1874,  and  in  the  Bellevue  Hospi- 
tal Medical  College  of  Xew  York 
City,  where  he  received  a  diploma 
the  following  year. 

From  1875  until  1883  Dr.  Duncan 
attended  to  a  large  general  prac- 
tice in  Columbia,  Mo.,  lecturing  on 
physiology  in  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the  State  University  at  the 
same  time.  In  that  latter  year  he 
went  to  Kansas  City,  where,  for 
the  ensuing  ten  years,  he  practiced 


and  occupied  the  Chairs  of  Physiol- 
ogy and  Dermatology  in  the  Univer- 
sity Medical  College  of  that  city. 
Ever  since  he  located  in  Kansas 
City  Dr.  Duncan  has  made  a  spe- 
cialty of  dermatology. 

It  was  in  June,  1893,  that  Dr. 
Duncan  removed  from  Kansas  City 
to  St.  Louis,  where  he  has  been  ever 
since.  In  1896  he  was  elected 
president  of  the  Missouri  State 
Medical  Association,  which  position 
he  held  for  the  ensuing  year.  Dur- 
ing the  year  of  1893-94  he  was  the 
Professor  of  Plrysiology  and  Derma- 
tology in  the  St.  Louis  College  of 
Phvsicians  and  Surgeons.     He  re- 


16 


242 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


signed  that  honor  in  1894,  announc- 
ing at  the  same  time  his  intention 
to  devote  his  entire  time  to  his  prac- 
tice. However,  in  1898,  he  was  pre- 
vailed upon  to  take  the  Chair  of 
Physiology  in  the  Barnes  Medical 
College,  which  position  he  still 
(1900)  holds. 

Dr.  Duncan  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Medical  Association,  the 
Missouri  Sttte  Medical  Association 
and  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society, 
and  at  the  time  he  left  Kansas  City 
for  his  larger  field  in  St.  Lonis  he 
was  the  president  of  the  Academy 
of  Medicine  in  the  former  city. 

ADDISON  ELSTON. 

Addison  Elston  was  born  on  the 
6th  day  of  December,  1830,  at  Els- 
ton Station,  Cole  County,  Mo.  As 
a  boy  he  received  a  public  school 
education,  but  further  pursued  his 
studies  along  classical  lines  by  him- 
self. He  was  a  hard  student  and  a 
thoroughly  conscientious  one,  so 
that  it  is  his  boast,  on  occasions, 
that  he  learned  more  in  his  work 
by  himself  than  he  could  have  ac- 
quired by  attending  an  academy  or 
college 

Dr.  Elston  followed  various  pur- 
suits until  some  time  after  the  firing 
on  Ft.  Sumter,  when  he  entered  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1864.  He 
was  immediately  appointed  a  sur- 
geon in  the  United  States  Army. 
After  the  close  of  the  war  he  re- 
turned to  his  boyhood  home,  where 
he  practiced  until  1870,  when  he  re- 
moved to  Jefferson  City.  He  has 
been  there  ever  since,  and  has  built 
up  for  himself  a  reputation  for  hon- 
esty of  purpose,  both  with  himself 
and  his  patients. 

EDWIN  C.  EVANS. 

Edwin  Chalmers  Evans  was  born 
in  Washington,  D.  C,  October  29, 
1828.  In  1832  the  family  moved  to 


Central  Missouri,  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  being  about  three  and  one- 
half  years  old.  His  early  education 
was  received  at  private  schools.  The 
first  school  attended  by  young  Ev- 
ans was  in  a  log  hut  which  he 
helped  to  build,  the  nails  used  being 
made  by  the  village  blacksmith  and 
the  boards  on  the  roof  held  in  place 
by  poles  laid  upon  them,  one  door 
with  wooden  hinges  and  one  window 


containing  a  half-dozen  6x10  lights 
of  glass. 

In  1854,  after  six  years  of  study 
and  practice  with  his  father,  he 
graduated  from  the  St.  Louis  Med- 
ical College.  He  took  his  adeun- 
dum  degree  at  Jefferson  Medical 
College,  Philadelphia,  in  1858. 
Then  in  1865-66  took  a  course  at 
Bellevue  Medical  College,  New 
York  City,  and  a  special  course  on 
the  eye  and  ear  at  the  New  York 
Ophthalmic  College,  where  he  grad- 
uated in  1866. 

Dr.  Evans  began  practice  in  Ot- 
terville,  Mo.,  on  January  1,  1850. 
He   moved   to    Boonville   in    1862, 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


243 


where  lie  practiced  until  1873,  when 
he  located  in  Sedalia,  where  he  has 
continued  ever  since.  While  he  has 
given  special  attention  to  surgery 
and  ophthalmology,  he  has  always 
done  a  general  practice,  and  his  suc- 
cess in  his  professional  work  has 
gained  him  a  reputation  not  only 
throughout  the  State,  but  in  many 
of  the  adjoining  States  as  well,  hav- 
ing made  many  of  the  most  import- 
and  difficult  operations,  amongst 
them  two  lithotomys,  using  instru- 
ments made  by  a  blacksmith,  both 
cases  speedily  recovering  and  with- 
out a  drop  of  pus,  and  a  record  of 
100  per  cent  is  to  his  credit  in  the 
treatment  of  malignant  diphtheria 
by  the  use  of  anti-toxine.  He  was 
the  first  physician  to  use  chloroform 
in  Pettis  County,  which  he  did  in 
1849,  while  his  father  amputated 
an  arm.  He  also  did  the  first  mil- 
itary surgery  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, during  the  Civil  War,  at  the 
battle  ground  termed  "Cold  Camp 
Massacre,"  in  1861.  He  has  been 
accorded  the  credit  of  having  been 
the  first  to  suggest  laparotomy  for 
the  relief  of  obstruction  of  the  bow- 
els, which  he  did  in  his  graduating 
thesis  at  St.  Louis  Medical  College 
in  1854,  which  thesis  was  published 
in  the  medical  journals.  Dr.  Evans 
has  been  in  the  harness  oyer  fifty 
years,  and  duping  all  that  time  has 
taken  only  four  weeks'  recreation, 
always  cheerfully  responding  to  the 
calls  of  the  sick  in  all  kinds  of 
weather,  both  day  and  night. 

He  has  ever  taken  a  deep  interest 
in  charity  work.  He  is  a  member 
of  a  number  of  medical  societies — 
county,  district,  State  and  national 
— and  has  read  many  papers  of  in- 
terest before  them,  some  of  which 
have  been  published. 

FAYETTE  C.  EWING. 

Born  in  La  Fourche  Parish,  La.. 
Dr.  Fayette  Clay  Ewing,  the  subject 


of  this  sketch,  was  educated  in  the 
University  of  the  South,  Tennessee, 
and  the  University  of  Mississippi. 
Exhibiting  a  preference  for  the 
science  of  medicine  he  entered  the 
Medical  Department  of  Tulane  Uni- 
versity, New  Orleans,  and  later  con- 
tinued his  studies  in  the  Jefferson 
Medical  College  of  Philadelphia.  A 
diploma  was  issued  to  him  by  that 
institution  in  1884,  and  in  1885  he 
located  himself  for  the  practice  of 


his  profession  in  Washington,  D.  C. 
After  four  years  of  successful  prac- 
tice in  the  National  Capital  he 
turned  his  face  westward  and  took 
up  his  residence  in  the  growing  me- 
tropolis of  Kansas  City.  Three 
years  later  he  determined  to  practice 
a  specialty  and  moved  his  family  to 
London,  where  the  year  1893  was 
passed  in  special  study  in  the  Lon- 
don hospitals  and  attending  the 
London  Post-Graduate  School.  An- 
other year  was  spent  in  Vienna  and 
New  York;  then  he  resumed  prac- 
tice in  St..  Louis,  which  offered  the 
inducement  of  a  larger  field  for  spe- 
cial work.  Dr.  Ewing  has  prospered. 


211 


ONE    HUNDRED    TEARS    OF 


making  many  professional  and  so- 
cial friends  for  himself.  Dr.  Ewing 
is  a  Fellow  of  the  British  Khino- 
logical,  Larvngological  and  Otologi- 
cal  Association,  and  with  one  not- 
able exception  is  the  only  American 
having  that  honor.  He  is  identified 
with  many  special  and  general  med- 
ical societies  in  America,  and  is  ab- 
stract editor  of  The  Laryngoscope. 
Dr.  Ewing  is  a  man  of  scholarly 
tastes  and  varied  reading,  and  his 
medical  writings  have  been  largely 
quoted.  In  study  and  practice  he 
is  a  specialist  in  diseases  of  the 
note,  throat  and  ear  and  consultant 
in  affections  of  these  organs  to  a 
number  of  the  most  prominent  St. 
Louis  hospitals. 


WILSON  J.  FEBGUSON. 

Dr.  Wilson  J.  Ferguson  is  a  na- 
tive Missourian,  having  been  born  at 
the  little  town  of  Maud,  in  Nelson 
County. 

The  year  in  which  he  attained  his 
majority,  1887,  Dr.  Ferguson  grad- 
uated from  the  Kansas  City  Medi- 
cal College.        During  the  ensuing 


year  he  practiced  in  Peters  County, 
and  then  went  to  New  York  City, 
where  for  the  next  two  years  he  took 
post  graduate  work  in  medicine,  and 
was  house  surgeon  in  the  Polyclinic 
Hospital. 

In  J  890  Dr.  Ferguson  returned  to 
Missouri  and  established  himself  as 
a  general  practitioner  in  Sedalia. 
His  success  there  has  been  merited 
and  is  attested  to  by  his  practice. 

The  doctor  is  tbe  city  physician  of 
Sedalia  and  secretary  of  the  Board 
of  Health  of  that  thriving  city,  as 
welJ  as  a  member  of  several  medical 
societies. 

C.  FISCH. 

A  native  of  Germany,  Dr.  C.  Fisch 
was  reared  and  educated  in  every- 
thing but  medicine  there.  He  was 
born  on  the  17th  day  of  August, 
1859,  and  received  his  early  educa- 
tion in  the  public  schools  of  his 
Fatherland,  later  attending  the  uni- 
versities of  Strasburg,  Wuerzburg 
and   Berlin.     In    1885   he   had  the 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


245 


degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  con- 
ferred upon  him. 

Later  in  life,  after  his  student 
days  in  Germany  were  over.  Dr. 
Fisch  eame  to  America,  located  in 
St.  Louis  and,  after  three  years  of 
work  in  the  Missouri  Medical  Col- 
lege, srraduated  with  the  M.  D.  de- 
gree in  1894. 

Dr.  Fisch  immediately  began 
practicing  in  St.  Louis,  and  he  lias 
been  uniformly  successful  from  the 
start.  He  is  a  constant  student  and 
keeps  in  touch  with  the  progression 
of  the  profession. 


A.  W.  FLEMING. 

A  member  of  the  faculty  of  the 
Barnes  Medical  College  and  a  thor- 
ough scholar  in  his  writings  £<nd 
teaching,  Dr.  A.  W.  Fleming  occu- 
pies cpiite  a  prominent  position  in 
the  profession  in  St.  Louis. 

He  was  born  in  Corsica.  Jeffer- 
son Co.,  Pa.,  on  the  22d  of  April, 
1860,  and  in  that  town  received  the 
major  part  of  his  boyhood  educa- 
tion. After  obtaining  in  college  a 
classical  knowledge  which  well  fit- 


ted him  for  medicine,  he  entered  the 
Missouri  Medical  College,  from 
which  he  Graduated  with  honors  in 
188T. 

By  reason  of  his  high  standing  in 
a  competitive  examination,  Dr. 
Fleming  was  soon  afterwards  ap- 
pointed assistant  physician  in  the 
St.  Louis  City  Hospital.  After 
three  years  of  service  in  various  city 
institutions  the  doctor  retired  from 
public  to  private  practice.  He  has 
made  no  specialty,  devoting  his  en- 
tire time  to  his  general  practice. 

Dr.  Fleming  fills  the  chair  of  op- 
erative surgery  in  the  Barnes  Medi- 
cal College,  and  is  accounted  one  of 
the  best  men  in  the  faculty  by  rea- 
son of  his  bioad  knowledge  and  abil- 
ity to  impart  the  same. 

C.  u.  FOEEMAX. 

Dr.  C.  0.  Foreman  was  born  at 
Charleston.  W.  Va.,  October  15, 
1844.  Chaileston  was  at  thai  time 
in  the  Old  Dominion,  so  that  at  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War  young 
Foreman  cast  his  lot  with  the  Con- 
federacy. Although  but  IT  years  of 
age,  he  was  enlisted  in  the  Twelfth 
Virginia  Cavalry,  which  served  all 
throuo-h  the  war  under  the  command 
of  Gen.  J.  F.  B.  Stuart.  In  J 862 
young  Foreman  was  captured  and 
made  prisoner  of  war  until  his  ex- 
change, about  a  year  later. 

After  the  close  of  the  war  Dr. 
Foreman  came  to  Missouri  and  lo- 
cated in  St.  Louis.  He  began  his 
practice  of  medicine  in  18? 0,  under 
a  certificate  from  the  faculty  of  the 
Missouri  Medical  College,  in  which 
school  he  had  taken  a  one  year's 
course.  Later  he  matriculated  in 
the  same  college  and  graduated  in 
1878. 

1  hat  year  Dr.  Foreman  moved  to 
Warren  County,  where  he  has  prac- 
ticed ever  since.  In  the  early  ;80s 
Dr.  Foreman  began  his  practice  in 
Warrenton,  the  county  seat  of  the 
county. 


246 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


The   doctor  has   devoted  all   his 

time    to    his  general   practice,   at 

■which   he  lias  been  unusually  suc- 
cessful. 


OTTO  E.  FORSTER. 

Otto  E.  Forster  is  a  native  St. 
Louisan,  having  been  born  in  Mis- 
souri's largest  city  on  September 
21,  1859.  His  father  was  born 
in  Bavaria  and  his  mother  early  in 
her  life  came  to  America  from  Swit- 
zerland. 

Dr.  Forster's  early  education  was 
obtained  in  St.  Louis,  and  he  grad- 
uated from  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
College  in  1881.  For  the  following 
five  years  Dr.  Forster  studied  abroad 
• — in  the  German  universities  of 
Strasburg  and  Bonn  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  Vienna.  While  abroad 
Dr.  Forster  took  a  special  course  in 
the  diseases  of  the  ear,  nose  and 
throat. 

Returning  to  this  countr}r  in  1886 
he  engaged  in  active  practice  in  St. 
Louis.  From  1887  to  1890  Dr.  For- 
ster had  charge  of  the  ear,  nose  and 
throat  clinic  of  the  Missouri  Med- 


ical College.  Later  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  City  Board  of  Health. 

Dr.  Forster  has  done  considerable 
writing,  confining  his  attention  to 
treatises  on  the  polyps  of  the  nose, 
the  treatment  of  tuberculosis  and 
on  Dr.  Koch's  lymph. 

The  doctor  has  earned  for  himself 
a  well-deserved  rejratation  as  a  phy- 
sician, specialist,  educator  and  wri- 
ter. His  ability  is  highly  regarded 
by  his  co-practitioners,  and  he  is, 
as  a  result,  a  member  of  several  med- 
ical societies. 

CHARLES  A.  FRAXK. 

Charles  A.  Frank  was  born^  raised, 
educated  and  has  always  prac- 
ticed medicine  in  St.  Louis.  He 
was  born  June  16,  1858.  He  obtained 
a  thorough  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  St.  Louis. 

Jn  1883  Dr.  Frank  began  his 
study  of  medicine,  and  three  years 
later  graduated  from  the  Missouri 
Medical  College.  He  immediately 
entered  into  an  active  general  prac- 
tice that  has  been  successful  from 
the  start. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


247 


In  1SSS  Dr.  Frank  was  appointed 
post-mortem  physician  to  the  city  of 
St.  Louis,  which  position  he  occu- 
pied for  the  next  four  rears,  in 
which  time  the  doctor  made  all  the 
post-mortem  examinations  at  the 
Morgue  and  city  institutions.  For 
a  time  the  doctor  was  the  Professor 
of  the  Chair  of  Bacteriology  at  the 
St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons. 

During  1890  Dr.  Frank  spent- 
some  months  in  Europe,  where  he 
made  a  special  study  of  bacteriology 
and  microscopy  under  the  famous 
Prof.  Koch  in  the  University  of 
Berlin. 

The  doctor  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  and 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society. 


JOHX  AXDBEW  FBEXCH. 

John  Andrew  French  was  born  in 
Gentry ville.  Gentry  County,  Mis- 
souri, September  8,  1853.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Civil  War  his  father 
enlisted  in  the   Confederate  Armv. 


under  Gen.  Cal  Price,  his  mother, 
with  seven  children,  removing  to 
Eandolph  County,  where  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  received  his  early 
education  in  the  common  schools, 
afterwards  preparing  himself  for  the 
study  of  medicine  by  serving  several 
years  in  the  drug  business.  In  1878-9 
he  attended  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  at  Keokuk,  la., 
and  in  1879  attended  the  spring 
term  at  the  Missouri  Medical  Col- 
lege at  St.  Louis.  In  1879  he  en- 
tered the  Hospital  Medical  College 
at  St.  Joseph,  taking  two  courses, 
and  graduated  from  that  institution 
in  1880. 

Dr.  French  at  once  began  the 
practice  of  Ms  profession  in  St.  Jo- 
seph. In  1892  he  took  a  post-grad- 
uate course  in  the  Polvelinic  of  Xew 
York. 

Dr.  French  has  been  prominently 
identified  with  the  Northwestern 
Medical  College,  both  in  building 
the  college  building  and  in  filling 
the  Chair  of  Professor  of  Diseases 
of  Women  and  Clinical  Surgery.  He 
was  the  founder  of  the  St.  Joseph 
Private  Hospital  and  Medical  Train- 
ing School  for  Nurses,  and  is  sur- 
geon to  this  institution.  He  also 
founded  and  is  editor  of  the  St.  Jo- 
seph Medical  Journal,  a  member  of 
the  St.  Joseph  Medical  Society,  and 
in  1893  he  was  elected  one  of  the 
executive  counselors  of  the  Xorth 
Missouri  Medical  Association.  Dr. 
French  served  two  terms  as  Health 
Officer  of  St.  Joseph,  and  in  1892 
was  appointed  by  Gov.  Crittenden 
as  assistant  surgeon  of  the  National 
Guard  of  Missouri,  with  rank  of 
captain.  "While  doing  a  general 
practice,  the  doctor  is  favorably 
known  among  the  best  gynecologists 
of  the  West,  to  which  he  gives  spe- 
cial attention. 

He  is  prominent  in  secret  socie- 
ties, being  a  member  of  the  order 
of  Odd  Fellows,  the  Bed  Men  and 
several  others. 


248 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


JACOB  FRIEDMAN. 

Jacob  Friedman,  one  of  the  most 
prominent  of  St.  Louis  physicians 
and  a  member  of  the  faculty  of  the 
Beaumont  Hospital  Medical  College, 
was  born  in  St.  Louis  44  years 
ago.  He  received  his  early  ed- 
ucation in  the  public  schools, 
graduating  from  the  St.  Louis 
High  School  in  1873.  The  same 
year  he  entered  the  collegiate  de- 
partment of  the  Washington  Uni- 
versity, graduating  from  that  insti- 
tution and  receiving  the  degree  of 


was  appointed  interne  in  the  Quar- 
antine Hospital,  where  he  served 
during  the  yellow  fever  epidemic. 
He  quit  the  service  of  the  city  in 
the  fall  of  '78  to  accept  the  position 
of  Demonstrator  of  Chemistry  in 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  College,  and 
some  five  years  later  was  elected  ad- 
junct Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the 
same  college.  This  position  he  re- 
signed in  1892  to  accept  the  Chair 
of  Chemistry  and  Diseases  of  Chil- 
dren in  the  Beaumont  Hospital 
Medical  College.  This  professor- 
ship Dr.  Friedman  held  until  two 
years  ago,  when  he  was  elected  to 
fill  the  Chair  of  Chemistry  and  Clin- 
ical Medicine  in  the  Beaumont  Hos- 
pital College. 

In  November,  1S9 9,  Dr.  Friedman 
was  appointed  chief  physician-in- 
charge  of  the  Medical  Department 
oi  the  Alexian  Brothers'  Hospital 
of  St.  Louis. 

Dr.  Friedman  in  18S6,  and  again 
in  1894,  went  to  Europe,  where,  in 
the  University  of  Vienna,  he  com- 
pleted his  medical  education. 

The  doctor  has  devoted  attention 
privately  to  a  general  practice  that 
is  both  satisfactory  and  remunera- 
tive, and  he  has  as  yet  made  no  spe- 
cialty. 


chemist  three  years  later.  During 
those  three  years  Dr.  Friedman 
taught  in  the  night  schools  that  he 
might  be  enabled  to  meet  the  ex- 
penses he  incurred  as  a  result  of  his 
entrance  into  the  Washington  Uni- 
versity. 

After  his  graduation  from  that 
institution  he  matriculated  in  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College,  from 
which  he  received  his  diploma  in 
1878.  In  March  of  the  same  year 
Dr.  Friedman  was  appointed  an  in- 
terne in  the  City  Hospital  of  St. 
Louis,  and  later  in  the  same  year  lie 


FRANK  R,  FRY. 

It  is  through  the  good  work  of 
just  such  men  as  Dr.  Frank  R.  Fry 
that  St.  Louis  has  taken  the  position 
she  occupies  m  the  medical  world. 
His  researches  in  the  specialty  of 
the  diseases  of  the  nervous  system 
have  made  for  him  a  national  repu- 
tation as  an  authority  upon  neurol- 
ogy- 

Dr.  Fry  Avas  born  in  Cincinnati, 
0.,  45  years  ago.  When  he  was 
quite  young  his  parents  moved  to 
St.  Lords,  where  he  received  an 
education  at  Smith  Academy  pre- 
paratory to  his  entrance  of  the  Ohio 
Wesleyan  University  of  Delaware, 
0.,    from    which    he    graduated    in 


*"STKS^-ISS5^s:S5, 


■ 


l?l!l3s,; 


<  ■■  ;s;  ■'.■■  :.-.     ■  .;■..    .:'."  '  ■  ■«      '         '-■■■■■■■■    ■■    ■ 


S.    S.    TODD,    1S73. 


W.    O.    TORREY,    1874. 


ii'ilSli1 


J-    W.    TRADER,    1876. 


fn 

■'■Ms. 

..  ■•  :■.  ::•'■,    ""    "   .  .   ;■■  ' 

IllSIIIif"" 


F.    M.    JOHNSON,    1877. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


249 


1877.  Dr.  Fry  received  his  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Medicine  from  the  old 
St.  Louis  Medical  College.  After  the 
lapse  of  a  year  he  was  appointed 
as  an  interne  in  the  City  Hospital 
of  St.  Louis,  in  which  capacity  he 
served  for  the  ensuing  year.  At 
the  close  of  his  term  of  service  in 
that  institution  he  "began  the  prac- 
tice of  mechc-ine  in  St.  Louis. 

He  early  made  a  specialtv  of  dis- 
eases of  the  nervous  system,  to 
which  he  confines  his  practice. 

He  was  appointed  Lecturer  on 
Anatomy  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
College  soon  after  his  graduation, 
and  later  took  the  Chair  of  Xeurol- 
ogy  in  the  same  institution,  which 
lie  held  up  to  the  time  of  the  con- 
solidation of  tlie  St.  Louis  and  Mis- 
souri Colleges  and  their  affiliation 
with  Washington  University  as  its 
medical  department.  "When  that 
came  about  he  accepted  the  Chair 
of  _\ervous  Diseases  in  the  new  col- 
lege. 

Dr.  Fry  has  contributed  largely 
to  the  medical  literature  of  the 
country  on  neurological  subjects. 


He  is  a  member  of  the  American 
JSTeurological  Association,  the  Mis- 
souri State  Association,  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  Societv  and  the 
Alumni  Society  of  the  City  Hos- 
pital. 

P.  P.  FULKEBSOX. 

Dr.  P.  P.  Fulkerson  is  one  of  the 
young  men  of  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  who 
is  rapidly  pushing  his  wa}'  to  the 
front  ranks  of  the  medical  profes- 
sion in  the  State.  He  received  his 
medical  education  in  the  Bellevue 
Hospital  Medical  College,  iSTew  York 
City,  graduating  therefrom  m 
March,  1896.  He  made  a  special 
study  of  diseases  of  the  eye,  ear, 
nose  and  throat,  taking  a  special 
course  of  study  in  the  Xew  York 
Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  and  has 
followed  that  line  of  work  since  he 
has  been  practicing.  After  his 
graduation  he  went  back  to  St.  Jo- 
seph, the  city  of  his  birth,  to  prac- 
tice. He  is  one  of  the  young  men 
who  are  using  the  newer  methods 
of  treatment,  and  his  work  has  been 


250 


ONE    HUNDRED    TEARS    OF 


more  than  ordinarily  successful  as 
a  result. 

Dr.  Fulkerson  was  born  in  St.  Jo- 
seph, September  20,  1871,  and  ob- 
tained the  preliminary  education 
there  which  has  to  a  certain  extent 
fitted  him  for  his  life's  work. 

BOBEBT  M.  FUNKHOUSEB. 

Bobert  Monroe  Funkhouser  was 
born  in  St.  Louis,  December  10, 
1849.  His  father  was  Eobert  M. 
Funkhouser.  a  well-known  city  mer- 


chant and  banker.  His  mother  was 
a  Selmes,  a  descendant  through  the 
maternal  line  of  the  Spencer  and 
Eussell  families  of  England.  An- 
cestors of  hers  in  America  served 
with  distinction  in  the  Bevolution- 
ary  and  Civil  wars. 

The  son's  early  educational  train- 
ing was  had  in  the  St.  Louis  public- 
schools,  and  under  the  tutelage  of 
the  late  Bishop  Dtinlap.  He  is  a 
graduate  of  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia and  in  1871  finished  a  course 
in  the  Dartmouth  College,  of  Han- 
over, N.  H.  He  next  attended  the 
Columbia  Law  School  of  New  York, 
and  graduated  from  that  institution 


in  1873  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor 
of  Laws.  He  was  admitted  to  prac- 
tice law  at  the  bar  of  New  York 
State,  and  later  of  Missouri. 

Soon  after  he  took  a  course  of 
study  in  the  Medical  Department  of 
the  University  of  NeAV  York,  grad- 
uating in  1874. 

He  commenced  the  practice  of 
medicine  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
but  at  the  end  of  a  year  returned  to 
SI.  Louis,  where  he  at  once  became 
identified  with  medical  educational 
work.  His  private  practice  in  the 
city  of  his  birth  soon  grew  to  large 
proportions. 

He  was  for  three  years  assistant 
Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  Mis- 
souri Medical  College,  and  in  1876 
helped  to  found  Beaumont  Hospital 
Medical  College  of  St.  Louis,  and 
filled  the  Chair  of  Clinical  Surgery 
in  the  latter-named  institution  un- 
til 1891.  He  has  also  been  consult- 
ing physician  to  the  City  and  Fe- 
male Hospitals. 

Dr.  Funkhouser  is  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, the  State  Medical  Associa- 
tion, the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society 
and.  the  Medico-Chirurgical  Society 
of  St.  Louis,  and  is  president  of  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  Society  and  one 
of  the  trustees  of  the  St.  Louis  Med- 
ical Library  Association. 

In  social  life  he  is  prominent  in 
Masonic  circles,  and  is  a  member 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  Eoyal 
League  and  the  Society  of  Sons  of 
the  Eevolution. 

Dr.  Funkhouser  has  contributed 
to  medical  literature  various  papers, 
notably  those  the  result  of  original 
researches  in  physiology,  psychol- 
ogy and  surgery.  He  has  given 
freely  of  his  time  and  labor  to  nu- 
merous charitable  and  beneficial  in- 
stitutions of  the  city  and  State. 

His  private  practice  is  confined 
principally  to  surgery  and  the  dis- 
eases of  women,  and  in  this  field  is 
one  of  the  most  prominent  of  West- 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


251 


ern  physicians.  Dr.  Funkhouser  is 
one  of  the  most  progressive  of  Mis- 
souri practitioners,  and  it  is  safe  to 
assert  that  no  physician  in  St.  Louis 
holds  to  a  greater  degree  the  confl-. 
dence  of  his  patients,  friends  and 
the  public  in  general. 


EUGENE  C.  GEHRUNG. 

Eugene  Charles  Gehrung  was  horn 
June  10,  1810,  in  Alsace,  then 
a  part  of  France.  In  1870  he  grad- 
uated from  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  (original)  of  St. 
Louis.  He  began  practice  in  Den- 
ver, Colo.,  in  the  same  year,  and  in 
1876  came  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  has 
practiced  ever  since,  and  five  years 
ago  moved  his  office  and  residence 
to  its  present  location  on  Westmin- 
ster place  and  Yandeventer  avenue. 

Dr.  Gehrung  is  widely  known  as 
a  specialist  in  gynecology  and  ob- 
stetrics. 

He  is  a  FelloAv  of  the  American 
Gynecological  Society,  member  of 
the  American  Electro-Therapeutical 
Society,  member  of  the  American 
\  Medical  Society,  Fellow  (represent- 
ing the  United  States  Government 


in  1896)  of  the  International  Pe- 
riodical Congress  of  Gynecologists 
and  Obstetricians,  corresponding 
member  of  the  Obstetrical  and  Gy- 
necological Society  of  Paris,  France, 
titular  member  of  the  Electro-The- 
rapeutic Society  of  France,  ex-Pres- 
ident of  the  St.  Louis  Obstetrical 
and  Gynecological  Society,  ex-Pres- 
ident of  the  South  Side  Dispensary. 
He  holds  membership  and  honorary 
membership  in  other  societies. 

JACOB  GEIGEE. 

Dr.  Jacob  Geiger,  one  of  the  most 
prominent  surgeons  of  the  North- 
western part  of  Missouri,  medical 
writer  and  educator  of  note,  is  a  na- 
tive of  Germany,  having  been  born 
in  Wuertemberg  on  the  25th  day  of 
July,  18-J8.  Ffis  father  was  a  prom- 
inent and  prosperous  real  estate 
dealer  in  the  city  of  Dr.  Geiger's 
birth,  but  be  died  three  years  after 
the  birth  of  Jacob. 
.  En  the  fall  of  1856  young  Geiger, 
in  company  with  his  mother,  set  sail 
from  Havre  for  America,  reaching 
here  after  a  lapse  of  46  days.  They 


252 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


joined  the  two  older  brothers  of  the 
subject  of  this  sketch,  who  were  at 
that  time  located  in  Champaign 
County,  Illinois.  In  the  spring  of 
1858  the  entire  family  removed  to 
Brown  County,  Kansas,  where  the 
mother  died  the  following  fall.  Ja- 
cob then  went  to  St.  Joseph,  where 
he  worked  for  a  dairyman,  two  years 
later  removing  to  Illinois,  where  he 
worked  on  a  farm  during  the  sum- 
mer and  attended  the  public 
schools  in  the  winter.  After  com- 
pleting the  course  of  study  in  the 
district  schools,  young  Geiger  en- 
tered Homer  Seminary,  from  which 
he  graduated  just  about  the  time  of 
the  close  of  the  Civil  War.  .Return- 
ing to  St.  Joseph,  he  clerked  in  his 
brother's  grocery  store,  attending  at 
the  same  time  Bryant's  Business 
College,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
I860. 

The  following  year  found  him 
employed  as  a  clerk  in  a  pork  pack- 
ing establishment  in  St.  Joseph. 
While  acting  in  that  capacity  he  be-, 
gan  his  study  of  medicine  under  the 
preceptorship  of  Dr.  Galen  E.  Bish- 
op. In  1868  he  clerked  in  a  drug 
store,  that  he  might  be  enabled  to 
obtain  enough  money  to  pay  his  tui- 
tion and  expenses  in  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  University  of 
Louisville,  which  college  he  entered 
in  1870,  and  from  which  he  grad- 
uated some  two  years  later. 

Upon  his  graduation  Dr.  Geiger 
returned  to  St.  Joseph,  where  he 
established  himself  in  general  prac- 
tice. This  he  gave  up  in  1890,  that 
he  might  devote  his  entire  attention 
to  surgery,  which  he  had  made  a 
specialty. 

Dr.  Geiger  was  the  prime  mover 
in  the  organization  and  establish- 
ment of  the  St.  Joseph  Hospital 
Medical  College,  where  he  filled  the 
Chair  of  Anatomy.  In  1883  Dr. 
Geiger  also  organized,  was  made 
dean  of  and  appointed  to  fill  the 
Chair  of  Surgery  in  the  St.  Joseph 


College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
In  1889  those  two  colleges  were  con- 
solidated and  the  name  changed  to 
the  Ensworth  Medical  College,  in 
honor  of  Samuel  E.  EnsAvorth,  who 
had  liberally  endowed  the  college. 
Dr.  Geiger  is  a  life  trustee  of  this 
college.  In  1890  Dr.  Geiger  Avas  one 
of  the  organizers  of  the  Marion- 
Sims  College  of  Medicine  of  St. 
Louis,  where  he  delivered  two  lect- 
ures a  week  on  the  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Surgery. 

Dr.  Geiger  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  Medical  Herald,  which 
was  first  published  in  1887.  He  is 
still  the  ediior  of  the  surgical,  de- 
partment of  the  journal.  He  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from 
Park  College  in  1897. 

The  doctor  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Medical  Association,  the 
Mississippi  Valley  and  Tri-State 
Medical  Societies,  the  Western  Sur- 
gical and  G}aiecological  Associa- 
tion and  the  Association  of  the  Sur- 
geons of  St.  Joseph  &  Grand  Island 
Railroad  Company;  was  president 
of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  As- 
sociation in  1897,  and  is  now  (1900) 
president  of  Missouri  Valley  Medi- 
cal Society  and  the  St.  Joseph  Med- 
ical Society. 


MARTIN  L.  GEROULD. 

The  town  records  of  Meclfield, 
Mass.,  show  that  in  1700  a  Dr.  Ger- 
ould  settled  there  and  practiced 
medicine.  He  was  a  French  Hugue- 
not, and  is  the  first  Gerould  to  settle 
in  this  country.  From  that  stock 
came  the  Gerould s  who  fought  for 
Ainerican  liberty  in  "the  days  that 
tried  men's  souls."  Such  were  the 
ancestors  of  Martin  L.  Gerould,  the 
subject  of  this  sketch.  He  was  born 
at  Alstead.  K.  H.,  ten  days  after 
the  Fourth  of  July  of  1841.  His 
father  was  the  Rev.  M.  Gerould 
and  his  mother,  as  well  as  his  sire, 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


253 


can  find  among  her  ancestors  those 
who  fought  with  Washington. 

Dr.  Gerould  received  a  public 
school  and  academical  education.  He 
commenced  studying  medicine  just 
before  the  beginning  of  the  Eebel- 
lion  and  attended  lectures  at  Dart- 
mouth Medical  College.  From  April 
until  September,  1863,  he  served  as 
a  medical  cadet,  United.  States 
Army,  in  the  Columbia  Hospital  at 
Washington,  D.  C.  Dr.  Gerould  saw 
active  service  as  acting  assistant 
surgeon  in  the  navy,  serving  in  the 
Mississippi  Squadron  from  the  time 
he  left  the  Columbian  Hospital  un- 
til the  close  of  the  war.  After  re- 
ceiving his  discharge  from  the  navy 
he  entered  the  Medical  Department 
of  Harvard.  University,  from  which 
he  graduated  in  1866.  Immediate- 
ly after  graduation  Dr.  Gerould 
went  to  Webster  Groves,  Mo.,  and 
commenced  his  practice.  This  he 
gave  up  in  1879,  when  he  went  to 
Arizona,  where  he  engaged  in  cattle 
ranching  and  mining  for  the  next 
five  years.  He  then  settled  in  Kirk- 
wood,  Mo.,  where  he  has  been  ever 


since.  In  1889  Dr.  Gerould  mar- 
ried Miss  Helen  M.  Bartlett  of  Au- 
burn, N".  Y.  Dr.  Gerould.  has  de- 
voted all  of  his  professional  life  to 
general  practice. 

D.  M.  GIBSON. 

David  M.  Gibson  was  born  in  Illi- 
nois and  had  an  elementary  educa- 
tion in  the  country  schools  and  in 
the  High  School  at  Sparta.  He  at- 
tended the  Homeopathic  Medical 
College  of  Missouri,  and  graduated 
therefrom  in  March,  1890.  Soon 
after  his  graduation  Dr.  Gibson  was 
appointed  resident  physician  to  thfe 
St.  Louis  Children's  Hospital.  He 
remained  in  that  capacity  for  the 
four  years  that  followed, 

In  1894  he  was  made  an  assistant 
to  the  chair  of  surgery  in  his  alma 
mater,  and  later  received  the  ap- 
pointment of  professor  of  principles 
and  practice  of  surgery  in  the  same 
school.  In  1899  he  became  junior 
surgeon  on  the  staff  of  the  Good  Sa- 
maritan Hospital. 

At  this  writing  Dr.  Gibson  is  the 


:-:,: 


mm. 


251 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


editor  of  the  Clinical  Keporter  and 
President  of  the  Alumni  Associa- 
tion of  the  Homeopathic  Medical 
College  of"  Missouri.  He  is  a  mem- 
her  of  the  St.  Louis  Homeopathic 
Society,  of  the  Missouri  Institute 
of  Homeopathy  and  the  American 
Institute  of  Homeopathy.  He  is 
well  and  favorably  known  among  his 
professional  brethren  in  Missouri. 


MAX  A.  GOLDSTEIN. 

Dr.  Max  A.  Goldstein  is  a  native 
of   St.   Louis,   and  was  born  April 


39,  18?0.  His  father,  William  Gold- 
stein, for  many  years  a  prominent 
wholesale  merchant  of  St.  Louis, 
emigrated  as  a  mere  boy  from 
Northern  Germany,  and  soon  after 
the  Civil  War  settled  in  St. 
Louis.  His  mother,  Hulda  Loew- 
enthal,  was  the  daughter  of  a  Ger- 
man rabbi,  who  came  to  the  city  of 
New  York  with  his  family  early  in 
the  "60s. 

The   subject   of   this   sketch   re- 


ceived his  early  school  training  at 
Wyman's  Institute  of  Alton,  111., 
and  the  public  schools  of  St.  Louis, 
graduating  from  the  High  School 
in  1887,  and  then  attended  the 
Washington  University. 

Two  years  later  he  was  matricu- 
lated as  a  student  of  the  Missouri 
Medical  College  and  received  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  the 
spring  of  1892.  Entering  by  com- 
petitive examinations,  he  served  a 
term  of  one  year  as  house  physician 
to  the  City 'Hospital.  In  1893  he 
continued  his  studies  abroad,  spend- 
ing two  years  in  the  universities 
and  clinics  of  Berlin,  Strasburg, 
Vienna  and  London  in  preparation 
for  special  work  in  diseases  of  the 
ear,  nose  and  throat. 

Upon  his  return  he  began  the  ac- 
tive practice  of  otology  and  laryn- 
gology. In  the  spring  of  1895  he 
was  elected  to  the  Chair  of  Otology 
and  Clinical  Microscopy  in  the 
Beaumont  Hospital  Medical  Col- 
lege. During  the  same  year  he 
was  married  to  Miss  Leonore  Wein- 
er.  In  the  past  few  years  Dr.  Gold- 
stein has  been  active  in  the  literary 
work  of  his  specialties,  and  in  July, 
1896,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  F.  M. 
Rumbold  of  St.  Louis,  he  established 
and  began  the  publication  of  "The 
Laryngoscope,"  a  monthly  medical 
journal,  devoted  exclusively  to  the 
diseases  of  the  nose,  throat  and  ear. 
In  July,  1898,  he  acquired  Dr.  Rum- 
bold's  interests,  and  has  since  man- 
aged and  edited  this  journal.  At 
present  Dr.  Goldstein  is  president 
of  the  Western  Opthalmologic  and 
Oto-Laryngologic  Association;  holds 
membership  m  the  various  local, 
State  and  national  medical  societies. 
In  addition  to  his  private  and  clin- 
ical practice,  he  is  consulting  au- 
rist  and  laryLgologist  to  the  Alexian 
Brothers'  Hospital,  St.  Mary's  In- 
firmary and  aurist  and  laryngologist 
to  the  Terminal  Railroad  Associa- 
tion. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


ABNEE  E.  GOBE. 

Abner  E.  Gore  was  born  in  Shep- 
pardsville.  Bullet  Co.,  Ky.,  Oct.  12, 
1823.  His  early  education  was  com- 
menced in  the  public  school  of  his 
native  town. 

In  1834  the  family  removed  to 
Missouri,  settling  in  Monroe  Coun- 
ty, where  he  continued  his  educa- 
tion in  the  public  schools  and  later 
attended  the  Boone  Eame  School  in 
Boone  County,  an  institution  noted 
for  its  educational  advantages  in 
those  earlv  da  vs. 

In  1843  and  1844  he  attended 
the  Missouri  College  in  Mason 
County.  In  1846  he  entered  the 
Louisville  University  Medical  Col- 
lege, graduating  from  that  institu- 
tion in  1848.  Eeturning  to  Missouri, 
he  located  at  Paris,  and  at  once  be- 
gan the  practice  of  medicine,  where 
he   has    continued   ever    since. 

Dr.  Gore  has  at  this  writing 
(1900)  resided  and  been  in  practice 
over  fifty-two  years,  and,  although 
past  77  years  of  age,  still  attends  to 
his  regular  practice. 

In  1882  he  was  elected  president 


of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  As- 
sociation, of  which  he  is  a  member, 
as  well  as  several  other  medical  so- 
cieties. 

CHAELES  W.  GOWANS. 

Charles  YV.  Gowans  was  born  on 
the  13th  day  of  October,  in  the  year 
1ST 5,  in  the  State  of  Yew  York.  He 
sj3ent  the  first  eight  years  of  his 
life  in  the  city  of  Yew  York,  where 
his  early  education  was  commenced 
in  the  public  schools. 

In  1883  he  removed  to  St.  Clair 
County,  Illinois,  where  he  continued 
his  studies  in  the  public  schools, 
later  entering  the  Marissa  Academy, 
from  which  he  graduated  in  the 
spring  of  1895. 

Preparatory  to  his  entering  upon 
the  study  of  medicine  and  surgery, 
which  he  had  decided  to  adopt  as  his 
profession  in  life,  he  spent  one  year 
at  Monmouth  College. 

In  the  fall  of  1896  young  Gowans 
entered  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Col- 
lege, and,  after  a  three  years'"  course, 
2'raduated  from  that  institution  in 


256 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


Dr.  Growans  immediately  com- 
menced practice  in  St.  Louis,  giving 
his  full  attention  to  the  general 
practice  he  is  engaged  in. 

Dr.  Gowans  in  1899  served  as  in- 
terne at  the  Missouri  Baptist  Sani- 
tarium. He  is  physician  to  the  St. 
Joseph  Orphans'"  Home  and  is  a 
member  of  several  medical  societies. 


— - — 


JOHN  M.  GEANT. 

John  M.  Grant  was  born  January 
11,  1864,  at  Williamsburg,  Mo. 
He  received  Ms  early  education  in 
the  public  schools  of  that  little  city, 
and  was  fitted  for  entrance  to  the 
Missouri  Medical  College,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1889,  by  a 
classical  preparatory  education. 

Dr.  Grant  practiced  two  years  as 
interne'  at  the  City  Hospital,  St. 
Louis,  after  receiving  his  diploma 
from  the  Missouri  Medical  College. 

Then  he  began  private  practice 
in  St.  Louis,  and  has  remained  there 
ever  since. 

His  work  has  always  been  of  the 
best,  and  his  large  practice  attests 
to  this. 

He  at  once  began  private  prac- 


tice in  the  city  of  his  adoption  as 
a  general  practitioner  and  has  re- 
mained there  ever  since. 

Dr.  Grant's  close  attention  as  a 
student  and  the  devotion  of  his  en- 
tire time  to  his  practice  has  resulted 
in  a  large  and  continually  growing 
practice.  His  work  has  always  been 
of  the  best  and  has  placed  him  in 
the  front  ranks  of  Missouri  physi- 
cians. 

SPENCER  GEAVES. 

Spencer  Graves,  one  of  the  promi- 
nent physicians  of  St.  Louis,  and  a 
member  of  the  faculty  of  the  Beau- 
mont Medical  Hospital,  was  born  in 
Montgomery  County,  Kentucky,  on 
the  6th  day  of  June,  1858. 

He  received  his  elementary  educa- 
tion in  the  public  schools  of  his  ear- 
ly home  and  was  prepared  for  his 
entrance  in  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  of  New  York 
City  by  a  thorough  classical  educa- 
tion at  Cornell  Universit}r.  He  re- 
ceived his  degree  of  Doctor  of  Med- 
icine from  the   New   York    College 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


257 


of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in 
1883,  and  for  the  next  two  years 
was  house  surgeon  in  the  Charity 
Hospital  on  BlackwelFs  Island, 
New  York  City.  In  1886,  Dr. 
Graves'  hospital  term  having  ex- 
pired, he  came  West,  locating  the 
same  year  in  St.  Lonis,  where  he 
has  since  remained.  In  the  time 
that  has  elapsed  since,  Dr.  Graves 
has  built  up  a  large  general  practice, 
although  he  has  devoted  much  of  his 
time  to  surgery,  which  is  his  spe- 
cialty. 

Xot  only  is  Dr.  Graves  well- 
known  because  of  his  ability  as  a 
surgeon,  but  for  his  work  as  an  ed- 
ucator and  medical  writer.  He  oc- 
cupies the  Chair  of  Surgical  Tech- 
nique in  the  Beaumont  Hospital 
Medical  College,  and  has  contrib- 
uted largely  to  the  medical  litera- 
ture of  the  day. 

E.  H.  GKEGOKY. 

One  of  the  most  widely  known 
and  highly  respected  members  of 
the  profession  in  Missouri  is  the  son 
of  Charles  and  Sophia  Gregory,  both 
natives  of  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  who 
emigrated  to  Kentucky  in  1820  and 
in  1833  sdJled  in  Missouri,  in 
which  State  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  Elisha  Hall  Gregory,  who 
was  born  at  Hopkinsville,  Ky.,  in 
1824,  got  his  early  education,  and 
studied  medicine  with  Dr.  F.  W.  C. 
Thomas  of  Boonville,  then  a  physi- 
cian in  high  standing  in  that  sec- 
tion. 

Young  Gregory  had  some  expe- 
rience in  practice  in  Morgan  County 
in  1844,  and  in  1848  took  up  his 
residence  in  St.  Louis,  where  there 
was  greater  scope  for  his  abilities. 

He  graduated  from  the  Medical 
Department  of  St.  Louis  University 
in  March,  1849. 

At  the  very  beginning  Dr.  Greg- 
ory took  first  place  in  the  ranks  of 
Missouri  physicians,  and  as  a  citizen 
of  St.  Louis,  in  which  city  he  has 


been  a  practitioner  and  teacher  since 
1849.  Sterling,  earnest,  conscien- 
tious qualities  win  places  for  men, 
and,  possessing  these,  he  became 
eminently  successful  as  a  doctor, 
surgeon  and  teacher. 

He  carries  the  degree  title  of  Lit 
D.,  conferred  upon  him  by  St.  Louis 
University,  and  has  been  a  member 
of  the  St.  Louis  Board  of  Health, 
president  of  the  State  Board  of 
Health  and  twice  elected  president 
of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society.  He 
was  president  of  the  State  Medical 
Association  when,  in  1886,  he  was 
elected  to  the  presidency  of  the 
American  Medical  Association. 

He  is  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the 
Medical  Department  of  Washington 
University,  a  position  which  he  has 
occupied  and  rilled  with  much  cred- 
it, both  to  himself  and  the  college, 
for  half  a  century, 

Dr.  Gregory  was  married  April 
15,  1S45,  to  Miss  Joel  Smallwood, 
of  a  Maryland  family,  but  a  native 
of  Cooper  County,  Missouri.  Twelve 
children  have  been  born  to  the  cou- 
ple, seven  of  whom  are  living.  Dr. 
Gregory  is  still  engaged  (1900)  in 
active  general  practice. 

J.  D.   GRIFFITH. 

One  of  the  leading  practitioners 
of  Missouri,  and  perhaps  -the  most 
prominent  in  the  profession  of  the 
western  part  of  the  State,  is  Dr.  J. 
D.  Griffith  of  Kansas  City.  He  is 
president  of  the  Association  of  Mil- 
itary Surgeons  of  the  United  States 
and  medical  director  of  the  First 
Brigade,  K  G.  M.  His  father  was 
Brig.-Gen.  Bichard  Griffith,  a  warm 
and  lifelong  friend  of  Jefferson  Da- 
vis, his  trusted  companion  in  the 
Mexican  War,  and,  it  is  related, 
commanded  his  regiment  at  Buena 
Yista  gallantly,  leading  the  charge 
that  saved  the  day  for  the  Ameri- 
cans. Gen.  Griffith  was  a  West 
Point  man,  an  officer  in  the  United 
States  Army  before  the  war;  but, 


258 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


believing  with  many  others  that  his 
State  had  first  claim  to  his  alle- 
giance, cast  his  lot  with  the  South- 
ern Confederacy,  and,  like  many  an- 
other gallant  gentleman,  gave  his 
life  for  the  "Lost  Cause." 

Gen.  Griffith  was  killed  at  Savage 
Station.  His  eldest  son,  who  was 
in  the  Confederate  Army  also,  was 
killed  at  Shiloh. 

Jefferson  Davis  Griffith,  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch,  was  horn  in 
Jackson,  Miss.,  February  12,  1S50. 
At  the  close  of  the  war,  in  which 


he  lost  his  father  and  eldest  brother, 
young  Griffith  obtained  employ- 
ment in  a  drug  store  in  Jackson, 
preparatory  to  his  taking  up  the 
study  of  medicine.  He  began  his 
collegiate  medical  education  in 
1868  in  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical 
College,  and  finished  in  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  University  of 
New  York  in  1871.  He  had  pre- 
viously, in  1870,  entered  Bellevue 
Hospital  as  an  interne,  and  was 
afterward  made  house  surgeon  of 
the  third  division  of  that  celebrated 
institution. 


In  January,  jSTI,  he  came  to  Mis- 
souri, and,  settling  in  Kansas  City, 
entered  into  partnership  with  Dr. 
John  W.  Elston,  another  young 
physician,  also  a  stranger  in  the 
West.  This  partnership  lasted  until 
1877,  since  which  time  Dr.  Griffith 
has  practiced  alone.  In  1871  he 
became  a  lecturer  in  the  Kansas  City 
Medical  College  on  Physiology.  La- 
ter he  was  made  Demonstrator  of 
Anatomy  and  successively  filled  the 
Chairs  of  Physiology,  Anatomy  and 
the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Sur- 
gery, and  was  honored  by  being 
elected  dean  of  the  college. 

He  gave  up  the  general  practice 
of  medicine  in  1887,  since  confining 
himself  to  office  practice  and  sur- 
gery. He  is  a  firm  advocate  and  be- 
liever in  medical  societies,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  following,  in  which 
he  is  an  active  participant:  Nation- 
al Association  of  Eailroad  Sur- 
geons, American  Orthopedic  Asso- 
ciation, American  Association  of 
Gynecologists  and  Obstetricians, 
American  Medical  Association,  Con- 
gress of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
Mississippi  Valley  Medical  Associa- 
tion, Missouri  State  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, American  Public  Health 
Association,  Kansas  City  District 
Medical  Association.  Jackson  Coun- 
ty Medical  Association  and  Bellevue 
Hospital  Alumni  Association.  He 
is  consulting'  surgeon  to  several  of 
the  hospitals  of  Kansas  City. 

Since  the  first  few  years  of  his 
practice,  Dr.  Griffith  has  been  a 
busy  man.  with  little  time  for  culti- 
vating social  graces,  although  by 
nature  most  genial,  hearty  and  fond 
of  the  society  of  his  fellow-kind. 
Loyalty  to  his  profession  and  the 
prosecution  of  its  study  in  its  ever- 
unfolding  and  enlarging  fields  of 
labor  prohibits  his  devotion  to  so- 
ciety. 

Dr.  Griffith  has  always  possessed 
a  fondness  for  military  affairs.  Per- 
haps the  seeds  were  sown  during  the 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


259 


last  days  of  the  Civil  War  that  have 
since  developed  into  fruition,  and, 
being  a  physician,  his  attention  was 
naturally  directed  to  the  medical 
department  of  military  life.  His 
first  connection  with  the  National 
Guard  of  his  adopted  State  dates 
from  February,  1886.  Since  then 
he  has  served  successively  as  assist- 
ant and  first  lieutenant  of  the  First 
Battalion,  surgeon  and  major  of  the 
Third  Begiment,  volunteer  aide  on 
the  staff  of  the  First  Brigade  and 
lieutenant-colonel  and  medical  di- 
rector of  the  First  Brigade. 

In  March,  1889,  he  was  commis- 
sioned by  Gov.  D.  B.  Francis  Sur- 
geon-General of  Missouri.  He  served 
until  the  expiration  of  Gov.  Fran- 
cis' term  of  office,  when  he  resigned 
his  commission.  Dr.  Griffith  served 
as  surgeon  in  the  volunteer  army 
during  the  Spanish-American  War 
with  distinction.  When  the  Mis- 
souri volunteer  regiments  were  mus- 
tered out  of  the  United  States  ser- 
vice Dr.  Griffith  returned  to  Kansas 
City,  where  he  has  since  been  en- 
gaged in  professional  work. 

E.  A.  GBIVEAIJD. 

Emmanuel  A.  Griveaud  was  born 
at  Villeurbonne,  in  France,  Janu- 
ary 12,  1841.  His  parents  emigrated 
to  America  in  1849,  first  settling 
in  New  Orleans.  Young  Grive- 
aud's  primary  education  was  had  in 
his  French  home  and  in  New  Or- 
leans. When  he  was  11  years  old 
the  family  removed  to  St.  Louis, 
and  young  Griveaud's  education  was 
continued  in  the  Christian  Brothers' 
College  of  that  city.  He  also  at- 
tended a  business  college. 

When  the  Civil  War  commenced, 
in  1861,  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in 
the  Union  Volunteer  Army.  He 
served  until  the  end  of  the  struggle, 
and  was  mustered  out  in  1865  with 
the  rank  of  First  Lieutenant. 

For  the  next  few  years  our  subject 


was  employed  in  business  walks.  He 
finally  decided  to  take  up  the  study 
of  medicine,  and  so  entered  the  St. 
Louis  College  of  Homeopathic  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons.  He  graduated 
in  1871,  and  commenced  practice  in 
St.  Louis  in  the  same  year.  In  the 
years  1872-3  he  attended  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  College. 

In  1874  Dr.  Griveaud  spent  some 
months  in  Arkansas,  with  head- 
quarters  at   Chicoto,   studying  and 


gaining     by     observation    practical 
knowledge  of  swamp  fevers. 

At  one  time  he  gave  particular  at- 
tention to  cases  of  deformity,  but 
for  the  greater  part  of  his  profes- 
sional career  he  has  been  engaged  in 
a  general  practice,  which  has  in- 
cluded considerable  surgical  work. 
In  1873  he  was  assistant  surgeon 
of  the  United  States  Marine  Hospi- 
tal, St.  Louis.  From  1875  to  1877 
he  was  physician  to  the  Worthy  Wo- 
men's Home  and  physician  to  the 
French  Society  de  Bienfeven,  also 
Professor  of  National  Philosophy, 
Chemistry   and   Texicology   in   the 


260 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


Homeopathic    Medical    College    of 
Missouri. 

Dr.  Griveaud  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Homeopathy 
and  of  local  societies,  and  is  well 
and  favorably  known  locally. 

F.  WILLIAM  GKUNDMANN. 

One  of  the  distinguished  physi- 
cians of  the  school  of  homeopathy  in 
Missouri  is  Dr.  F.  William  Grund- 
mann, whose  labors  in  the  paths  first 
mapped  out  by  Hahnemann  entitle 
him  to  a  place  in  history.     He  was 


lorn  in  Westphalia,  Germany,  Oc- 
tober 16,  1858,  and  is  the  son  of 
William  and  Louise  Grundmann. 
His  primary  schooling  was  had  in 
lis  native  country. 

When  a  youth,  in  company  with 
a  brother,  he  emigrated  to  this 
country,  and  in  1881  we  find  him  in 
St.  Louis,  attending  night  school  in 
order  to  perfect  himself  in  the 
study  of  the  English  language. 
Later  he  took  a  business  college 
course,  and  from  1883'  to  1886  he 
attended  the  Central  Wesleyan  Col- 
lege at  Warrenton,  Mo. 


Having  decided  upon  medicine  as 
bis  future  life  work,  he  entered  the 
1  Lomeopathic  Medical  College  of 
Missouri,  and  graduated  therefrom 
with  honors  in  1888.  While  a  stu- 
dent at  the  Homeopathic  College, 
Dr.  Grundmann  had  attended  at 
different  times  the  Good  Samaritan 
Hospital,  A^alley  Park  Sanitarium 
and  the  Missouri  Medical  College  of 
St.  Louis,  where  he  became  thor- 
oughly grounded  in  the  practical 
part  of  his  chosen  profession.  In 
1891  he  took  a  post-graduate  course 
at  the  St.  Louis  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons,  and  was  grad- 
uated in  the  same  year. 

From  1889  to  1892  Dr.  Grund- 
mann was  jihysician  to  the  Good  Sa- 
maritan Hospital,  and  in  the  last- 
named  year  organized  the  present 
medical  staff,  acting  as  its  chief  un- 
til March,  1899.  In  1893  he  was 
Lecturer  on  Anatomy  and  Histology 
and  since  1894  has  occupied  the 
Chairs  of  Pathology  and  Bacteriol- 
ogy in  the  Homeopathic  Medical 
College  of  Missouri.  He  is  an  act- 
ive member  of  the  St.  Louis  Society 
of  Homeopathic  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  of  the  Missouri  Institute 
of  Homeopathy  and  the  American 
Institute  of  Homeopathy. 

Aside  from  his  professional  work, 
Dr.  Grundmann  is  a  valued  and  es- 
teemed citizen,  always  to  be  found 
among  the  leaders  in  any  movement 
tending  to  improve  and  elevate  and 
make  prosperous  the  city  and  State 
of  his  adoption. 

JOH?sT  0.  GUHMAK 

John  0.  Guhman  was  born  in  St. 
Louis,  January  29,  1870.  He  is 
the  eldest  son  of  Dr.  Mcholas  Guh- 
man of  honored  memory.  His  lit- 
erary education  was  received  in  the 
public  schools  and  at  St.  Louis  Uni- 
versity. Following  the  family  bent 
toward  the  profession  of  medicine, 
he  early  prepared  himself  for  study 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


261 


the  St.  Louis  University  and  Mound 
City  Commercial  College. 

After  receiving  his  degree  of  Doc- 
tor of  Medicine  he  began  the  gen- 
eral practice  of  medicine,  to  which 
he  has  devoted  himself  ever  since. 
Dr.  Culiman  has  always  practiced  in 
St.  Louis,  and  is  a  thorough  St, 
Louisan  in  every  sense  of  the  word. 
He  is  one  of  the  younger  generation 
of  men  in  the  profession  who  are 
forging  their  way  rapidly  to  the 
front.       His  work  speaks  for  itself 


". 


in  that  science,  and  finally  gradu- 
ated from  the  Missouri  Medical  Col- 
lege in  the  spring  of  1889. 

Since  then  he  has  risen  rapidly 
in  his  profession,  and  at  this  writ- 
ing bids  fair  to  attain  at  least  a 
share  of  the  prominence  that  his 
father  held  in  the  community. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Society,  and  in  the  years 
1890-91  was  recording  secretarv  to 
that  body. 

Since  1892  he  has  been  physician- 
in-charge  at  St.  Vincent's  Orphan 
Asylum,  a  position  that  his  father 
held  for  eighteen  years.  His  prac- 
tice is  principally  in  surgery. 


MATTHEW  GEOBGE  GUHMAN. 

Matthew  G.  Guhman  is  a  native 
of  the  metropolis  of  the  Mississippi 
Vallev.  He  Avas  born  on  the  last 
day  of  June,  1872. 

When  but  19  years  of  age  he  grad- 
uated with  honors  from  the  Old 
Missouri  Medical  College.  His  ed- 
ucation previous  to  his  entrance  of 

the  medical  college  was  obtained  in 


M'Jk:$M 


and  stamps  him  as  a  physician  who 
will  soon  have  won  for  himself  an 
enduring  place  in  the  profession. 

NICHOLAS  GUHMAN. 

The  Guhman  family  are  well  rep- 
resented in  the  ranks  of  the  medical 
profession  in  Missouri.  The  pioneer 
of  the  family  in  America  was  Nich- 
olas Guhman.  He  was  born  in 
Gleisweiler,  in  the  Kingdom  of  Ba- 
varia, Germany,  September  22,  1833. 
His  was  an  old  and  distinguished 
German  family.  His  parents  were 
John  Jacob  and  Margaret  Guhman, 


262 


ONE    HUNDRED    TEARS    OF 


the  father  being  a  prosperous  wine 
grower.  Our  subject  received  a  lib- 
eral education  and  prepared  him- 
self for  the  study  and  practice  of 
medicine  in  his  native  country.  But 
the  troublous  condition  of  affairs  in 
Germany  at  that  period  changed  his 
plans,  and  at  the  age  of  19  he  emi- 
grated to  this  country,  and  settled 
in  St.  Louis.  ISTot  having  the  means 
to  pursue  his  medical  studies  upon 
arrival,  he  for  several  years  em- 
ployed himself  in  various  business 
vocations. 

Finally,  in  185 S,  he  matriculated 


subsequent  career  as  a  physician  in 
the  city  of  his  adoption  was  a  most 
successful  one. 

For  eighteen  years  he  was  physi- 
cian-in-charge  at  St.  Vincent's  Ger- 
man Orphan  Asylum.  He  was  also 
connected  in  a  professional  capacity 
with  many  charitable  institutions, 
and  always  gave  liberally  of  his  ser- 
vices and  means  for  such  purposes. 
He  Avas  vice-president  of  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  Society  in  1888.  From 
1S69  to  1873  he  was  a  member  of 
the  City  School  Board  of  St.  Louis, 
and  as  such  accomplished  much  for 
the  cause  of  public  education. 

Fie  was  married  in  1856  to  Hen- 
rietta Ernstine  Meisner.  Seven 
children  were  born  of  that  union, 
and  two  sons,  John  0.  and  Matthew 
G.  Guhman,  are  now  practicing  phy- 
sicians in  St.  Louis. 

He  continued  in  active  practice 
until  1893,  when  he  died,  Septem- 
ber 22  of  that  year,  after  a  most 
useful  life.  His  memory  is  hon- 
ored in  St.  Louis,  both  in  the  capac- 
ities of  physician  and  citizen. 


in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College, 
and  received  bis  diploma  in  1861. 
Immediately  after  his  graduation 
Dr.  Guhman  was  appointed  an  as- 
sistant surgeon  in  the  United  States 
Army,  and  entered  upon  service  in 
the  Union  forces  in  the  war  between 
the  States.  After  the  fall  of  Vicks- 
burg  he  was  assigned  to  hospital 
duty  at  that  point,  and  served  there 
continuously  until  the  close  of  the 
war,  when  he  returned  to  St.  Louis 
and  began  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession   as    a   private    citizen.     His 


EDWABD  P.  HALL. 

Edward  Peeks  Hall  is  a  young 
physician  and  surgeon  of  St.  Joseph, 
whose  brief  professional  career  is 
full  of  the  promise  of  great  achieve- 
ments. He  was  born  in  St.  Joseph, 
and  received  a  common  and  high 
school  education  in  that  city.  In 
1897  he  graduated  from  the  Ens- 
worth  Medical  College. 

Immediately  upon  his  graduation 
he  went  to  ISTew  York,  where  for  the 
year  folloAving  he  was  clinical  as- 
sistant to  Prof.  R.  C.  Myles  and 
Prof.  Francis  J.  Quinlan  at  the 
Polyclinic.  At  the  same  time  he 
was  taking  a  post-graduate  course 
of  lectures  at  the  Manhattan  Eye 
and  Ear  Infirmary. 

Before  engaging  in  active  prac- 
tice at  St.  Joseph,  where  he  opened 
Iris  office  in  October,  1898,  Dr.  Hall 
was  an  attendant  at  the  dispensary 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


263 


of  the  Medical  Department  of  the 
Northwestern  University  of  Evans- 
ton,  111.  His  thorough  education 
has  well  fitted  Dr.  Hall  for  his  pro- 
fessional work. 

He  makes  a  specialtv  of  diseases 
of  the  eye,  ear,  throat  and  nose, 
and  is  accounted  one  of  the  hest  of 
the  3roung  practitioners  in  that  line 
of  work. 


has  heen  practicing  since  1896,  and 
has  done  remarkably  well,  both 
from  the  financial  and  professional 
points  of  view.  The  doctor  has 
made  no  specialty  of  any  special  dis- 
ease, but  has  followed  the  lines  of  a 
general  practitioner.,  and  this  alone 
makes  him  a  very  busy  man. 

WILLIAM  G.  HALL. 

"William  G.  Hall  of  St.  Joseph  is 
one  of  the  prominent  homeopathic 
physicians  of  the  State.  He  is  a 
Pennsylvanian  by  birth,  having  been 
born  in  that  State's  "Smoky  City" 
September  10,  1831. 

He  received  his  boyhood  and  clas- 
sical education  in  the  schools  of 
Pittsburg,  later  entering  the  Cleve- 
land Homeopathic  Medical  College, 
from  which  he  graduated  with  the 
class  of  '58.  He  began  his  practice 
of  medicine  in  Western  Pennsylva- 
nia, but  shortly  afterward  located 
at  Chagrin  Falls,  0.,  where  he  re- 
mained for  the  next  seven  years^  in- 
cluding his  term  of  service  as  as- 
sistant surgeon  in  the  Tenth  Ohio 
Volunteer  Cavalry. 


W.  ANTOIKE  HALL. 

W.  Antoine  Hall  was  born  on  the 
3d  day  of  October,  1869,  in  Clinton 
County,  Missouri,  where,  in  the 
public  schools  and  on  the  farm,  he 
received  a  liberal  early  education. 

After  deciding  to  follow  medi- 
cine, young  Hall  went  to  St.  Louis, 
and,  after  three  years  of  work  there, 
graduated  from  the  Marion-Sims 
College  of  Medicine  in  1893. 

Immediately  thereafter  he  en- 
gaged in  general  practice  near  his 
early  home. 

In  the  three  years  he  practiced 
there  Dr.  Hall  obtained  a  great  deal 
of  practical  knowledge,  which  has 
proved  valuable  to  him  since  he  has 
been  located  in  St.  Louis,  where  he 


264 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


In  1865  Dr.  Hall  removed  to  St. 
Joseph,  in  which  city  he  has  since 
practiced.  The  doctor  has  made  a 
specialty  of  gynecology  and  orificiai 
surgery,  and  his  practice  along 
those  lines,  coupled  with  his  large 
general  practice,  make  him  a  very 
busy  man. 

Dr.  Hall  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Homeopathy, 
past  president  and  member  of  the 
American  Association  of  Orificiai 
Surgeons  and  the  Missouri  State 
Institute  of  Homeopathy,  a  member 
of  the  Kansas  State  Medical  Socie- 
ty and  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Nebraska  State  Medical  Society.  He 
was  at  one  time  a  member  of  the 
Missouri  State  Board  of  Health.  His 
long  professional  career  has  been 
full  of  good  work  done,  and  now,  in 
the  autumn  of  life,  he  enjoys  the 
fruits  of  the  harvest  of  the  good 
deeds  he  has  sown: 

GEOEGE  HALLEY. 

Among  those  who  are  best  known 
for  merit  in  the  profession,  Dr. 
George  Halley  of  Kansas  City 
stands  pre-eminent  as  a  surgeon, 
physician  and  a  thorough  gentle- 
man. 

He  is  a  Canadian  by  birth  and 
education,  having  been  born  at  Au- 
rora, in  the  Province  of  Ontario,  on 
the  10th  day  of  September,  1839. 
His  boyhood  education  was  received 
in  the  schools  of  his  native  town, 
and  in  May,  1869,  he  graduated 
from  the  medical  department  of 
Victoria  College  in  Toronto. 

A  }-ear  later  Dr.  Halley  decided 
to  come  to  "the  States/*'  and  he  lo- 
cated in  Kansas  City.  The  growth 
of  the  city  on  the  Kaw  is  t}"pical 
of  Dr.  Hallews  rapid  strides  to  the 
front  in  the  profession.  He  has  al- 
ways been  identified  with  its  pro- 
gression, not  only  along  profession- 
al, but  other  lines. 

Dr.  Halley  has  made  a  specialty 
of  surgical  work,  and  his  practice  is 


devoted  to  that  and  consultation  ex- 
clusively. Along  surgical  lines  he 
has  always  been  known  as  an  orig- 
inator, not  an  imitator,  and  the 
work  he  has  done  speaks  for  itself. 
The  doctor  is  a  prominent  mem- 


ber of  the  Missouri  State  Medical 
Association,  the  American  Medical 
Association,  the  Jackson  County 
Medical  Society  and  the  American 
Gynecological  Society. 

HEXET  W.  HAXPETEB. 

Although  but  28  years  of  age,  Dr. 
Henry  W.  Hanpeter's  work  in  the 
profession  has  been  more  than  ordi- 
narily good ;  it  has  been  meritorious. 
It  has  been  of  such  merit  that  it 
has  made  him  a  member  of  the 
editorial  staff  of  the  newly  organ- 
ized medical  department  of  the 
Washington  University. 

Dr.  Hanpeter  was  born  in  St. 
Eouis  on  the  last  day  of  May,  1872, 
and  received  his  preparatory  educa- 
tion in  the  public  and  grammar 
schools  of  St.  Louis.  In  the  fall  of 
1891  he  matriculated  in  the  old  Mis- 


EX=PRESIDENTS  MISSOURI  STATE  MEDICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

(In  addition  to   others   whose   portraits  are  elsewhere  given.) 


E.  W.   SCHAl'FFLER,  1S7S. 


G.    M.    B.    MAUGHS,    187! 


/||P 


111 


^ift 


iiiilPr 


!.■':'■: -|-:l 


\**mm??~.m 


J.    M.    ALLAN.    1SS0. 


TVILLIS   P.    KING. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


265 


souri  Medical  College,,  now  affiliated 
with  the  Washington  University, 
and,  after  the  required  three  years' 
course,  graduated  with  honors  in 
the  spring  of  1894. 

He  immediately  hegan  the  active 
practice  of  medicine  in  the  city  of 
his  birth.  Later  he  was  made  as- 
sistant in  the  aural  department  of 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  College,  and 
when  that  college  and  his  Alma 
Mater  joined  forces  as  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  Washington  Uni- 
versity, Dr.  Hanpeter  was  retained 
as  a  member  of  the  clinical  staff. 

JOSEPH  HAEDY. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch,  Joseph 
Hardv,  is  a  native  Missourian,  born 
in  Ealls  County,  February  17,  1861. 

After  an  educational  foundation 
laid  in  the  public  schools  of  his  na- 
tive State  he  prepared  himself  for 
the  study  of  medicine.  He  finally 
became  a  student  in  St.  Louis  Med- 
ical College  and  graduated  there- 
from in  1892. 

His  first  professional  work  after 
was  as  interne  at  the  St.  Louis  Fe- 
male Hospital,   1892-93.       He  also 


served  several  months  as  physician 
in  the  Poorhouse.  This  service 
was  followed  by  one  of  two  years  as 
physician  and  superintendent  of  the 
Quarantine  Hospital. 

Dr.  Hardy  began  practice  in  his 
present  location  in  St.  Louis  in 
May,  1895,  and  has  since  that  date 


devoted   his    whole    attention   to   a 
growing  private  practice. 

JAMES   L.   HAKKIFGTOK 

Cincinnati,  0.,  is  the  birthplace  of 
Dr.  J.  L.  Harrington  of  Kansas  Cityr 
Mo.,  and  he  was  ushered  into  the 
world  on  the  30th  day  of  August. 
1837.  In  1869  his  parents  removed 
to  Kansas  City,  where  he  obtained 
the  education  which  fitted  Mm  for 
entrance  into  the  University  Medi- 
cal College  of  his  adopted  city.  Af- 
ter the  prescribed  coarse  of  study  he 
graduated  from  that  college  in  the 
spring  of  1889  with  honors.  After 
graduation  he  was  appointed  as- 
sistant city  physician  in  Kansas 
City,  in  which  capacity  he  served 
one  vear. 


266 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


111  1890  he  moved  to  New  Mexico 
and  entered  the  practice  of  medicine 
in  that  field  as  a  country  doctor. 
He  was  acting  coroner  of  Valencia 
County  four  years.  In  1892  he 
married  Miss  Viola  Greenwald  of 
Los  Limas,  Kew  Mexico.  After  re- 
maining there  six  years  he  returned 
to  his  old  home,  Kansas  City,  Mo., 
and  made  special  effort  in  the  line 
of  genito-urinary  surgery  and  skin 
diseases. 

In  1897  he,  together  with  several 
prominent  physicians  and  surgeons 
of  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  and  Kansas  ' 
City,  Kan.,  organized  the  College  of 
Medicine  and  Surgery  of  Kansas 
City,  Kan.,  and  was  elected  secretary 
of  the  hoard  of  trustees  and  fac- 
ulty and  Professor  of  Genito-ITrin- 
ary  and  Skin  Diseases.  After  two 
years  this  college  was  moved  to  Kan- 
sas City,  Mo.,  and  the  name  changed 
to  the  Medico-Chirurgical  College, 
where  he  now  holds  the  same  posi- 
tion and  chair  in  faculty. 

His  works  along  the  line  of  geni- 
to-urinary diseases  and  dermatology 
were  original  and  commended  him 


to  .the  City  Physician  of  Kansas 
City,  Mo.,  when  the  recent  epidemic 
of  variola  spread  over  the  country, 
and  he  was  placed  in  charge  of  the 
quarantine  and  St.  George  Hospital 
of  that  city,  where  the  mortality 
rate  of  this  dreaded  disease  was  re- 
duced to  one-half  of  one  per  cent. 
Dr.  Harrington  has  been  as  success- 
ful in  his  work  as  an  educator  as  he 
has  been  in  his  practice. 


JOHX  J.  HAKPJS. 

Buchanan  County,  Missouri,  is  the 
birthplace  of  Dr.  John  J.  Harris, 
who  is,  although  a  man  well  along 
in  years,  comparatively  a  newcomer 
in  the  ranks  of  the  profession. 

As  a  youth  Dr.  Harris  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  of  his 
native  county,  and  later,  in  1861, 
graduated  from  the  Kentuckv  Mil- 
itary Institute,  receiving  the  degree 
of  Bachelor  of  Arts. 

He  immediately  entered  the  Con- 
federate Army,  serving  as  drillmas- 
ter  in  Gen.  W.   G.   Slack's  division 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


267 


of  Gen.  Sterling  Price's  army.  At 
the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge  the  then 
Capt.  Harris  was  an  aide-de-camp 
to  Gen.  Slack.  During  the  war  Dr. 
Harris  had  the  misfortune  of  being 
captured  and  was  held  as  prisoner 
of  war  in  St.  Louis  for  some  three 
months. 

After  the  "unpleasantness"  was 
over  Capt.  Harris  studied  pharmacy, 
which  profession  he  followed  untiL 
1897.  From  pharmacist  to  doctor 
of  medicine  is  a  natural  evolution, 
and  it  is  not  strange  that  Dr.  Har- 
ris should  have  studied  medicine. 
After  taking  the  required  course  he 
received  his  diploma  from  the 
Barnes  Medical  College  in  1897,  and 
immediately  began  practicing  in  St. 
Louis. 

Dr.  Harris  is  an  apostle  of  alka- 
loidal  therapy,  external  and  internal 
hydriatics,  lacteal  inunction,  dairy 
alimentation,  sun-bathing  and  solar 
sanitation. 


W.  JOHN"  HARRIS. 

In  Shrewsbury,  England,  June  17, 
1852,  was  born  William  John  Har- 
ris, now  a  well-known  physician 
of  St.  Louis.  He  was  the  son  of 
Thomas  and  Martha  Rebecca  Har- 
ris. Young  Harris'  early  educa- 
tion was  acquired  in  the  schools  of 
his  native  country,  finishing  at  tiie 
City  London  College. 

After  coming  to  this  country 
and  deciding  to  make  it  his  home  he 
took  up  the  study  of  medicine,  and 
graduated  from  the  Homeopathic 
College  of  Missouri  in  1875,  after 
which  he  began  the  practice  of  his 
profession  at  Carondelet  (South  St. 
Louis.)  In  1880  he  visited  the 
large  hospitals  of  London,  England, 
and  in  1382  attended  the  first  post- 
graduate given  at  the  Missouri  Med- 
ical College.  Dr.  Harris  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  St.  Louis  Society  of  Ho- 
meopathic Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, of  the  American  Institute  of 


Homeopathy  and  of  the  Missouri 
Institute  of  Homeopathy.  He  is 
also  Professor  of  Special  Surgery 
in  the  Homeopathic  Medical  College 
of  Missouri,  and  is  the  author  of  a 
number  of  works  on  medical  sub- 
iects. 


On  September  26,  1878,  Dr.  Har- 
ris was  married  to  Jessie  Fremont 
Gibbs. 


GEORGE  W.  HAYERSTICK. 

George  Walter  Haverstick  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  January 
8,  1869,  and  as  a  boy  enjoyed  the 
usual  educational  advantages  of 
American  youth.  He  graduated 
at  Cape  Girardeau  State  Normal 
School  in  1890  and  from  the  Beau- 
mont Medical  College  of  St.  Louis 
in  1895,  and  commenced  practice  in 
that  city  in  the  same  year. 

In  May.  1895,  he  moved  his  of- 
fice to  its  present  location.  Dr. 
Haverstick  was  for  a  period  of  two 
years  connected  with  the  Alexian 
Brothers'  Hospital  of  St.  Louis.  He 
has   also   been   clinical   lecturer   of 


268 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


diseases  of  children  in  the  College 
of  Plrysicians  and  Surgeons.  Al- 
though a  comparatively  young  phy- 
sician, he  has  already  made  for  him- 
self an  enviable  professional  record, 
and  has  a  steadily  groAving  practice. 
Dr.  Haverstick's  specialty  is  dis- 
eases of  children. 

WILLIAM  HAERISON  HAYS. 

Hannibal,  Mo.,  is  the  birthplace 
and  has  always  been  the  home  of 
William  H.  Hays.  He  was  born 
there  on  the  29th  day  of  April,  1875. 
and  received  his  early  education  in 
that  town. 

After  receiving  a  public  school  ed- 
ucation there  he  began  the  study  of 
medicine  under  the  preceptorship  of 
his  father,  who  was  a  noted  surgeon 
of  that  section  of  the  State.  Later 
he  entered  the  Medical  Department 
of  Washington  University,  gradu- 
ating in  April,  1898.  Very  soon  af- 
ter his  graduation  Dr.  Hays  located 
in  his  native  city,  engaging  in  a 
general  practice  of  medicine,  which 
has  since  proven  quite  remunera- 
tive. 


At  present  Dr.  Hays  is  the  City 
Physician  of  Hannibal,  as  well  as 
President  of  the  Board  of  Health. 
In  the  latter  capacity  Dr.  Hays  was 
largely  instrumental  in  improving 
the  sanitary  conditions  of  Hannibal 
by  giving  it  what  its  citizens  face- 
tiously refer  to  as  "a  thorough 
whitewashing." 

In  public  life,  as  well  as  in  his  pri- 
vate practice,  Dr.  Hays  has  always 
thoroughly  di_2rnosed  each  case  that 


came  to  his  attention,  and  has  then 
shown  what  a  good  physician  he  is 
by  applying  the  proper  remedies. 

FEANK  L.  HEXDERSON. 

Frank  L.  Henderson  was  born  in 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  March  18,  1865.  He 
was  educated  at  the  University  of 
Missouri  and  the  Missouri  Medical 
College,  graduating  from  the  latter 
March  8,  1888.  For  over  a  year  he 
served  as  an  acting  assistant  surgeon 
in  the  regular  army,  and  then  went 
to  Europe  for  post-graduate  instruc- 
tion. Upon  his  return  he  entered 
the  service  of  the  Great  Northern 
Railway    as    division   surgeon,   and 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


269 


later  joined  the  niedieal  staff  of  the 
C,  B:  &  Q.  Ky. 

In  1893  Dr.  Henderson  took  tip 
diseases  of  the  eve  as  a  specialty, 
and  after  preparation  in  Xew  York 
and  abroad,  located  in  St.  Lonis.  He 
takes  an  active  interest  in  all  pro- 
fessional affairs,  having-  been  corre- 
sponding secretary  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Society,  and  being  now  its 
Vice-President.  He  is  secretary  of 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  Library  Asso- 
ciation, and  for  the  past  five  years 
has  been  Professor  of  Ophthalmol- 
ogy in  the  Barnes  Medical  College. 

GEOKGE  E.  HIGHSMITH. 

George  B.  Highsniith  was  born  in 
Savannah,  G-a,,  on  the  4th  day  of 
December,  1848.  His  early  education 
was  obtained  in  the  usual  manner 
followed  in  those  da}rs,  after  which 
he  entered  the  Missouri  Medical 
College  of  St.  Louis,  graduating  in 
1875.  He  at  once  began  practice, 
locating  at  De  Witt,  Carroll  County, 
where  he  remained  until  1882.  He 
then  took  a  post-graduate  course  at 


Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College, 
taking  the  degree  of  Doctor  in  Med- 
icine; also  special  courses  in  surgery, 
diseases  of  women  and  children,  dis- 
eases of  the  ear,  nose  and  throat  and 
physical  diagnosis.  He  removed  to 
Carrollton,  Mo.,  in  1888,  where  he 
now  lives. 

He  was  president  of  the  Xorth 
Missouri  District  Medical  Society  in 
1894,  the  Surgical  Society  of  the 
Wabash  Eailroad  in  1898  and  of  the 
Missouri  State  Medical  Association 
in  1899. 

He  is  regarded  as  the  special 
champion  of  the  country  practition- 
er, claiming  that  in  many  instances 
physicians  located  at  the  crossroads 
in  the  country  are  the  peer  of  the 
best  men  in  the  cities.  He  is  not  a 
Toluminous  writer,  but  his  contribu- 
tions are  among  the  higher  class,  in 
a  literary  and  scientific  sense.  His 
style  is  peculiarly  his  own.  The 
following  are  the  titles  of  some  of 
his  contributions  to  medical  and 
surgical  literature:  "That  Sort  of 
Thing,'"'  "A  Single  Dressing  After 
Amputations,"       "'Ligatures       Cut 


270 


ONE    HUNDRED    TEARS    OF 


Short/'  "The  Country  Practitioner," 
''Gynecological  Humbuggery,"  "The 
General  Practitioner/'  "Dreams 
That  Came  True/'  "Does  Missouri 
Need  a  Home  for  Epileptics?" 

He  is  also  the  author  of  the  fol- 
lowing addresses  and  lectures: 
"Chips  and  Whetstones/'  "Develop- 
ment," "The  Relation  of  the  Medi- 
cal Profession  to  Popular  Educa- 
tion," "Heredity  and  Crime,"  "Con- 
tributions of  the  Medical  Profession 
to  General  Literature  and  Collateral 
Sciences,"  "The  Doctor  in  Litera- 
ture." 


don  in  that  and  other  Illinois, 
towns. 

After  obtaining  a  classical  edu- 
cation Dr.  Holt  was  engaged  in 
business  pursuits  until  1895,  when 
he  decided  to  take  up  medicine.  He 
accordingly  matriculated  in  the 
Barnes  Medical  College,  from 
which  he  graduated  three  years 
later. 

Though  a  young  man,  Dr.  Holt's 
good  work  has  placed  him  in  the 
front  ranks  of  the  rising  generation 
of  Missouri  physicians. 

HUREL  PERRIE  HTJEYETTE. 

One  of  the  rising  young  physicians 
of  Kansas  City  is  Dr.  H.  P.  Huey- 
ette,  a  native  of  Paris,  France.  He 
was  born  there  March  7,  1867.  Af- 
ter receiving  the  education  that  the 
French  youths  obtain,  young  Huey- 
ette  came  to  this  country.  He  was 
in  turn  newspaper  man  and  lectu- 
rer until  1894,  when  he  entered  the 
Kansas  City  Medical  College.  He 
graduated  in  1899  and  located  in 
Kansas  City. 


ELMER  ELLSWORTH  HOLT. 

Dr.  Elmer  E.  Holt  is  a  graduate 
of  the  Barnes  Medical  College,  re- 
ceiving his  diploma  on  April  13, 
•1898.  He  began  practice  the  same 
day,  locating  in  St.  Louis,  where  he 
has  since  remained,  devoting  his  en- 
tire attention  to  a  general  practice, 
which  is  both  remunerative  and 
satisfactory  to  him. 

The  doctor  was  born  in  Salem, 
111.,  on  the  23d  day  of  November, 
1SG7,  and  received  his  early  educa- 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


271 


His  work  has  been  devoted  entire- 
ly to  diseases  of  the  nervons  system, 
mind  ps}^choses,  digestive  ills  and  to 
general  practice,  at  which  he  has 
been  unusually  successful.  This  is 
accredited  to  his  untiring  devotion 
to  study  not  only  along  the  special 
lines  he  has  adopted,  but  to  the  gen- 
eral study  of  medicine.  This,  with 
careful,  conscientious,  practical 
work,  has  steadily  advanced  him 
from  his  graduating  to  the  present 
day,  and  has  won  him  the  esteem 
of  those  older  in  the  medical  field. 

CHAELES  H.  HUGHES. 

Charles  Hamilton  Hughes  is  a  na- 
tive Missourian,  born  in  St.  Louis. 
His  ancestry  in  this  country  ante- 
dates the  Bevolutionary  period,  one 
of  his  forefathers  having  served 
with  distinction  in  the  struggle  for 
independence. 

Dr.  Hughes'  parents  came  to  St. 
Louis  from  Ohio  in  1836.  When 
the  boy  Hughes  was  9  years  old  the 
family  removed  to  Bock  Island,  111., 
where  his  early  schooling  was  con- 
tinued at  Dennison  Academy.  After 
finishing  the  academic  course  he  en- 
tered Iowa  College,  then  located  at 
Davenport,  but  now  at  Grinnell,  Io. 

In  1855  he  began  reading  medi- 
cine in  Davenport,  and  in  1857  en- 
tered the  St.  Louis  Medical  College, 
from  which  institution  he  gradu- 
ated March  3,  1859,  and  in  the  same 
month  began  the  practice  of  med- 
icine. 

In  1858  he  was  acting  assistant 
physician  in  the  U.  S.  Marine  Hos- 
pital. Later  he  practiced  in  War- 
ren Count}',  Missouri. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War 
Dr.  Hughes  was  appointed  an  assist- 
ant surgeon  in  one  of  the  Missouri 
volunteer  regiments,  and  in  1862 
was  commissioned  full  surgeon,  with 
the  rank  of  major.  He  served  four 
years,  and  during  that  time  was  in 
charge  of  many  hospitals  and  camps 
in  Missouri  and  the  West. 


In  1863,  by  order  of  Brigadier- 
General  Davidson,  Dr.  Hughes  was 
assigned  the  duty  of  vacating  a  dis- 
reputable row  of  houses  on  Poplar 
street,  St.  Louis,  and  converting 
them  into  hospital  wards  for  the 
treatment  of  the  decrepid,  disabled 
and  sick,  who  flocked  or  were 
brought  into  the  city  from  among 
the  civilian  population  at  the  time 
of  the  Confederate  General  Sterling 
Price's  invasion  of  Missouri.  The 
whole  block  was  overhauled,  reno- 


vated and  filled  to  overflowing  with 
the  fleeing  victims  of  fright  before  a 
marching  army,  and  gave  a  picture 
of  distress  and  misery  and  despair 
pitiable  to  witness. 

He  was  surgeon-in-chief  of  the 
Hickory  Street  General  Hospital 
and  McDowell's  College  Prison  Hos- 
pital, surgeon-in-chief  of  Schofield 
Barracks,  and  was  early  connected 
in  a  military  medical  capacity  with 
the  United  States  Marine  .  General 
Hospital  at  St.  Louis  after  its  con- 
version into  a  Government  military 
hospital.  He  was  chief  military 
surgeon  of  the  Iron  Mountain  Pail- 


272 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


Toad  throughout  1863,  having  his 
hospitals  at  Victoria,  De  Soto  and 
Pilot  Knoh.  He  has  heen  on  the 
medical  staff  of  most  of  the  city, 
public  and  corporate  medical  insti- 
tutions, and  though  much  engrossed 
with  his  private,  professional  and 
"business  affairs,  still  retains  active 
connection  with  some  of  them.  He 
will  be  on  the  staff  of  the  new  Cen- 
tenary Hospital,  connected  with 
Barnes  Medical  College. 

After  the  war  he  resumed  practice 
in  private  life,  but  in  1866  was 
Again  called  into  public  service  in 
the  capacity  of  medical  superintend- 
ent of  the  Missouri  State  Insane 
Asylum  at  Fulton,  continuing  as 
such  until  1872. 

His  return  to  and  permanent  lo- 
cation in  his  native  city  dates  from 
1872. 

Dr.  Hughes  is  President  of  Fac- 
ulty and  Professor  of  Mental  and 
^Nervous  Diseases  of  Barnes  Medical 
College.  While  not  a  specialist,  he 
is  a  practitioner  whose  practice  is 
now  and.  has  been  for  the  past  25 
years,  confined  chiefly  to  affections 
of  the  nervous  system. 

He  contributes  largely  to  the  pe- 
riodical publications  of  the  country 
which  are  devoted  to  the  subjects  of 
which  he  has  made  a  life  study. 

As  a  practitioner,  author  and  edu- 
cator, Dr.  Hughes  occupies  a  place 
in  the  front  rank  of  Missouri  citi- 
zenship. 

GEORGE  F.  HULBERT. 

The  ancestors  of  George  F.  Hul- 
bert came  originally  from  the  bor- 
derland between  Scotland  and  En- 
gland. He  was  born  in  that  part  of 
New  York  State  commonly  known 
as  the  "Holland  Purchase,"  on  the 
11th  day  of  August,  1855.  When 
he  was  but  a  lad  his  parents  remov- 
ed to  Hannibal,  Mo.,  and  later,  in 
1869,  they  moved  once  more,  this 
time  to  St.  Louis,  where  his  father 
•engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits. 


Young  Hulbert  obtained  a  public 
schooling  in  Hannibal  and  St.  Louis 
which  fitted  him  for  entrance  into 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  College,  from 
which  he  graduated,  after  diligently 
pursuing  the  studies  of  its  curricu- 
lum. 

Shortly  after  his  graduation  in 
medicine    Dr.    Hulbert    was    made 


surgeon-in-chief  of  the  St.  Louis 
House  of  Refuge,  which  position  he 
held  from  1880-81,  In  1882  he  was 
appointed  Superintendent  of  the  Fe- 
male Hospital  of  the  same  city,  and 
served  in  that  capacity  for  the  en- 
suing five  years.  For  a  time  he  was 
Professor  of  Gynecology  in  the  St. 
Louis  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  and  afterward  held  the 
Chair  of  the  Principles  and  Practice 
of  Medicine  at  the  Marion-Sims 
Medical  College. 

During  its  existence  Dr.  Hulbert 
had  charge  of  the  St.  Louis  Wo- 
man's Hospital,  being  one  of  its 
founders. 

With  his  withdrawal  from  active 
work  at  the  latter  institution  to  at- 
tend to  his  constantly  growing  prac- 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


273 


tice,  the  Woman's  Hospital  lost 
much  of  its  prestige  and  was  finally 
closed  altogether. 

The  doctor  is  a  consulting  .sur- 
geon at  the  Missouri  Pacific  Kail- 
way  Hospital  and  the  examining  sur- 
geon for  the  Fidelity  Mutual  Life 
Insurance  Company. 

Dr.  Hulhert  is  wont  to  say  that 
he  obtained  a  great  deal  of  his 
knowledge  of  medicine  and  surgery 
during  his  service  at  the  United 
States  Marine  Hospital  under  Dr. 
Wyman,  now  the  Surgeon-General 
of  the  United  States. 


DANIEL  L.  HUMFREVILLE. 

Watervilie,  Kan.,  is  the  birthplace 
-of  Dr.  Daniel  L.  Humfreville,  one 
of  the  younger  physicians  of  St.  Jo- 
seph, who  is  rapidly  gaining  a  well- 
deserved  reputation  for  himself. 
Having  been  born  December  19, 
1874,  Dr.  Humfreville  was  not  22 
years  of  age  when  he  graduated 
from  the  Rush  Medical  College  of 
Chicago  in  1896. 

After  a  few  months  of  practice  in 
his  native  State  Dr.  Humfreville  lo- 


cated in  St.  Joseph.  Up  to  the 
present  time  Dr.  Humfreville  has 
attended  only  to  general  practice, 
hut  is  devoting  what  spare  time  he 
can  to  a  special  study  of  diseases 
of  the  stomach  and  intestinal  tract, 
which  he  ultimately  expects  to  make 
his  specialty,  by  his  devotion  to  his 
chosen  profession  he  has  won  the  ad- 
miration of  the  older  members  of 
the  profession.  He  is  a  close  stu- 
dent, not  only  of  the  special  work  he 
has  in  mind,  but  of  the  general  prac- 
tice of  medicine 'as  well. 

EDWIN  E.  HUNTER. 

Edwin   E.    Hunter   was   born  in 
Auburn,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  29,  1864.  Early 


in  life  he  came  to  Missouri,  and  on 
March  17,  188 7,  he  graduated  from 
the  St.  Louis  College  of  Pharmacy. 
He  practiced  pharmacy  for  the  next 
twelve  years,  devoting,  however,  a 
great  deal  of  his  time  to  analytical 
chemistry. 

After  locating  in  St.  Joseph  Dr. 
Hunter  decided  to  study  medicine. 
He  accordingly  entered     the     Ens- 


is 


or>-  I 
<.  t-t 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


worth  Medical  College  of  St.  Jo- 
seph, from  which  he  graduated 
March  14,  1899.  He  almost  imme- 
diately began  the  practice  of  med- 
icine in  St.  Joseph. 

His  work  in  analytical  chemistry 
won  for  him  the  position  of  lectu- 
rer on  chemistry  in  the  Ensworth 
Medical  College. 

All  of  Dr.  Hunter's  private  prac- 
tice has  been  general  ir>  its  nature, 
and  he  has  built  up  for  himself 
quite  a  paying  business. 


BENJAMIN  MUBEAY  HYEES. 

Although  his  parents  were  Virgin- 
ians, Dr.  B.  M.  Hypes,  now  one  of 
the  most  prominent  physicians  and 
surgeons  of  St.  Louis,  was  born 
in  Lebanon,  St.  Clair  Co.,  111.,  to 
which  place  his  parents  had  moved 
shortly  before  his  birth.  It  was  on 
the  last  day  of  July,  1816,  that  Dr. 
Hypes  was  born. 

He  received  a  public  school  and 
classical  education  in  his  native 
town,  graduating  when  but  19  years 
of  age  from  the  McKendree  College 
there,  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor 
of  Arts.  Two  years  later  he  received 


the  Master,  of  Arts  degree  from  the 
same  college. 

He  was  for  a  time  after  his  grad- 
uation from  the  McKendree  Col- 
lege a  professor  in  the  Arcadia  Sem- 
inary at  Arcadia,  Mo.  This  posi- 
tion he  resigned  to  study  medicine, 
which  he  began  at  the  Bush  Med- 
ical College  of  Chicago,  111.  After 
attending  a  course  of  lectures  there 
he  matriculated  in  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  College,  from  which  insti- 
tution he  graduated  with  honors  in 
the  class  of  1872. 

Upon  a  competitive  examination 
in  the  same  year  Dr.  Hypes  was  ap- 
pointed as  an  assistant  physician 
in  the  St.  Louis  City  Hospital, 
where  he  remained  until  1874.  He 
then  resigned  from  the  staff  to  en- 
gage in  active  general  practice.  He 
established  himself  in  South  St. 
Louis,  and  has  been  there  ever  since, 
building  up  in  the  meantime  a  lucra- 
tive general  practice. 

Dr.  H3rpes  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  Marion-Sims  Medical  Col- 
lege, and  at  present  (1900)  is  the 
Auce-dean  of  the  faculty  and  Brof  es- 
sor  of  Obstetrics  in  that  institution. 

The  doctor  has  been  a  benefactor 
of  McKendree  College  and  a  number 
of  charitable  institutions.  His  worth 
as  a  physician,  gentleman,  educator 
and  scholar  has  already  been  estab- 
lished. 

JOHN  WESLEY  JACKSON. 

John  Wesley  Jackson  was  born  in 
Clark  County,  Maryland,  Nov.  6, 
1834.  His  early  education  was  ob- 
tained in  the  common  schools  of  his 
native  State  and  was  supplemented 
by  a  course  in  the  Charlestown  Uni- 
versity, West  Virginia.  He  re- 
moved to  Eranklin  County,  Missou- 
ri, in  1859,  where  he  commenced  the 
study  of  medicine  that  year  under 
the  preeeptorship  of  Drs.  George 
Johnson  and  J.  T.  Matthews.  He 
attended  two  courses  of  lectures  at 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  from 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


275 


1861tol863.  He  then  began  prac- 
tice in  Franklin  County,  and  in  the 
spring  of  1864  he  entered  the  United 
States  Army  as  post  surgeon  at  Co- 
lumbia, Tenn.  He  served  his  coun- 
try with  credit  and  honor,  and  at  the 
close  of  the  war  located  at  St.  Louis, 
but  returned  to  Franklin  County  in 
1869,  where  he  was  married  to  the 
daughter  of  Judge  North  of  that 
county. 


About  that  time  a  disastrous  rail- 
road wreck  occurred  on  the  Missouri 
Pacific,  and  many  passengers  were 
killed  and  wounded.  Dr.  Jackson 
was  called  to  render  aid  to  the  in- 
jured, and  so  well  did  he  acquit 
himself  that  he  attracted  the  fa- 
vorable attention  of  the  officials  of 
that  road,  making  him  popular  with 
all  classes  of  people. 

He  was  already  considered  one  of 
the  rising  surgeons  of  the  State,  but 
desiring  still  more  light,  he  went  to 
New  York,  where  he  attended  a 
course  of  lectures  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  win- 
ter of  1873-74,  graduating  with 
high  honors.  Returning  to  Mis- 
souri, he  was    at    once    appointed 


chief  surgeon  of  the  Missouri  Pa- 
cific. He  inaugurated  the  first  rail- 
way hospital  system  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountans;  in  1879  he  built 
the  first  railway  hospital  at  Wash- 
ington, Mo.,  where  he  operated  until 
1881,  when  his  jurisdiction  was 
again  enlarged  so  as  to  embrace  the 
entire  Gould  system  except  the  Iron 
Mountain  Railroad,  and  in  1884  the 
Wabash  system  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River  was  placed  under  his 
care.  In  February,  1885,  he  re- 
signed the  Missouri  Pacific  and  took 
charge  of  the  whole  Wabash  system. 
In  1880  he  was  elected  to  the  Chair 
of  Surgery  in  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Kansas 
City,  and  was  its  president  in  1890. 
In  1885  he  located  permanently  in 
Kansas  City,  where  he  remained  un- 
til his  death,  which  occurred  March 
13,  1890,  from  blood-poisoning. 

Dr.  Jackson  was  a  pioneer  in  rail- 
way surgery,  and  was  the  father  of 
the  railway  hospital  system  in  the 
West.  He  was  president  of  the  Mis- 
souri State  Medical  Association  in 
1886,  arid  was  the  first  president  of 
the  National  Association  of  Rail- 
way Surgeons  at  its  organization  in 
Chicago  in  June,  1888.  He  held  the 
positions  of  president  of  Wabash 
Surgical  Association  and  first  vice- 
president  of  the  American  Medical 
Association  at  his  death.  Dr.  Jack- 
son was  one  of  nature's  noble  men, 
whole-souled,  open-hearted,  genial, 
generous,  affable  and  kind-hearted; 
the  poor  as  well  as  the  rich  received 
his  best  skill  and  attention.  His 
death  was  sad  and  pathetic;  while 
he  saved  a  life  by  a  skillful  opera- 
tion, he  lost  his  own. 

JNO.  A.  JAMES  JAMES. 

Jno.  A.  James  James  is  a  native 
of  Iowa,  having  been  born  in  that 
State  in  1866.  He  received 
his  early  education  there,  and 
graduated  from  the  Iowa  State  Col- 
lege with  the  class  of  '86,  receiving 


276 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science. 
Shortly  after  that  he  came  to  St. 
Louis  and  entered  the  Beaumont 
Hospital  Medical  College,  from 
which  he  received  his  degree  of  Doc- 
tor of  Medicine  in  1891. 

For  the  next  two  years  Dr. 
James  was  associated  with  St. 
Mary's  Hospital,  and  later  took  a 
course  of  study  in  the  New  York  Eye 
and  Ear  Infirmary  and  the  Manhat- 
tan Throat  Hospital  of  New  York 
City.  He  made  a  study  of  the 
diseases  of  the  ear,  throat  and  nose 
while  there,  and  has  confined  his 
practice  to  that  specialty  since  en- 
gaging in  private  practice. 

Dr  James  occupied  the  chair  of 
the  diseases  of  the  ear,  throat  and 
nose  in  the  St  Louis  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  from  1895 
to  1898,  and  he  is  now  the  consult- 
ant on  those  diseases  in  the  Missouri 
Pacific  and  Iron  Mountain  Railway 
Hospital. 

CHARLES  M.  JOHNSON. 

Dr.  Charles  M.  Johnson  of  St. 
Charles  was  horn  in  Virginia,  and 


came  to  Missouri  when  a  mere  child. 
After  attending  public  schools  he 
was  a  student  at  the  St.  Charles 
College  for  two  years.  He  studied 
medicine  at  the  university  of  Penn- 
sylvania and  was  graduated  from 
that  institution  in  1850.  He  prac- 
ticed medicine  for  a  short  time  in 
Warren  ton  and  Troy.  During  the 
war  he  was  captain  in  the  Confed- 
erate service.  Immediately  after 
the  war  was  ended  he  located  at  St. 
Charles,  where  he  has  ever  since 
been  engaged  in  the  practice  of  med- 
icine. 

Dr.  Johnson  has  always  attended 
— and  though  74  years  of  age  is  still 
attending — a  very  large  practice. 
He  goes  to  the  rich  and  poor  alike; 
he  believes  that  there  is  something 
more  in  the  practice  of  medicine 
than  the  mere  making  of  money, 
and  feels  that  the  "consciousness  of 
deeds  well  done"  affords  pleasures 
at  least  equal  to  those  money  can 
purchase.  To  the  young  men  in  the 
profession  he  has  always  been  ex- 
ceptionally kind  and  helpful.  He 
was  twice  elected  president  of  the 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


277 


St.    Charles    County    Medical    So- 
ciety. 

As  an  evidence  of  the  high  es- 
teem in  which  he  is  held  hy  his  col- 
leagues, it  may  he  mentioned  that 
recently,  on  the  occasion  of  the  cele- 
bration of  the  74th  anniversary  of 
his  birthday,  all  the  regular  physi- 
cians of  St.  Charles  met  at  his  home 
to  extend  congratulations. 

E.  HOEACE  JOHNSON. 

St.  Louis.  1872.  define  the  place 
and  year  of  birth  of  the  subject  of 
this  sketch.  Dr.  E.  Horace  Johnson. 


After  availing  himself  of  the  ad- 
vantages offered  to  St.  Louis  youths 
in  the  public  school  system  of  that 
city,  he  entered  the  American  Med- 
ical College. 

Graduating  from  this  institution 
in  1895,  he  in  the  same  year  com- 
menced the  practice  of  medicine  in 
Medoc,  Jasper  County,  Mo. 

Not  satisfied  with  the  medical 
training  already  had,  Dr.  Johnson 
returned  to  St.  Louis  and  entered 
Barnes  Medical  College,  graduating 
in  1897. 


This  time  he  did  not  look  about 
for  a  location,  but  recommenced 
practice  in  the  city  of  his  birth  and 
boyhood,  and  if  appearances  and 
common  report  are  worthy  of  cre- 
dence, Dr.  Johnson  has  never  re- 
gretted his  second  location.  He  is 
one  of  the  rising  young  physicians  of 
St.  Louis,  and  is  a  member  of  Medi- 
co-Chirurgical  Society  and  various 
other  medical  organizations. 

J.  B.  JOHNSON. 

One  of  the  old  guard  of  St.  Louis 
is  Dr.  J.  B.  Johnson,  who  has  been 
a  prominent  physician  and  honored 
citizen  there  for  half  a  century. 

Dr.  Johnson's  father,  John  John- 
son, was  a  native  of  Norway,  who 
came  to  America  in  1801,  settled  in 
Massachusetts  and  married  Harriet 
Bates,  daughter  of  Capt.  Joseph 
Bates,  distinguished  for  military 
service  rendered  his  country  in  the 
Revolutionary  War. 

John  Bates  Johnson  was  born  in 
Fairhaven,  Mass.,  April  26,  1817. 
His  early  education  was  had  at  the 
Friends  Academy  in  New  Bedford, 
Mass.  The  death  of  his  father  and 
his  mother's  delicate  health  re- 
tarded the  taking  up  of  a  collegiate 
course  for  some  time,  but  young 
Johnson  continued  literary  and  clas- 
sical studies  at  home  until  1835, 
when,  in  accordance  with  plans  long 
formed,  he  began  reading  medicine 
in  the  office  of  Dr.  Lyman  Bartlett, 
and  a  year  later  entered  Berkshire 
Medical  College.  He  graduated 
from  that  institution  in  1810,  and 
subsequently  was  honored  with  the 
medical  degree  conferred  by  Har- 
vard. 

The  young  doctor  laid  a  further 
foundation  for  later  professional 
success  by  serving  a  year  in  the  Mas- 
sachusetts General  Hospital,  where 
he  associated  with  the  leading  physi- 
cians of  Boston. 

In  1811  Dr.  Johnson  came  to  St. 
Louis    and    established    himself    in 


378 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


residence  and  the  practice  of  his 
profession.  His  ability  was  soon 
recognized,  and  it  was  not  long  be- 
fore he  had  an  extensive  and  lucra- 
tive practice.  In  1846  he  began  his 
career  as  a  teacher  and  lecturer.  He 
was  first  chosen  Adjunct  Professor 
of  Clinical  Medicine  and  Pathologi- 
cal Anatomy  in  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  Kemper  College,  which  af- 
terward became  the  Missouri  Medi- 
cal College,  and  filled  this  position 
until  185-1,  when  he  was  elected 
professor  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
College,  now  a  department  of  Wash- 
ington University. 

Dr.  Johnson  assisted  in  forming 
the  National  Medical  Association  in 
Philadelphia,  1847,  and  in  1850  was 
elected  one  of  its  vice-presidents. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  organizers 
of  the  Missouri  Medical  Association, 
and  in  the  early  '50s  was  its  presi- 
dent. During  his  career  as  a  St. 
Louis  physician  he  has  been  prom- 
inently identified  with  hospitals  of 
that  city  as  a  promoter  and  active 
worker;  and  in  the  Civil  War  pe- 
riod founded  several  military  hospi- 
tals and  served  on  the  United  States 
Sanitary  Commission.  He  was 
married  in  1851  to  Nancy,  daughter 
of  James  H.  Lucas,  a  distinguished 
citizen  of  St.  Louis.  Three  sons 
and  eight  daughters  have  been  born 
of  that  union. 

WM.  JOHNSTON. 

One  of  the  oldest  physicians  liv- 
ing in  St.  Louis,  both  in  point  of 
age  and  years  of  professional  ser- 
vice in  that  city,  is  William  John- 
ston, who  was  born  in  Jefferson 
County.  Kentucky,  August  19,  1814. 
His  father  was  Pearson  W.  John- 
ston, a  Virginian.  His  mother  was 
a  native  of  Pennsylvania. 

His  early  education  was  received 
at  a  county  school,  and  in  one  of  the 
old-time  private  schools. 

He  began  the  study  of  medicine 
at  Floydsburg,  Oldham  County,  Ky., 


under  Dr.  Robert  Miller.  In  1836-7 
he  took  a  course  in  medicine  at 
Transylvania  University  at  Lexing- 
ton, Ky.,  and  in  1838  received  his 
doctor's  degree  from  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  University  of 
Louisville. 

He  commenced  j:>ractice  at  his  old 
home,  and  continued  there  until 
1844,  when  he  removed  to  Xicho- 
lasville.  As  a  Kentucky  physician, 
Dr.  Johnston  attained  considerable 
prominence,  and  he  accumulated  a 
comfortable  fortune,  derived  from  a 
lucrative  practice. 

In  1850  he  came  to  Missouri  and 
located  in  St.  Louis,  in  which  city 
he  has  been  engaged  in  practice 
ever  since.  He  has  been  a  member 
of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society 
since  1851,  has  served  as  president 
and  vice-president  of  that  body  and 
is  one  of  the  most  honored  physi- 
cians which  have  been  identified 
with  that  organization. 

Dr.  Johnston  is  one  of  those  quiet, 
conscientious  family  physicians  of 
the  old  school,  known  everywhere 
among  his  clientele  as  a  valued 
counselor  and  friend. 

WILLIAM  P.  KEITH. 

Dr.  Wm.  F.  Keith,  a  well-known 
young  physician  of  the  city,  and 
for  several  years  connected  with  the 
St.  John's  Hospital,  was  born  at 
Louisiana,  Pike  Countv,  Missouri. 
March  14,  1876.  His' father  and 
grandfather  were  physicians  before 
him.  His  mother  was  a  daughter 
of  Capt.  George  Bernard,  a  whole- 
sale druggist  and  early  river  man  of 
St.  Louis,  whose  boats  had  the  first 
government  contract  to  carry  mail 
on  the  Upper  Mississippi. 

His  maternal  grandmother  was  a 
Miss  Jackson,  a  cousin  of  Gen.  An- 
drew Jackson,  and  his  grandmother 
on  his  father's  side  a  cousin  of  the 
author,  Mark  Twain  (Samuel  L. 
Clemens). 

The  Keith  familv  came  to  Mis- 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


279 


tution,  to  which  tie  continued  to  de- 
vote an  hour  each  day.  Dr.  Keith 
is  largely  a  self-made  man  by  choice, 
beginning  at  the  age  of  14  to  make 
his  own  way.  Dr.  Keith  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  St.  Lonis  Medical  So- 
ciet}*,  the  Washington  University 
Medical  Alumni  Society  and  the  St. 
Louis   Physicians'  Club. 

He  is  surgeon  for  the  Mercantile 
Protective  Association,  oculist  to 
the  American  Mutual  Aid  Society 
and  examiner  for  the  Modern  Amer- 
ican Fraternal  Insurance  Company. 


souri  from  Virginia  about  the  time 
the  territory  was  admitted  as  a 
State  to  the  Union,  some  members 
of  the  family  being  government  sur- 
veyors. 

The  Bernard  family  settled  in  St. 
Louis  in  the  earfy  '30s,  originally 
coming  from  Massachusetts. 

Young  Keith  received  his  early 
education  at  Louisiana,  Mo.  gradu- 
ating from  the  High  School  in  1891. 
He  then  began  a  clerical  career,  de- 
voting his  spare  time  to  the  study 
of  medicine  under  the  directions  of 
his  father.  In  1894  he  entered  the 
Missouri  Medical  College,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1897.  Dur- 
ing the  college  course  he  received 
a  highly  valued  prize  and  honorable 
mention  on  two  occasions  for  pro- 
ficient work. 

Immediately  after  graduating  Dr. 
Keith  spent  a  year  as  an  assistant 
in  the  different  clinics  of  the  college 
hospital.  In  1897  he  was  appointed 
in  charge  of  the  clinic  for  deformi- 
ties and  diseases  of  joints  at  St. 
John's  Hospital.  This  he  held  for 
two  years,  when  he  identified  him- 
self with  the  eve  clinic  of  that  insti- 


J.   MAETIXE  KERSHAW. 

"He  is  a  thorough  St.  Louisan," 
said  another  prominent  physician  to 
a  representative  of  the  Star,in  speak- 
ing of  Dr.  J.  Martine  Kershaw,  one 
of  the  leading  homeopaths  of  Mis- 
souri; "and  he  has  ever  allied  him- 
self with  all  that  i»  best  for  the 
profession  and  the  city." 

The  gentleman's  assertion  is 
borne  out  by  a  study  of  Dr.  Ker- 
shaw's career.  He  was  born  in  St, 
Louis,  his  parents  being  James  M. 


280 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


and  Margaret  E.  Kershaw.  His 
classical  and  professional  educa- 
tion was  obtained  in  the  Mound 
City.  After  obtaining  the  thor- 
ough early  education  offered  by  the 
public  schools  of  the  city  young  Ker- 
shaw began  his  medical  training  and 
studies  under  the  preceptorship  of 
that  renowned  surgeon,  Prof.  Jo- 
seph E.  McDowell,  who  was  then  in 
charge  of  the  famous  old  Missouri 
Medical  College.  Later  Prof.  E.  C. 
Franklin  became  his  tutor,  and  af- 
ter a  course  of  study  with  him  3roung 
Kershaw  entered  the  Homeopathic 
College  of  Missouri,  from  which  he 
graduated  in  1869. 

From  that  time  Dr.  Kershaw  has 
devoted  himself  to .  his  profession. 
He  has  made  a  specialty  of  diseases 
of  the  throat,  nose,  ear  and  lungs, 
at  which  he  has  made  a  great  repu- 
tation. 

He  has  found  time  to  contribute 
liberally  and  learnedly  to  the  med- 
ical literature  of  the  county,  the 
following  brochures  being  from  his 
pen:  Tonsilitis,  The  Curability  of 
Consumption,  The  Eelation  of  Na- 
sal Catarrh  to  Sleeplesness,  The 
Medical  and  Surgical  Treatment  of 
Catarrh  of  the  Ear,  Nose,  Throat 
and  Eespiratory  Apparatus;  The 
Medical  and  Surgical  Treatment  of 
Abscess  of  the  Brain,  Due  to  Puru- 
ulent  Disease  of  the  Middle  Ear; 
Foreign  Bodies  in  the  Ear;  Asthma, 
Its  Relation  to  Diseases  of  the  Nose; 
Early  Treatment  of  Diseases  of  the 
Throat,  Nose  and  Ear;  Grave  Brain 
Diseases  that  Arise  From  Inflamma- 
tion of  the  Middle  Ear;  Is  the  Ton- 
sillitome  the  Best  Means  of  Remov- 
ing Enlarged  Tonsils?  Removal  of 
Adenoid  Growths  From  the  Throat, 
The  Treatment  of  Pneumonia, . 
Chronic  Purulent  Otitis  Media, 
Symptoms  of  Abscess  of  the  Brain, 
Due  to  Inflammation  of  the  Middle 
Ear. 

Dr.  Kershaw  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Homeopath}7, 


the  Western  Academy  of  Homeopa- 
thy and  the  Missouri  Institute  of 
Homeopathy,  as  well  as  the  St. 
Louis  Society  of  Homeopathic  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons.  He  has  served 
as  president  of  the  St.  Louis  Society 
and  the  State  Institute  of  Homeop- 
athy. 

Dr.  Kershaw  was  for  a  time  Pro- 
fessor of  the  Chair  of  Diseases  of 
the  Brain,  Spine  and  Nervous  Sys- 
tem in  the  Homeopathic  Medical 
College  of  Missouri. 

He  is  also  the  author  of  chapters 
on  diseases  of  the  brain  in  Arndt's 
"System  of  Medicine." 

WM.  F.  KIER, 

One  of  the  leading  physicians  of 
St.  Louis  is  William  F.  Kier,  who 


was  born  in  Leechburg,  Pa.,  August 
4,  1849.  His  father  was  a  physi- 
cian, and  it  was  in  his  office  in  De- 
troit, Mich.,  that  young  Kier  first 
studied  medicine. 

He  received  his  education  in  the 
public  schools  and  at  Richie  College 
at  "West  Newton,  Pa.,  where  he  took 


EX-PRESIDENTS   MISSOURI  STATE  .MEDICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

(In  addition  to   others   whose    portraits  are  elsewhere  given.) 


;>, 


I ..',,:! 


A.    W.    HcALESTER,    1888. 


L.    I.   MATTHEWS, 


P"" 


■■■■!.■■■. 


T.    F.    PEEWITT,    1891. 


W.    H.    EVANS,    1893. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


281 


a  literary  course,  finishing  in  the 
latter  part  of  1864. 

He  took  the  regular  medical 
course  at  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Col- 
lege and  graduated  in  the  class  of. 
1871.  He  at  once  commenced  prac- 
tice in  the  city  where  he  received 
his  diploma,  and  has  continued  ever 
since,  with  an  office  in  the  same  lo- 
cation in  the  city,  devoting  his  en- 
tire attention  to  the  care  of  a  gen- 
eral practice,  which  has  grown  to 
large  proportions. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  local  med- 
ical society  and  of  the  American. 
Without  laying  claim  to  a  title  as  a 
specialist,  Dr.  Kier  has  paid  more 
attention  to  gynecology  than  any 
other  branch  of  his  profession.  As 
a  physician,  and  socially,  Dr.  Kier 
is  well  and  favorably  known  in  Mis- 
souri. 

GEOEGE  A.  KEEBS: 

One  of  the  young  leaders  in  the 
profession  in  •  South  St.  Louis  is 
George  A.  Krebs,  who  was  born  in 
the  Missouri  metropolis  May  12, 
1868. 

His  early  schooling  was  had  in 
the  public  schools  and  other  educa- 
tional institutions  of  the  city.  Fol- 
lowing the  bent  of  his  mind  toward 
medicine,  after  some  preparatory 
study  under  the  tutelage  of  Prof. 
W.  B.  Hazard,  he  matriculated  at 
the  St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons.  He  graduated  with 
first  honors  in  1888,  and  commenced 
practice,  after  being  associated  with 
Dr.  Bernays  for  several  years,  in  his 
present  location  in  South  St.  Louis. 

Here  Dr.  Krebs  continued  in  pro- 
fessional work  until  1891,  when,  he 
found  himself  able  to  satisfy  a  long 
cherished  ambition  to  take  post- 
graduate courses  in  European  cen- 
ters of  medical  education.  He  went 
to  Berlin  and  studied  there  and  at 
Heidelberg,  supplementing  his  stud- 
ies by  observation  tours,  in  which  he 
visited  some  of  the  leading  hospi- 


tals and  colleges  of  the  continent. 
After  spending  nearly  three  years 
abroad,  Dr.  Krebs  returned  to 
America  in  1893  and  recommenced 
practice  at  his  old  location,  where 
he  has  since  remained.  His  partic- 
ular study  is  physical  diagnosis  and 
nervous  diseases. 


Among  those  who  know  him  per- 
sonally it  is  not  necessary  to  recom- 
mend Dr.  Krebs  as  a  gentleman  ad- 
mirably equipped,  mentally  and 
physically,  for  his  calling.  He  de- 
votes his  entire  time  to  his  clientele, 
and  such  devotion  is  commanded  by 
a  large  and  steadily  growing  prac- 
tice. 

WILLIAM  J.  KRESS. 

William  J.  Kress  was  born  in 
Vancouver,  Wash.,  Sept.  6,  1873. 

He  received  a  good  literary  edu- 
cation and  prepared  himself  for  the 
study  of  medicine.  He  became  a 
student  in  Missouri  Medical  Col- 
lege, and,  after  finishing  the  regu- 


282 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


lar  course,  received  his  diploma  from 
that  institution  March  26,  1894. 

After  taking  a  post-graduate 
course  in  the  New  York  Polyclinic, 
he  located  in  Butte,  Mont.,  and 
opened  an  office  and  commenced  the 
practice  of  medicine  in  that  town  in 
November,  1895. 

He  remained  a  resident  of  Butte 
for  three  }rears.  At  the  end  of  that 
time  he  removed  to  St.  Louis,  where 
he  entered  the  office  of  Dr.  A.  C. 
Bernays,  whom  he  assisted  in  pro- 
fessional work  until  September, 
1899,  when  he  opened  an  office  of 
his  own  and  engaged  in  general 
practice. 

Dr.  Kress  is  a  local  surgeon  for 
the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  Bail- 
road  Company,  besides  attending  to 
a  promising  private  practice. 

ALFRED  W.  LATIMEB. 

Alfred  TY\  Latimer  is  one  of  the 
young  men  in  the  ranks  of  the  pro- 
fession of  St.  Louis  who  has  already 
ably  demonstrated  his  worth  as  a 
physician  and  a  surgeon. 


Born  in  Bock  Island,  Ind.,  he  re- 
served the  education  in  the  public 
schools  there  that  is  the  heritage  of 
all  Indiana  youths. 

After  obtaining  a  complete  clas- 
sical education,  young  Latimer  en- 
tered the  Beaumont  Hospital  Medi- 
cal College  of  St.  Louis,  graduating 
in  the  spring  of  1893. 

Through  his  ability  to  very  suc- 
cessfully pass  a  rigid  competitive  ex- 
amination, Dr.  Latimer  was  ap- 
pointed an  interne  in  the  City  Hos- 
pital of  St.  Louis,  which  position 
he  held  for  the  ensuing  year.  The 
following  year  found  him  serving  as 
an  assistant  physician  in  the  Female 
Hospital  of  St.  Louis.  He  resigned 
this  position  in  the  spring  of  1895 
to  enter  upon  active  general  prac- 
tice. He  has  devoted  his  entire  at- 
tention to  general  work,  and,  thanks 
to  the  experience  he  gained  in  his 
service  with  the  city  institutions, 
and  his  thorough  knowledge  of  med- 
icine, Dr.  Latimer,  has  built  up  a 
large  and  well-paying  practice. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


•283 


JOHN  C.  LEBRECHT. 

John  C.  Lebrecht.  a  native  of  St. 
Louis,  was  born  July  28.  1859.     He 
was   educated  in  the  common  and 
grammar  schools  of  the  city  previous 
to  his  entrance  of   St.  Louis  Uni- 
versity, from  which  he  graduated  in 
1879.       Later  in  the  same  vear  he 
matriculated  in  the  St.  Louis  Med- 
ical College,  and  for  the  following 
three    years    pursued  the  course  of 
study  prescribed  by  that  institution. 
Soon  after  his  graduation  from  the 
medical  college  in  1882  he  entered 
upon  the  practice  of  his  chosen  pro- 
fession, locating  in  South  St.  Louis, 
where  he  has  remained  ever  since. 

Dr.  Lebrecht  has  made  a  special- 
ty of  the  diseases  of  women  and 
children  from  the  start,  and  his 
practice  is  largely  of  that  class  of 
work. 

Dr.  Lebrecht  is  a  member  of  three 
medical  societies,  namely,  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  Society,  the  ^Missis- 
sippi Valley  Medical  Society  and  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College  Alumni 
Society.    He  is  also  quite  prominent 


in  secret  societies.  He  is  a  Shriner 
and  a  Knight  Templar  of  the  Ma- 
sonic Order,  ami  is  orominent  in  the 
Knights  of  Pythias  and  the  Ancient 
Order  of  United  "Workmen.  Besides 
these  Dr.  Lebrecht  has  identified 
himself  in  times  past  with  the  St. 
Louis  Turnverein  and  several  of  the 
large  singing  societies  of  his  native 
pity. 

JOSEPH  E.  LEMEK 

In  the  medical  fraternity,  as  well 
as  among  the  laity.  Dr.  Joseph  R. 
Lemen  is  held  in  the  highest  es- 
teem. His  career  in  the  profession 
and  his  worth  as  a  gentleman,  phys- 
ician and  educator  justify  this  opin- 
ion. 

Dr.  Lemen  was  born  in  Madison 
County,  Illinois,  June  5,  1853.  His 
family  removed  to  St.  Louis  shortly 
after  his  birth,  and  there,  in  the 
Smith  Academy  and  Washington 
Eniversity,  he  received  the  education 
preparatory  for  his  medical  train- 
ing. 

It  was  in  18T5  that  Joseph  E. 
Lemen   received   his     diploma     and 


7*-zpt:-;,:rr77^^'-  '■ 


■  ,  •  .  ...  ;.. 


:,  '■;;. 


284: 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  from 
the  famous  old  Missouri  Medical 
College,  where  he  had  attended  lect- 
ures and  studied  for  some  years  pre- 
vious to  that  time. 

Two  years  of  service  in  the  St. 
Louis  City  Hospital  had  its  share 
in  titling  Dr.  Lemen  for  the  large 
private  practice  in  medicine  which 
he  now  enjoys.  Since  he  has  heen 
practicing  Dr.  Lemen  has  made  a 
specialty  of  diseases  of  the  heart  and 
lungs,  and  his  practice  is  largely 
confined  to  them. 

Dr.  Lemen  is  Professor  of  the 
Diseases  of  the  Heart  and  Lungs  in 
the  Marion-Sims  Medical  College  of 
St.  Louis  and  a  member  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  and 
the  Medical  Society  of  the  Alumni 
of  the  St.  Louis  City  Hospital. 

While  it  may  be  tautology  to  say 
that  Dr.  Lemen  has  risen  rapidly 
in  the  tAventy-five  years  of  his  prac- 
tice, his  success  justifies  the  repeti- 
tion. Those  twenty-five  years  of 
practice  in  St.  Louis  have  done 
much  for  Dr.  Lemen,  and  he,  in 
turn,  has  clone  much  for  the  profes- 
sion and  the  laity  in  that  time. 

P.  I.  LEOYABD. 

A  German  by  birth,  and  Ameri- 
can by  choice  and  education.  That 
may  possiblv  account  for  the  success 
of  Dr.  P.  I.  Leonard  of  St.  Joseph, 
Mo.,  who  has,  in  his  fourteen  years 
of  practice,  risen  to  the  top  rank  of 
the  profession  in  that  city.  His 
fame  has  extended  throughout  the 
State  as  well,  for  he  is  acknowledged 
as  one  of  Missouri's  foremost  ocu- 
lists and  aurists. 

Born  in  Hesper,  in  the  Province 
of  Luxembourg,  Germany,  October 
9,  1862,  Dr.  Leonard  early  came  to 
this  country.  He  received  a  public- 
school  education  in  Yew  York  and 
graduated  from  the  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital Medical  College  of  Yew  York 
City  in  1885.  One  year  afterwards 
Dr.  Leonard  settled  in  St.  Joseph, 


where  he  has  been  practicing  ever 
since. 

Dr.  Leonard  is  the  Professor  of 
Pathology,  Otology  and  Bhinology 
in  the  Ensworth  Medical  College  of 
St.  Joseph.  He  is  the  examining 
oculist  and  aurist  of  the   Chicago, 


Bock  Island  &:  Pacific  Eailroad  and 
expert  to  the  United  States  Pension 
Office  in  his  adopted  city. 

Dr.  Leonard  is  now  (1900)  pres- 
ident of  the  St.  Joseph  Medical  So- 
ciety, a  member  of  the  Missouri 
State  Medical  Society  and  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association. 

BBAYSEOBD  LEWTS. 

Dr.  Bransford  Lewis,  a  son  of 
Judge  Edward  A.  Lewis,  who  for 
twelve  years  was  a  member  of  the 
Court  of  Appeals,  was  born  in  St. 
C'liarles.  Mo.,  in  1862.  He  obtained 
his  preliminary  education  in  the 
public  schools  and  Smith  Academy 
in  St.  Louis,  whither  his  parents 
had  moved  shortly  after  his  birth. 

Before  entering  the  old  Missouri 
Medical    College,    from    which    he 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


285 


graduated  with  honors  in  1884, 
young  Lewis  was  for  two  years  a 
student  in  the  academic  department 
of  the  Washington  University  in  St. 
Louis. 

Immediately  upon  his  graduation 
from  the  Missouri  Medical  College, 
Dr.  Lewis  entered  upon  his  profes- 
sional career  as  an  interne  in  the  St. 
Louis  City  Hospital.  He  was  con- 
nected with  that  institution  for  five 


years,  serving  in  turn  as  junior  as- 
sistant, senior  assistant  and  assist- 
ant superintendent.  His  conscien- 
tious application  to  the  routine  of 
his  daily  work  won  for  him  the  ap- 
probation of  his  elders  in  the  pro- 
fession. 

Upon  entering  private  practice, 
Dr.  Lewis  made  a  specialty  of  geni- 
to-urinary  surgery,  and  was  in  1889 
made  a  lecturer  on  that  branch  of 
surgery  in  the  Missouri  Medical  Col- 
lege. He  resigned  from  that  po- 
sition in  1894  to  accept  the  same 
professorship  in  the  St.  Louis  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  In 
1896  he  resigned  from  the  faculty 
of  that  college  to  accept  the  profes- 


sorship of  genito-urinary  surgery  in 
the  Marion-Sims  Medical  College  of 
St.  Louis,  which  chair  he  still  occu- 
pies. 

Dr.  Lewis  was  for  a  while  the 
genito-urinary  surgeon  of  the  Bap- 
tist Sanitarium  and  the  Baptist 
Hospital,  and  now  holds  the  same 
position  in  the  Missouri  Pacific  Bail- 
way  Hospital,  St.  Mary's  Infirmary 
and  the  Bebelrah  Hospital,  besides 
being  the  consulting  surgeon  on 
genito-urinary  diseases  in  the  City 
Hospital  of  St.  Louis. 

In  1891  Dr.  Lewis  made  a  trip  to 
Europe  and  studied  surgery  in  the 
clinics  and  hospitals  of  Vienna,  Par- 
is and  London. 

Dr.  Lewis  organized  the  Medical 
Society  of  the  Alumni  of  the  St. 
Louis  City  Hospital,  and  has  ever 
since  been  active  in  that  organiza- 
tion. He  was  in  1899  the  vice-pres- 
ident of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  So- 
ciety, an  honorary  member  of  the 
St.  Charles  County  Medical  So- 
ciety, a  member  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley  Medical  Societ}-,  the  South- 
ern Illinois  Medical  Society  and  the 
Missouri  State  Medical  Association. 
In  addition  to  these  honors,  Dr. 
Lewis  was  chLsen,  in  1893,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Association  of 
Genito-Urinary  Surgeons,  which  is 
composed  of  but  fifty  of  the  most 
prominent  genito-urinary  surgeons 
of  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
He  was  also  for  some  time  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, but  he  resigned  from  this 
bod}r  a  little  over  a  year  ago. 

Dr.  Lewis'  young  shoulders  bear 
many  honors,  as  can  be  seen  from 
the  above,  and  the  future  has  much 
in  store  for  him,  judging  from  the 
past. 

GUSTAVE  LIPPMAKNT. 

Gustave  Lippmann  was  born  in 
jSTeuwied,  Germany,  July  11,  1868. 
He  early  displayed  an  inclination  to- 
wards the  profession    of    medicine, 


286 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


and  studied  to  that  end. 

He  graduated,  from  the  University 
of  Bonn  in  1892,  and  came  to  Amer- 
ica and  located  in  St.  Louis  in  the 
same  year. 

Dr.  Lippmann  is  a  specialist  in 
mteixa]  medicine  and  diseases  of 
the  eyes.  He  is  a  valued  member 
of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  of 
the  St.  Louis  Biological  Society  and 
of  the  St.  Louis  Microscopical  Soci- 


ety. He  has  been  for  six  years  an  as- 
sistant ophthalmic  surgeon  in  the 
St.  Louis  Polyclinic  Eye  Depart- 
ment. 

Dr.  Lippmann  is  well  liked  by  his 
professional  brethren  for  his  schol- 
arly and  other  qualities,  and  is  so- 
cially a  popular  figure  in  the  city  of 
his  adoption;  a  close  student,  un- 
tiring in  his  efforts  to  gain  further 
knowledge  along  his  particular  line 
of  work,  makes  him  quite  a  busy 
man. 

ABRAM  LITTON. 

Dr.  Abram  Litton,  the  subject  of 
this    sketch,    was   born   in   Dublin, 


Ireland,  May  20,  1814,  being  the 
youngest  of  nine  children.  When 
a  child  two  years  of  age  his  father 
removed  with  his  entire  family  ,to 
the  United  States.  He  first  settled 
in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  but,  remaining 
but  a  short  time,  ultimately  moved 
to  Nashville,  Tenn.,  which  perma- 
nently became  his  residence.  Dr. 
Litton  received  his  early  education 
in  small  private  schools  of  Nashville, 
and  in  1829  entered  the  junior  class 
of  the  University  of  Nashville,  from 
which  institution  he  graduated  in 
1831,  being  then  17  years  of  age. 

The  next  year  we  find  him  teach- 
ing school  at  Paris  and  Jackson, 
Tenn.  In  1835  the  doctor  was  elect- 
ed to  and  accepted  the  Professorship 
of  Mathematics  and  Natural  Philos- 
ophy at  the  university  from  which 
he  graduated.  This  position  he 
held  three  years,  and  then  instruct- 
or in  the  branch  of  science,  which 
became  his  life  study,  namely  chem- 
istry. In  order  to  perfect  himself 
in  this  study  he  visited  Europe  and 
studied  in  London,  then  in  Paris, 
Avhere  he  remained  six  months ;  then 
to  G-ussne,  Germany,  where  he  spent 
six  months  with  the  first  Liebig, 
and  worked  under  him  in  his  lab- 
oratory, next  taking  a  six  months' 
course  under  Eosa  at  Berlin,  and 
finished  his  European  studies  with 
Doller  at  Gothirgin.  On  his  return 
to  Nashville  he  married  Julia  Alice 
Manning,  shortly  afterwards  ac- 
cepting the  position  of  Professor  of 
Chemistry  at  the  St.  Louis  Medi- 
cal College,  and  moved  to  St.  Louis. 
This  position  he  held  for  an  unin- 
terrupted period  of  forty-nine  years. 
Aside  from  his  work  at  the  medical 
college  he  taught  one  summer  ses- 
sion at  the  Columbia  State  Univer- 
sity and  became  chemist  to  the 
Belcher  sugar  refinery  at  St.  Louis. 

On  the  founding  of  "Washington 
University  in  1856  he  became  the 
first  Professor  of  Chemistry,  and 
held  this  chair  until  1891.  His  first 
year   at   the   university   he   taught 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


!87 


for  little  or  nothing  in  the  way  of  a 
salary,  even  giving  his  time  and 
money  in  order  to  visit  Eastern  lab- 
oratories for  the  purpose  of  super- 
intending the  building  of  a  labora- 
tory for  St.  Louis. 

His  summer  vacations  were  spent 
in  work  for  two  seasons  with  Rich- 
ard  Dale  Owen,  making  a  geological 
survey  of  Mississippi. 

During  his  early  life  it  was  his 
ambition  to  become  a  physician,  and 
after  graduating  in  medicine,  wh?6h 
he  studied  while  teaching,  he  prac- 
ticed for  a  short  time.  Not  think- 
ing himself  fitted  for  the  vocation, 
he  went  back  to  his  first  love,  chem- 
istry, and  the  balance  of  his  life  has 
been  devoted  to  chemistry  and  other 
sciences. 

He  again  visited  European  insti- 
tutions in  1871,  returning  with  a 
large  supply  of  instruments  and 
books  on  his  special  subject.  Dur- 
ing his  life  he  accumulated  one  of 
the  finest  scientific  libraries  in  the 
State,  which  he  gave  to  the  State 
"University  in  1898. 

Dr.  Litton  can  point  with  pride  to 
the  St.  Louis  High  School.  He 
was  first  to  suggest  and  use  his  in- 
fluence as  Superintendent  of  the 
Public  Schools,  which  position  he 
held  for  one  term;  thus  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  High  School  in  St. 
Louis  is  credited  to  his  endeavors 
to  advance  the  public  school  pupils. 
Dr.  Litton  was  twice  married  and 
had  three  children — Joseph  Nor- 
wood Litton,  who  was  a  lawyer,  and 
filled  a  bright  position  in  the  St. 
Louis  bar;  Charles  Manning  Litton, 
a  physician,  and  Alice  W.  Litton.  Of 
these,  the  daughter  only  is  living. 
Dr.  Litton,  although  now  in  his  86th 
year,  retains  his  mental  faculties, 
and  is  still  interested  in  his  scien- 
tific studies.  One  can  still  find  him 
busy  with  his  microscopical  and 
spectroscopic  investigations.  He  has 
lived  a  life  devoted  to  science,  and 
has  always  been  a  gentleman  of  the 
old   school.     As   a  teacher  he  has 


had  no  peers  and  few  equals,  as 
thousands  of  his  students  can  tes- 
tify. As  a  man  he  has  held  honor 
and  duty  above  all  else  and  has  lived 
a  life  accordingly. 

HENRY  LLOYD. 

On  March  6.  1866,  and  at  Belle- 
ville, 111.,  Henry  Lloyd  first  saw  the 
light  of  day.  He  received  a  common 
school  and  High  School  education 


previous  to  his  entrance  of  the  St. 
Louis  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  from  which  college  he 
graduated  in  March,  1890.  He  im- 
mediately entered  into  the  practice 
of  his  profession  in  St.  Louis,  and 
for  two  years  Dr.  Lloyd  was  the  as- 
sistant of  Dr.  A.  A.  Henske,  Profes- 
sor of  Gynecology  in  the  St.  Louis 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
Dr.  Lloyd,  when  in  private  practice, 
makes  a  specialty  of  gynecology. 

In  June,  1895,  Dr.  Lloyd  was  ap- 
pointed Chief  Deputy  Coroner  by 
Dr.  W.  J.  Wait.  He  held  this  posi- 
tion under  Dr.  Wait  until  Novem- 
ber, 1898,  when  he  was  elected  Cor- 
oner to  succeed  that  gentleman. 


288 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


Almost  immediately  after  his 
election  Dr.  Lloyd  entered  upon  a 
vigorous  crusade  against  the  Chris- 
tian Scientists,  Faith  Cure  Healers 
and  the  many  others  who  are  styled 
charlatans  by  the  reputable  body  of 
the  profession.  In  dealing  with  these 
people  Dr.  Lloyd  ha?  shown  a  sin- 
gleness of  purpose  that  has  won  for 
him  the  app  robation  of  his  brethren 
in  the  profession  and  the  public. 

H.  W.  LOEB. 

As  a  physician,  educator  and  edi- 
tor, Dr.  Loeb  is  well  known  in  Mis- 


souri and  adjoining  States  as  a 
thoroughly  competent  man  in  any 
or  all  of  these  capacities. 

Hanau  Wolf  Loeb  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  August  25,  1865.  His 
parents  came  to  Missouri  when  he 
was  but  a  babe  in  arms. 

His  literary  education  was  had 
in  the  public  schools  and  at  the  Mis- 
souri State  Universit}7,  where  in 
1883  he  received  his  "A.  B."  degree 
and  in  1SS6  his  "A.  M."  Taking  up 
the  study  of  medicine  he  was  first 


graduated  from  the  St.  Joseph  Med- 
ical College  in  1887,  and  later  from 
the  Medical  Department  of  Colum- 
bia University  of  New  York  in  1888. 

Dr.  Loeb  began  the  practice  of  his 
profession  in  St.  Joseph,  but  in  1890 
removed  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  has 
remained  in  practice  ever  since. 

He  -is  a  specialist  in  nose  and 
throat  diseases,  and  larvnsjologist  to 
the  St.  Louis  City  Hospital,  Be- 
bekah  Hospital  and  Grand  Avenue 
Dispensary.  As  an  educator  he  is 
Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Nose 
and  Throat  in  the  Marion-Sims  Col- 
lege o£  Medicine,  also  serving  as 
secretary  of  that  institution. 

In  the  journalistic  field  Dr.  Loeb 
is  widely  known  as  an  able  writer 
along  his  special  lines.  He  is  editor 
of  the  Medical  Beview  and  of  the 
Annals  of  Otology,  Laryngology  and 
Bhinology. 

His  belief  in  organizations  for  the 
promotion  of  medical  science  is  at- 
tested in  the  appended  list  of  medi- 
cal societies  of  which  he  is  a  mem- 
ber :  The  St.  Louis  Medical,  East  St. 
Louis  Medical,  Missouri  State  Med- 
ical, Illinois  Medical,  American 
Medical,  Mississippi  Valley  Medi- 
cal, American  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine and  the  American  Laryngolo- 
gical,  Bhinological  and  Otological 
Society. 

JAMES  E.   LOGAN". 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  was 
born  in  Kentucky,  Oct.  16,  1861, 
where  the  first  ten  years  of  his  life 
were  spent.  In  1871  the  family  re- 
moved from  their  Kentucky  home 
to  Missouri,  where  they  have  since 
remained. 

He  took  his  first  course  in  medi- 
cine at  the  Missouri  State  univer- 
sity in  1S81-2.  He  then  entered  the 
University  Medical  College  of  Kan- 
sas Citv,  graduating  from  that  in- 
stitution in  1SS3.  The  following 
year  he  spent  at  the  Bellevue  Medi- 
cal College  of  New  York  City,  where 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


289 


lie  graduated  with  honor  in  the  class 
of  1884. 

He  returned  to  Kansas  City  and 
established  himself  in  business  with 
his  father.  Dr.  YT.  G-.  Logan,  with 
whom  he  remained  in  general  prac- 
tice for  two  years.  He  then  de- 
voted himself  to  the  special  prac- 
tice of  laryngology,  being  the  first 
to  establish  himself  in  that  special 
work  in  that  city.  In  1885  he  was 
elected  lecturer  to  the  Chair  of 
Physiology  in  the  University  Medi- 
cal College,  under  the  professorship 
of  Dr.  John  H.  Duncan,  now  of  St. 
Louis,  Mo.  Two  years  thereafter, 
upon  the  resignation  of  Dr.  Duncan, 
he  was  given  full  charge  of  the 
Chair  of  Physiology. 

In  1886  he  was  elected  Professor 
of  Laryngology  in  this  institution. 
He  has  been  a  member  of  the  board 
of  trustees  of  this  college  since 
1887,  and  has  lent  every  effort  to 
the  upbuilding  of  what  is  now  one 
of  the  best  medical  institutions  in 
the  West. 

In  1899  he  was  honored  with  the 


presidency  of  his  college,  a  position 
he  now  enjoys. 

Jl'HX  S.  LONG. 

Dr.  John  S.  Long  was  reared  at 
Yerona,  Miss.,  passing  through  the 
schools  of  that  thriving  little  village 
during  his  boyhood  clays.  He  grad- 
uated in  1879  in  the  classical  de- 
partment at  the  head  of  his  class 
from  East  Tennessee  University.  He 
then  taught  school  for  some  years  to 
enable  him  to  complete  his  medical 
education.  He  entered  Xew  York 
Medical  College,  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  his  class,  graduating  in  the 
spring  of  1892.  Early  after  grad- 
uating he  was  elected  hy  competitive 
examination  to  an  interneship  in  the 
Jersey  City  Hospital.  This  he  re- 
signed for  a  similar  position  in  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Hospital, 
Brooklyn,  X.  Y.,  where  he  served 
respectively  as  ambulance  surgeon, 
house  physician,  then  as  house  sur- 
geon. He  left  New  York  for  South- 
east Nebraska,  where  he  soon  built 
up  a  lucrative  practice.     Because  of 


290 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


the  drouths  of  '94  and  '95  lie 
moved  to  Joplin,  Mo.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  South  Methodist 
Church,  local  railroad  surgeon  for 
the  Kansas  City  &  Memphis  system, 
enjoys  an  extensive  practice  and  is 
prominent  in  all  things  tending  to- 
wards the  best  interests  of  his 
church  and  countrv. 


I.  N.  LOVE. 

Perhaps  no  Missouri  physician  is 
better  known  within  or  without  the 
borders  of  the  State  than  Dr.  I.  N. 
Love.     He  was  born  at  Barry,  Pike 


Co.,  111.,  September  13,  1853.  His 
father  was  Isaac  Newton  Love,  orig- 
inally from  Virginia;  his  mother, 
Nancy  January  Porter,  from  Ken- 
tucky. 

Death  claimed  both  of  his  parents 
when  he  was  quite  a  small  boy,  and 
he  became  a  member  of  the  family  of 
his  relative,  the  late  Dr.  John  T. 
Hodgen  of  St.  Louis.  His  admira- 
tion and  love  for  the  latter  early 
determined  him  to  make  his  life 
work  that  of  a  physician. 


After  proper  preliminary  training 
under  his  relative,  who  was  at  that 
time  president  of  the  St.  Louis  Med- 
ical College,  now  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  Washington  University, 
he  entered  and  graduated  therefrom 
in  1873. 

After  graduation  he  passed  a  suc- 
cessful competitive  examination  foi 
admission  as  assistant  resident  phy- 
sician of  the  St.  Louis  City  Hos- 
pital, and  took  up  his  residence  and 
remained  in  the  hospital  in  profes- 
sional capacity  for  two  years. 

For  a  year  thereafter  he  had  his 
office  as  special  assistant  with  Dr. 
Hodgen.  Later  he  was  appointed 
city  physician  by  Ma}ror  James  H. 
Britton,  but  resigned  the  office  at 
the  end  of  a  year  and  entered  pri- 
vate practice. 

He  located  in  the  rapidly  growing 
West  End  of  the  city  and  soon  built 
up  a  very  lucrative  practice. 

In  1887  Dr.  Love  was  elected 
president  of  the  Mississippi  Valley 
Medical  Association,  and  served  as 
secretary  of  the  section  on  diseases 
of  children  in  the  Ninth  Interna- 
tional Medical  Congress.  In  1889 
he  was  elected  president  of  the  sec- 
tion on  diseases  of  children  in  the 
American  Medical  Association  and 
a  member  of  the  board  of  trustees 
of  this  national  body,  and  is  still 
serving  in  that  capacity.  At  a 
meeting  held  in  Milwaukee  in  June, 
1893,  he  was  elected  vice-president 
of  the  association. 

Dr.  Love  has  for  several  )rears 
been  a  teacher  in  the  medical  col- 
lege circles  of  St.  Louis.  He  was  a 
charter  member  of  the  faculty  of  the 
Marion-Sims  College  of  Medicine, 
and  has  a  national  reputation  as  a 
special  worker  in  the  field  of  dis- 
eases of  children.  Another  one  of 
his  specialties  is  the  department  of 
"internal  medicine." 

For  a  number  of  years  he  was  an 
associate  editor  on  several  medical 
journals.     He  is  the  author  of  nu- 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


291 


merous  monographs  on  medicine.  In 
1890  he  established  a  medical  .jour- 
nal of  his  own,  The  Medical  Mind, 
which  he  still  edits.  In  1889  he  was 
elected  president  of  the  American 
Medical  Editors"  Association,  and 
still  holds  that  office  (1900). 


W.  X.  LOWKY. 

W.  X.  Lowry  is  a  Kentuckian  by 
birth,  harms;  been  born  in  Ghent 
on  December  13th,  1859.  He 
received  his  boyhood  education  in 
the  public  schools  of  his  early  home 
and  later  prepared  himself  for  en- 
trance to  the  Kentucky  School  of 
Medicine  of  Louisville,  from  which 
he  graduated  in  June,  1882,  by  a 
thorough  classical  .education. 

Dr.  Lowrv,  immediately  after  ob- 
taining his  degree  of  Doctor  of  Med- 
icine, began  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine in  Ghent,  but  five  years  later 
he  removed  to  St.  Louis,  where  he 
has  since  been. 

His  practice  has  ever  been  gen- 
eral in  its  nature,  and  he  has  been 
eminentlv  successful  with  it,  espe- 
cially in  St.  Louis. 

The     doctor  is  the  lecturer     on 


Surgical  Technique  at  the  Barnes 
Medical  College  of  St.  Louis.  He 
is  also  a  member  of  several  promi- 
nent medical  societies  and  a  con- 
tributor of  some  note  to  various 
medical  journals. 

FRANK  JOSEPH  LTJTZ. 

Dr.  E.  J.  Lutz  early  in  his  career 
made  his  impress  upon  the  profes- 
sion as  a  surgeon  of  more  than  ordi- 
nary ability,  and  his  success  since 
then  has  simply  been  additional  tes- 
timony in  his  behalf  as  one  of  the 
most  noted  surgeons  the  city  of  St. 
Louis  has  ever  produced.  Dr.  Lutz 
enjoys  a  national  reputation  be- 
cause of  his  devotion  to  his  work, 
and  he  has  ever  been  deemed  one 
of  the  best  surgeons  in  the  State  of 
Missouri. 

In  addition  to  his  reputation  as  a 
surgeon.  Dr.  Lutz  won  for  himself, 
while  a  member  of  the  State  Board 
of  Health  from  1893  to  1897,  the 
heartiest  approbation  of  his  co-prac- 
titioners and  the  laity  as  well,  by  his 
unflagging  efforts  to  raise  the  stand- 


292 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


ard  of  the  profession.  This  he  did 
by  drawing  up  and  having  passed 
through  the  Legislature  a  bill  which 
specified  certain  requirements  from 
all  prospective  physicians. 

Dr.  Lutz's  career  has  been  indis- 
solubly  associated  with  St.  Louis  and 
Missouri.  Born  in  the  metropolis 
of  the  State  on  May  24,  1855,  he 
received  a  public  school  and  classical 
education  there,  receiving  from  the 
St.  Louis  University  in  1873  the  de- 
gree of  "Bachelor  of  Arts.  That  con- 
stituted his  preparatory  work  for 
entrance  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
College,  where  he  received  his  dip- 
loma and  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medi- 
cine in  1876.  He  was  immediately 
appointed  assistant  surgeon  to  the 
Alexian  Brothers'  Hospital  of  South 
St.  Louis,  and  he  has  ever  since  been 
more  or  less  prominently  identified 
with  that  institution.  Indeed,  its  ef- 
ficiency is  laigely  due  to  the  interest 
Dr.  Lutz  has  taken  in  its  welfare, 
he  having  made  several  trips  abroad 
in  order  that  he  might  be  enabled 
to  introduce  ail  of  the  European  in- 
'  novations  and  conveniences  in  the 
hospital. 

During  the  four  years  that  elapsed 
from  1893  to  1897,  Dr.  Lutz  served 
as  Surgeon-General  of  the  Missouri 
State  Guard. 

He  is.  at  present  (1900)  Professor 
of  the.  Chair  of  Principles  and  Prac- 
tice of  Medicine  at  the  Beaumont 
Medical  College  and  dean  of  its  fac- 
ulty. 

He  is  a  member  of  several  medi- 
cal societies.  In  1889  he  was  pres- 
ident of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  So- 
ciety, in  1893  the  president  of  the 
Southwestern  Association  of  Rail- 
way  Surgeons,  in  1896  he  served  in 
a  like  capacity  in  the  National  As- 
sociation of  Railway  Surgeons  and 
the  next  year  was  president  of  the 
United  States  Board  of  Pension  Ex- 
aminers at  St.  Louis. 

Dr.  Lutz  is  the  chief  surgeon  of 
the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  Rail- 
way Company. 


HART  WELL  NELLIS  LYON. 

Dr.  Hartwell  N.  Lyon  was  born  in 
Leavenworth,  Kan.,  on  the  19th 
day  of  October,  1864.  The  educa- 
tion received  by  him  in  his  youth 
and  young  manhood  was  with  a  view 
to  fitting  himself  for  a  course  in 
medicine,  which  profession  young 
Lyon  early  exhibited  a  desire  to  fol- 
low. 

After  the  required  attendance  on 
lectures  and  the  prescribed   course 


of  study  in  the  college,  Hartwell  N. 
Lyon  was  graduated  from  the  medi- 
cal department  of  Columbia  Uni- 
versity (The  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of  New  York  City)  in 
1891.  Eor  the  next  three  years  Dr. 
Lyon  was  abroad,  where,  in  Euro- 
pean capitals  and  colleges,  he  ear- 
nestly pursued  advanced  medical 
work.  He  returned  to  this  country 
in  1894  and  entered  upon  a  general 
practice  of  medicine  in  St.  Louis,, 
where  he  has  ever  since  remained. 

Dr.  Lyon  is  the  chief  of  the  Be- 
thesda  Clinic,  and  he  has  been  the 
assistant  professor  of  the  Chair  of 
Pediatrics   in  the   Medical  Depart- 


MEDICINE    AXB    SURGERY. 


293 


merit  of  the  Washington  University 
of  St.  Louis  ever  since  it  was  formed 
by  the  consolidation  of  the  St.  Louis 
^and  Missouri  Medical  Colleges. 


E.  H.  McCULLEKS. 

Eugene  Herbert  Meddlers  is  a 
native  of  North  Carolina,  horn  at 
Clayton.  November  13,  1863.  As  a 
youth  he  enjoyed  excellent  educa- 
tional advantages  and  graduated 
with  the  degree  of  A.  M.  from  Wake 
Forest  College  of  North  Carolina. 

In  1888  he  graduated  from  Belle- 
vue  Hospital  Medical  College,  and, 
returning  to  his  home  in  North 
Carolina,  commenced  the  practice 
of  bis  profession.  Dr.  McC'ullers 
was  also  a  graduate  in  pharmacy, 
and  became  a  druggist  at  this  time. 

Later  our  subject  took  a  course 
in  tbe  New  York  Post-Graduate 
Medical  School,  and  in  1890  attend- 
ed the  New  York  Polyclinic. 

Dr.  MeCuUers  became  a  resident 
of  St.  Louis  in  1893.  In  1894  he 
went  to  Stockholm.  Sweden,  and 
studied  "Mechanico-Therapeutics" 
in  paralysis,  rheumatism,  spinal 
curvature  and   deformities — bv  the 


Zander  Swedish  Movement  Cure  by 
mechanical  means  and  Electricity 
and  Hydro-Therapy.  His  profes- 
sional work  in  St.  Louis  has  been 
along  those  lines. 

Dr.  McCullers  is  a  member  of  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  of  the 
Missouri  State  Medical  Association 
and  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion. 

CALVIN   DAVIS   MeDONALD. 

Dr.  Calvin  Davis  McDonald  was 
born  in  York  Count  v.  Pennsylvania, 
January  23,  1835. 

He  received  his  early  training  in 
a  country  school,  attending  only  the 
winter  terms.  Before  he  reached 
his  majority  he  became  a  country 
school  teacher  in  the  woods  of 
Pennsylvania.  Later  he  enterd  the 
office  of  Dr.  Park  Loring  of  Kenton, 
0.,  and  began  the  study  of  medicine 
under  his  care.  In  1862  he  entered 
Ann  Arbor  University  and  took  a 
classical  course.  The  next  fall  he 
enrolled  in  the  Starling  Medical  Col- 
lege, Columbus,  0..  where,  March  1, 


294 


ONE    HUNDRED    TEARS    OF 


1864,  he  graduated  with  high 
honors. 

Upon  receiving  his  diploma,  Dr. 
McDonald  settled  in  the  little  town 
of  Mt.  Blanchard,  0.,  where  he  lived 
several  years  until,  in  1869,  he 
"brought  his  family  to  Carrollton, 
Mo.  Here  he  pursued  his  chosen 
calling  nearly  two  years,  whereupon 
he  again  moved,  this  time  to  Kansas 
City,  Mo.  Soon  Dr.  McDonald  built 
up  a  large  practice,  and  was  until 
his  death,  June  19,  1898,  one  of  the 
most  prominent  physicians  in  the 
State. 

Dr.  McDonald  was  a  general  prac- 
titioner, hut  was  considered  especial- 
ly skillful  in  the  treatment  of  the 
diseases  of  children. 

Dr.  McDonald's  two  sons,  Chett 
and  Park  Loring  McDonald,  have 
followed  in  his  footsteps,  and  to-day 
are  successful  in  the  profession  their 
father  follow  ed  so  honorably. 

Dr.  McDonald  held  several  polit- 
ical offices  and  belonged  to  various 
clubs,  orders  and  societies. 

CHETT   McDONALD. 

Dr.  Chett  McDonald  was  born  in 
Mt.  Blanchard,  Hancock  County, 
Ohio,  December  22,  1864.  Dr.  Cal- 
vin Davis  McDonald,  the  father  of 
Chett  McDonald,  was  one  of  the 
most  prominent  physicians  in  Mis- 
souri. Mary  Shields  McDonald,  his 
mother,  was  a  woman  of  very  lov- 
able character,  simple  in  her  tastes, 
generous  in  her  judgments,  tranquil 
in  temperament  and  perfectly  en- 
grossed with  the  interests  of  her 
home. 

Chett  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Kansas  City.  He  did  not 
enter  High  School,  but  worked  at 
various  avocations  until  he  en- 
rolled as  a  member  of  the  Univer- 
sity Medical  College,  from  which  in- 
stitution he  graduated  in  the  class 
of  '91. 

During    the    terms    he    attended 


college  Chett  served  as  druggist  in 
the  Health  Department  under  his 
father,  who  was  then  City  Physi- 
cian. Three  days  after  he  left  col- 
lege he  was  tendered  the  position  of 
Assistant  City  Physician  by  Dr.  E. 
E.  Lewis,  and  upon  the  expiration  of 
his  term  of  office  he  began  the  gen- 
eral practice  of  medicine  with  his 
father  and  brother,  with  whom  he 
was  associated  until  his  fathers- 
death,  when  the  partnership  was  dis- 
solved by  mutual  consent,  the  broth- 
ers continuing  to  occupy  the  original 
suite  of  rooms. 

July,  1897,  Chett  was  appointed 
by  President  McKinley  a  member  of 
the  Board  of  Pension  Examiners, 
and  upon  organization  of  the  board 
he  was  elected  secretary,  which  po- 
sition he  still  holds. 

Dr.  Chett  McDonald  is  a  mem- 
ber of  several  political  clubs  and 
also  belongs  to  organizations  of  oth- 
er character. 

April  5,  1899,  Dr.  Chett  McDon- 
ald was  married  to  Miss  Georgie 
Warner  Williams,  "only  daughter  of 
the  late  Marcus  T.  C.  Williams,  one 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


295 


of  the  most  distinguished  members 
of  the  Kansas  City  bar.  Her  moth- 
er was  a  daughter  of  Col.  William 
A.  Warner  of  Lexirrion,  Ky.,  and 
a  granddaughter  of  Gen.  Leslie 
Combs  of  that  same  celebrated  city. 
Her  paternal  grandfather  was  Dr. 
Charles  Mansfield  Williams,  one  of 
the  best-known  physicians  in  the 
State  of  Ohio. 


paek  l.  Mcdonald. 

Dr.  Park  L.  McDonald  was  born 
at  Kenton,  0.,  on  the  i%h  day 
of  July,  1862,  and  he  recei\  ^d  his 
public  school,  clasical  and  mimical 
education  in  Kansas  City,  whither 
his  parents  had  removed  when  Pa„v 
L.  was  quite  young. 

He  commenced  his  study  of  med- 
icine under  the  preceptorship  of  his 
father,  at  one  time  a  prominent  phy- 
sician and  surgeon  of  Kansas  City, 
and  later,  in  188G,  he  entered  the 
University  Medical  College  of  Kan- 
sas City.  After  receiving  his  di- 
ploma, some  three  3rears  afterwards, 
Dr.  Park  L.  McDonald  began  the 
practice  of  medicine  in  the  office  of 
his  father.     Under  that  gentleman's 


able  instruction  the  young  man 
soon  perfected  himself  in  the  prac- 
tice as  well  as  theory  of  medicine, 
and  after  his  father's  death  was  ful- 
ly fitted  to  step  into  the  practice  left 
him  as  a  heritage. 

Dr.  McDonald  has  always  devoted 
his  time  exclusively  to  the  general 
practice  of  medicine,  and  has  en- 
larged his  father's  practice  consid- 
erably by  his  skillful  handling  of 
individual  cases. 

EDWARD  J.  McGRATH. 

A  native  St.  Louisan,  Edward  J". 
McG-rath,  received  his  public  school, 
classical  and  medical  education  in 
that  city,  and  he  has,  since  his  grad- 
uation from  the  American  Medical 
College,  practiced  his  profession  in 
that  city. 

After  receiving  a  thorough 
public  schooling  and  the  prepara- 
tory classical  education  he  entered 
the  American  Medical  College,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  the  spring  of 
1896. 

Dr.  McGrath  has  devoted  all  of 


296 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


his  attention  to  general  practice, 
and  his  large  and  constantly  grow- 
ing clientele  speaks  volumes  for  his 
success  in  medicine. 

The  doctor  is  a  member  of  sev- 
eral of  the  prominent  eclectic  medi- 
cal societies  and  a  contributor  of 
some  note  to  medical  literature. 
and  take  great  interest  in  all  mat- 
ters pertaining  to  the  advancement 
of  the  medical  profession  at  large 
and  naturally  special  interests  in 
the  progress  made  by  his  particular 
school  of  medicine. 


JOSEPH  AY.  McKEE. 

Born  in  Summerfield,  111.,  on 
May  5,  1854,  Joseph  W.  McKee  re- 
ceived a  thorough  preliminary  edu- 
cation before  entering  McKendree 
College  at  Lebanon,  III.,  from  which 
he  Graduated  in  1876,  receiving  the 
degree  of  A.  B.  and  A.  M.  In  1884 
Dr.  McKee  graduated  from  the 
Medical  Department  of  Xorthwest 
University  at  Evanston.  111.  He  lo- 
cated in  Kansas  City  soon  after  re- 
ceiving his  degree,  and  has  been 
there  ever  since.  Dr.  McKee,  soon 
after  entering  upon  his  professional 


career,  took  up  eye  and  ear  work, 
taking  post-graduate  course  in  New 
York  City,  and  has  since  become 
one  of  the  most  prominent  oculists 
and  aurists  in  Kansas  City  and  the 
State.  He  has  been  the  oculist  and 
aurist  to  the  Schoo]  for  the  Educa- 
tion of  the  Blind  in  Kansas  City, 
Kan.,  for  the  past  few  years. 

Dr.  McKee  enjoys  a  private  prac- 
tice that  is  a  large  and  remunerative 
one. 

WM.  M.  McPHEETEES. 

Xo  Missouri  practitioner  is  more 
widely  known  than  William  M.  Mc- 
Pheeters  of  St.  Louis.  He  was  the 
son  of  Pew  William  McPheeters, 
D.  D.,  a  Presbyterian  clergyman  of 
much  prominence  in  Xorth  Carolina 
in  the  early  part  of  the  century. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  was 
born  in  Raleigh,  X.  C,  December  3, 
1815.  After  fitting  himself  for  a 
collegiate  course  he  attended  the 
University  of  Xorth  Carolina,  and 
then  began  the  study  of  medicine 
under  Prof.  Hugh  L.  Hodge  of  Phil- 
adelphia. Later  he  entered  the 
Medical  Department  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  and  graduated 
there  from  in  1840. 

His  first  professional  experience 
was  as  a  hospital  physician  in  Phila- 
delphia. In  1841  he  came  to  Mis- 
souri, arriving  in  St.  Louis  October 
15  of  that  year,  and  soon  came  into 
prominence  as  a  practitioner  in  the 
citv  of  his  adoption. 

In  1848  Dr.  McPheeters  was 
chosen  Professor  of  Clinical  Medi- 
cin  and  Pathological  Anatomy  in 
St.  Louis  Medical  College  and  a  year 
later  was  appointed  to  the  Chair  of 
Materia  Medica,  Therapeutics  and 
Clinical  Medicine,  holding  this  posi- 
tion until  1861. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War 
he  cast  his  fortunes  with  the  South, 
and,  resigning  the  position  of  sur- 
geon to  the  United  States  Marine 
Hospital,  which  he  had  filled  since 


p. 


ill 


IIP 


in 

Wk 


C.    LESTER   HALL, 

President   Missouri   State    Medical    As- 
sociation, 1895. 


T.    L.    PAPIN. 


mmrmmmmm 


iff; 


wmmmm. 


WM. 


llll 


tcsawSa 

„,liiillii. „,.,,..,,.. 


DAVID    S.    BOOTH,    SR. 


GEORGE   ENGELMAN. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


297 


3856.  became  a  surgeon  in  the  Con- 
federate Army.  During  the  prog- 
ress of  the  war  he  held  many  re- 
sponsible positions  in  the  military 
service,  notably  that  of  medical  di- 
rector on  the  staff  of  Ma]. -Gen. 
Sterling  Price. 

At  the  close  of  the  struggle  Dr. 
McPheeters  returned  to  St.  Louis 
and  resumed  practice.  In  1866  he 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Materia 
Medica  and  Therapeutics  in  the  Mis- 
souri Medical  College,  and  acted  in 
that  capacity  until  1874.  when  he 
resigned  to  accept  the  medical  di- 
rectorship of  the  St.  Louis  Mutual 
Life  Insurance  Company. 

It  is  in  the  literary  field  that  Dr. 
McPheeters  has  particularly  shone. 
In  1815  he  became  co-editor  with 
Dr.  M.  L.  Linton  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  and 
continued  his  connection  with  that 
publication  until  1661.  In  the  ter- 
rible cholera  epidemic  of  1819  he 
served  in  the  front  rank  of  the  brave 
physicians  who  battled  with  the 
dread  scourge  in  Missouri.  In  1850 
he  used  the  experiences  and  observa- 
tions of  the  previous  year  as  a  nu- 
cleus for  a  paper  on  "Epidemic 
Cholera  in  St.  Louis."* 

Dr.  McPheeters  was  one  of  the 
organizers  of  the  Missouri  Medical 
Association,  and  one  of  its  earliest 
presidents :  was  a  member — and  for 
several  years  president — of  the  Ob- 
stetrical and  Gynecological  Society 
of  St.  Louis,  and  has  been  president 
of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society 
and  vice-president  of  the  American 
Medical  Association.  He  is  also  an 
honorarv  member  of  several  medical 
societies  of  Arkansas.  iNorth  Caro- 
lina and  other  States. 

Dr.  McPheeters  has  twice  been 
married.  Six  children  were  born  of 
the  second  union.  He  is  of  pro- 
nounced Christian  character,  and 
has  been  and  is  a  most  useful  citi- 
zen" of  Missouri. 


HUGH  P.  MACK. 

Dr.  Hneh  P.  Mack  was  born, 
raised,  educated  and  has  always 
practiced  medicine  in  the  city  of  St. 
Louis. 

He  was  born  January  20,  1863, 
and  was  a  student  in  the  public  and 
High  Schools,  entering  the  old  St. 
Louis  College  in  the  fall  of  1881, 
when  but  18  years  of  age. 


Three  years  later  he  graduated, 
and  immediately  entered  upon  the 
general  practice  at  which  he  has 
since  been  so  successful. 

Dr.  Mack  is  the  assistant  to  the 
Chair  of  Obstetrics  at  St.  Louis  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He 
commands  the  respect  of  the  men 
and  students  with  whom  he  comes 
in  daily  contact,  and  his  personality. 
as  well  as  his  ability,  have  helped 
him  to  build  up  his  practice  and 
made  it  a  large  and  lucrative  one. 


S98 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


ALBLBT  S.  MAGKEY. 

One  of  the  oldest  and  most  prom- 
inent of  the  practicing  plrysicians 
and  surgeons  of  Pike  County  is  Dr. 
Albert  8.  Maekey,  who  resides  in 
the  quaint  old  river  town  of  Louis- 
iana. The  doctor  is  a  native  West 
Virginian,  having  heen  born  in 
Hancock  County  on  the  21st  day  of 
August  1844. 

In  the  early  "60s  Dr.  Maekey  came 
West,  locating  in  Clark  Count  v. 
Missouri.  From  '73  to  '76  inclusive 
Dr.  Maekey  attended  lectures  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
of  Keokuk,  la.,  and  in  the  latter 
year  located  near  Oskaloosa,  la., 
and  practiced  medicine  until  fall  of 
1878,  when  he  returned  to  Keokuk, 
la.,  and  attended  another  course  of 
lectures,  graduating  in  the  spring 
of  1879. 

He  then  changed  his  location,  set- 
tling in  Louisiana,  where  he  has 
ever  since  been,  building  up  in  the 
meantime  an  extensive  and  lucrative 
practice  and  'establishing  himself 
in   the   position  he   holds   there   in 


the  hearts  and  minds  of  his  co-prac- 
titioners and  clientele. 

Dr.  Maekey  is  a  member  of  the 
United  States  Board  of  Examining 
Surgeons,  the  Tri-State  Medical  So- 
ciety and  the  Military  Tract  Asso- 
ciation. 

His  son  is  to  follow  in  his  foot- 
steps, and  is  now  preparing  himself 
at  the  St.  Louis  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons. 


HEINE  MARKS. 

Heine  Marks  was  born  December 

S,  1859,  at  Lake  Providence,  in 
Kast  Carroll  Parish,  Louisiana. 

He  received  an  elementarv  educa- 
tion in  the  New  Orleans  (La.)  and 
Memphis  (Tenn.)  public  schools. 

He  studied  medicine  and  surgery 
from  1875  to  1878,  graduating  from 
the  Cincinnati  College  of  Medicine 
and  Surgery  in  the  last-named  year. 
Shortly  after  receiving  his  diploma 
he  came  to  Missouri  and  commenced 
the  practice  of  his  profession  in  St. 
Louis,  August,  1878. 

He  was  a  close  student,  and  by 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


299 


applying  himself  diligently  to  his 
calling,  rapidly  won  his  way  to  a 
good  practice  and  the  respect  and 
esteem  of  his  medical  brethren.  He 
became  a  member  of  the  St.  Lonis 
Medical  Society  and  was  Vice-Pres- 
ident of  the  same  in  1893;  was  elect- 
ed one  of  the  board  of  managers  of 
the  House  of  Refuge,  serving  for  a 
term  of  two  years.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  So- 
ciety^ also  of  the  American  Medical 
Association.  In  1892  he  was  ap- 
pointed superintendent  and  surgeon 
of  the  St.  Louis  City  Hospital,  and 
held  that  position  several  years,  dis- 
charging bis  duties  so  efficiently  as 
to  win  from  his  professional  breth- 
ren special  recognition  and  most  fa- 
vorable comment.  Since  leaving  the 
Hospital  Dr.  Marks  has  devoted  all 
of  his  time  to  his  practice  and  pri- 
vate interests.  He  makes  a  special- 
ty of  fcurgieal  work. 

SOLOMON  C.  MARTIN. 

Solomon  Claiborne  Martin  was 
born  in  Claiborne  County,  Miss., 
on  the  26th  day  of  October,  1837. 
He  was  the  recipient  of  that  early 
education  that  the  youths  of  the 
South  obtained  in  those  days,  in- 
cluding a  thorough  course  of  in- 
struction in  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan and  two  years  of  subsequent 
study  in  Europe.  In  1865  he  grad- 
uated from  the  Medical  Department 
of  the  Louisiana  State  University. 
Before  locating  in  St.  Louis  in  1872, 
Dr.  Martin  laid  the  foundation  for 
the  success  he  has  since  attained 
here  by  practicing  in  his  native- 
State. 

Dr.  Martin,  since  he  located  here 
28  years  ago,  has  made  rapid  strides 
in  his  chosen  profession.  He  early 
made  a  specialty  of  skin  diseases, 
and  was  so  successful  with  this 
branch  of  his  practice  that  he  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Dermatology 
of  the  Barnes  Medical  College  of  St. 


Louis,  which  position  he  still  oc- 
cupies. 

Besides  his  professional  work  Dr. 
Martin  is  a  writer  of  ability. 

He  is  the  editor  of  three  maga- 
zines, namely,  The  St.  Louis  Medical 


Era,  The  American  Journal  of  Der- 
matology and  Genito-Urinary  Dis- 
eases, and  The  Climate.. 

Dr.  Martin  devotes  most  of  bis- 
time  to  his  speciaRw,  and  through 
it  has  built  up  a  large  and  lucrative 
practice. 


E.  B.  MAYEIELD. 

Eli  Burton  Mayfield  was  born  near 
Patton,  Bollinger  County,  Mis- 
souri, Jutlusltj,  1861.  He  is  the  son 
of  Gr.  AT.  Mayfield  and  grandson  of 
Stephen  Mayfield,  a  Revolutionary 
soldier. 

His  early  education  was  obtained 
in  the  public  schools,  the  Mayfield- 
Smith  Academy  at  Marble  Hill  and 
the   State  Normal   School  at   Cape 


300 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OP 


Girardeau,  Mo.  He  afterwards  en- 
gaged in  teaching,  both  in  his  na- 
tive and  adjoining  counties,  and 
was  an  educator  of  recognized  abil- 
ity. He  then  entered  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  this 
city,  and  received  a  diploma  from 
that  institution  March,  1886.  After 
graduating  Dr.  Mayfield  engaged  in 
the  practice  of  medicine  in  a  sub- 
urban town,  where  he  soon  had  a 
large  and  lucrative  practice. 

In  1893  he  took  a  general  post- 
graduate course  in  New  York  City, 
also  a  special  course  in  surgery, 
gynecology  and  diseases  of  the  chest. 

Dr.  Mayfield  returned  to  St.  Louis 
the  same  year  and  located  at  4484 
West  Belle  place,  where  be  still  re- 
sides. He  was  appointed  assistant 
surgeon  to  the  Missouri  Baptist 
Sanitarium,  a  position  which  he 
held  until  the  erection  of  the  May- 
field  Sanitarium  in  1896,  when  he 
became  assistant  surgeon  and  house 
physician  to  that  institution.  He 
has  also  established  a  large  and 
growing  private  practice. 


W.   H.  MAYFIELD. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  is  of 
American  ancestry,  running  back 
to  and  antedating  the  revolutionary 
period.  His  paternal  grandfather, 
Stephen  Mayfield,  served  in  the  pa- 
triot army  through  the  entire  seven 
years  of  the  struggle  for  independ- 
ence. 

William  Henderson  Mayfield,  son 
of  George  W.  and  Polly  Cheek  May- 
field,  was  born  in  Patton,  Mo.,  Jan- 
uary 18,  1852.  His  early  scholastic 
training  was  had  in  the  public 
schools  and  at  Carleton  Institute 
and  at  Fruitland  Normal  Institute. 
At  the  age  of  17  he  was  teaching 
school,  and  continued  his  studies 
while  so  engaged,  thus  fitting  him- 
self for  a  professional  career  by  pro- 
cess of  self-education. 

He  began  the  study  of  medicine 
at  Sedgwickville,  Mo.,  in  1874,  un- 
der Dr.  H.  J.  Smith.  Several  years 
later  lie  took  a  three-year  course  in 
St.  Louis  Medical  College,  graduat- 
ing in  1883.  The  bent  of  Student 
Mayfield's  mind  was  toward  surgery, 
and  he  fully  developed  his  ambition 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


301 


in  that  branch  under  the  tutelage 
of  Dr.  J.  J.  McDowell  and  Dr.  John 
T.  Hodgen.  Thus  he  began  his  pro- 
fessional career  admirably  equipped 
for  operative  surgery. 

He  began  practice  at  Mayfield, 
Mov  but  at  the  end  of  a  year  moved 
to  St.  Louis  and  established  him- 
self there,  accepting  the  Chair  of 
Materia  Medica,  Therapeutics  and 
Diseases  of  Children  in  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

In  1884  Dr.  Mayfield  founded  the 
Missouri  Baptist  Sanitarium,  and 
was  superintendent  of  that  institu- 
tion from  the  date  of  its  opening 
until  the  spring  of  1896,  when  he 
resigned  to  build  and  take  the  active 
management  of  Mayiield  Sanita- 
rium, with  which  institution  he  has 
since  been  connected  in  both  profes- 
sional and  business  capacities. 

Dr.  Mayfield  is  a  member  of  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  Society  and  the 
Mississippi  Valley  Medical  Associa- 
tion. He  is  an  active  member  of 
the  American  Medical  Association. 
He  is  a  charter  member  of  the  Hos- 
pital Saturday  and  Sunday  Associa- 
tion, and  has  much  to  do  with  char- 
itable work.  Mayfield- Smith  Acad- 
emy of  Marble  Hill,  founded  in 
1878,  is  a  line  example  of  Dr.  May- 
iield's  work  as  an  educator. 


HENRY  H.  MIDDELKAMP. 

Warren  County,  Missouri,  Janu- 
ary 37,  1839,  was  the  place  and  date 
of  the  birth  of  Flenry  Herman  Mid- 
delkamp,  his  parents  being  natives 
of  Germany. 

He  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Missouri,  later  receivino- 
private  instruction  and  in  1891  re- 
ceived the  honorary  degree  of  A.  M. 
from  the  Central.  Wesleyan  College 
of  Warrenton.  He  began  to  read 
medicine  at  Warrenton  in  1862  un- 
der Dr.  John  E.  Hutton,  later  en- 
tering the  St.  Louis  Medical  Col- 
lege, from  which  he  graduated  in 


March,  1864,  and  in  the  same  month 
began  to  practice  at  Warrenton.  He 
later  took  a  post-graduate  course  at 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  College. 

He  was  the  founder  of  the  Linton 
District  Medical  Society,  November 
19,  1872,  and  was  its  president  in 
1874;  was  a  member  of  the  Mis- 
souri State  Medical  Association, 
president  1881-85;  was  also  vice- 
president  of  same  for  two  years; 
was  a  member  of  the  American 
Medical  Association,  of  the  Ninth 


International  Medical  Congress,  of 
the  Mississippi  Valley  Medical  As- 
sociation, of  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
Society,  of  the  Wabash  Surgical  As- 
sociation, of  the  National  Associa- 
tion of  Railway  Surgeons,  honorary 
member  of  the  St.  Charles  County 
(Mo.)  Medical  Society  and  a  member 
of  the  Masonic  fraternity. 

Dr.  Middelkamp  was  lecturer  on 
Surgery,  Medical  Department,  Uni- 
versity of  Missouri,  Columbia,  1876- 
79,  medical  examiner  for  the  depart- 
ment, 1876-80,  and  curator  of  the 
university,  1877-79. 


302 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


He  was  a  member  of  the  Board 
of  Health  of  Warrenton,  1892-94: 
physician  to  the  County  Poor  Farm. 
1879-80;  county  superintendent  of 
public  schools,  1870-72,  and  was  sur- 
geon to  the  Wabash  Eaihvav  from 
1884  to  the  time  of  his  death.  Dr. 
Middelkamp  performed  all  the  criti- 
cal o])erations  common  to  railway 
surgery  and  devised  special  appa- 
ratus for  wounds  and  fractures. 

An  address  Dr.  Middelkamp  deliv- 
ered when  he  retired  from  the  pres- 
idency of  the  State  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, entitled  "A  Higher  Stand- 
ard for  Medical  Education,""  and  the 
ideas  there  advanced  have  been 
adopted  by  all  colleges  of  any  prom- 
inence. This,  with  the  following- 
others,  have  been  published:  "Per- 
sonal Qualifia.tions  of  the  Surgeon,'' 
"Immediate  Amputations/'  "Miss- 
issippi Vallev  Medical  Association," 
"The  Ideal  Physician,""  "Treatment 
of  Typhoid  Fever"'  (bathing),  and 
many  other  papers. 

He  died  April  19,  1897,  ar  his 
home  in  Warrenton,  Mo. 


ALBEE'I  H.  MEISEXBACH. 

When  he  was  but  3  years  of  age, 
the  parents  of  Albert  H.  Meisen- 
bach,  in  1855,  moved  from  his  birth- 
place, St.  Louis,  to  Mendota,  111., 
where  he  received  an  early  public 
school  and  classical  education,  grad- 
uating from  the  Wesleyan  Seminary 
of  that  town  when  but  17  years  old. 

Young  Meisenbach  one  year  later 
began  his  study  of  medicine  under 
Dr.  E.  P.  Cook,  at  that  time  one  of 
the  most  prominent  physicians  of 
Xorthern  Illinois.  Later  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  entered  the.  St: 
Louis  Medical  College,  now  Medical 
Department  of  Washington  Univer- 
sity,  d'rom  which  he  received  his 
diploma  and  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine  in  1876. 

He  won,  immediately  after  his 
graduation,   through  a  competitive 


examination,  a  position  as  assistant 
physician  in  the  Female  Hospital  of 
St.  Louis.  Later  he  accepted  a 
similar  appointment  in  the  St.  Louis 
City  Hospital. 

One  year  later,  in  1877,  Dr.  Meis- 
enbach severed  his  connection  with 
that  hospital  in  order  that  he  might 
start  in  active  practice  for  himself. 
He  began  his  practice  of  medicine 
in  Mascoutah,  111.  He  returned  to 
St.  Louis,  where    he    has  remained 


ever  since,  with  the  exception  of  one 
year  which  he  spent  abroad.  While 
in  Europe  Dr.  Meisenbach  studied  in 
the  universities  at  Berlin,  Vienna, 
Paris  and  other  noted  medical  edu- 
cational centers. 

Eeturnina:  to  St.  Louis  in  1890, 
Dr.  Meisenbach  re-established  him- 
self in  the  practice  which  has  since 
proved  so  remunerative. 

From  1890  to  1892  he  was  Profes- 
sor of  Anatomy  and  Clinical  Sur- 
gery in  the  Marion-Sims  College  of 
Medicine,  and  since  the  latter  date 
has  occupied  the  Chair  of  Special 
and  Clinical  Surgery  and  Surgical 
Pathology  in  the  same  college,  until 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


303 


lately  lie  severed  his  connection  with 
said  institution. 

Dr.  Meiseniach  is  a  member  of 
several  medical  societies,  namely, 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  the 
Medical  Society  of  the  Alumni  of 
the  St.  Louis  City  Hospital,  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley  Medical  Association 
and  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion. In  all  of  them  he  has  made 
himself  felt  as  a  medical  writer  of 
ability  and  a  thoroughly  conscien- 
tious and  capable  physician,  and 
takes  a. leading  rank  among  the  sur- 
geons of  the  city. 

C.  A.  MERIDITH. 

Charles  Arthur  Meridith  was  born 
on  a  farm  in  Pulaski,  la.,  April  21, 
1868.  His  early  education  com- 
menced in  the  public  school  of  his 
native  place,  where  he  received  the 
usual  "''district"  schooling  afforded 
the  American  farmer  boy.  His  ear- 
ly life  was  spent  on  the  farm,  in  as- 
sisting his  father,  until  he  had 
reached  his  17th  year.  The  educa- 
tion received  up  to  this  time  (about 
three  months  each  year)  only  created 
in  young  Meridith  a  thirst  for  a 
more  thorough  schooling.  In  1885 
he  became  a  student  in  the  Southern 
Iowa  Normal  School  at  Bloomfield. 
A  recital  of  his  struggle  to  maintain 
himself  and  gain  the  education  nec- 
essary to  give  him  a  place  in  the 
world  of  knowledge  during  these 
years  at  the  Normal  School  Teflects 
credit  upon .  the  subject  of  this 
sketch.  After  graduating  from  the 
above  institution  young  Meridith 
went  West  in  search  of  wealth  and 
health,  the  last  named  the  result  of 
overstudy,  and  after  several  years 
spent  in  Montana  he  returned  East 
and  renewed  his  earlier  determina- 
tion to  study  medicine  by  entering 
the  Marion-Sims  College  of  Medi- 
cine, St.  Louis,  taking  a  three  years' 
course,  graduating  from  that  insti- 
iution  in  1893. 

Dr.  Meridith  at  once  began  prac- 


tice in  St.  Louis,  where  he  has  con- 
tinued in  general  practice,  and  is  re- 
nowned as  a  very  successful  practi- 
tioner of  the  younger  generation.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis1  Medi- 
cal Societv. 


ALBERT  MERBELL. 

Dr.  Albert  Merrell,  who  has  been 
a  most  useful  citizen  of  Missouri, 
both  in  public  and  private  capacities, 
was  born  in  Cincinnati,  0.,  Feb- 
ruary 18,  1843.  His  early  education 


was  acquired  in  the  city  of  his 
birth.  He  attended  the  public 
schools  and  graduated  from  the  Cin- 
cinnati High  School  in  1861,  when 
high  schools  were  graded  much 
higher  than  they  are  now. 

His  further  education  was  inter- 
rupted by  enlisting  to  take  an  active 
part  in  the  Civil  War,  then  in  prog- 
ress. He  became  First  Lieutenant 
of  Battery  H,  First  Light  Artillery, 
Ohio  Volunteers.  At  Cold  Harbor, 
Va.,  he  received  wounds  which  com- 
pelled his  resigning  from  the  service 
in  October  of  1864. 


304 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


Returning  to  his  home  he  began 
the  study  of  medicine  while  actively 
engaged  in  business  as  a  manufact- 
uring chemist,  in  which  he  obtained 
a  wide  experience.  From  1865  to 
1871  he  had  charge  of  the  labora- 
tories of  William  S.  Merrell  &  Co. 
(now  William  S.  Merrell  Chemical 
Co.),  Cincinnati,  0.,  the  establish- 
ment founded  by  his  father.  Later 
he  decided  to  enter  actively  into 
medical  practice,  and,  having  re- 
moved to  St.  Louis,  he  graduated 
from  the  American  Medical  College 
in  1875.  Dr.  Merrell,  in  addition  to 
a  successful  general  practice  cover- 
ing twenty-five  years,  has  done 
much  special  work  in  medical  and. 
analytical  chemistry:  has  lectured 
for  twenty  years  on  chemistry  and 
obstetrics  in  his  Alma  Mater,  and 
has  given  special  study  to  public 
health  questions. 

He  served  twelve  years  on  the 
State  Board  of  Health  of  Missouri, 
and  will  have  completed  eight  years' 
service  on  the  St.  Louis  Board  of 
Health,  at  the  expiration  of  his  pres- 
ent term. 

Dr.  Merrell  has  made  several  con- 
tributions to  literature  along  the 
lines  of  his  experience.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  500-page  work,  entitled, 
••'A  Digest  of  Materia  Medica  and 
Pharmacy,""  and  of  many  papers  on 
mineral  and  potable  waters,  public 
health  questions,  etc. 

A.  B.  MILLEE. 

The  professional  reputation  of  Dr. 
A.  B.  Miller  is  not  confined  to  Ma- 
con City,  his  home,  nor  yet  to  that 
northern  section  of  Missouri  in 
which  he  is  best  known,  but  extends 
over  the  entire  State. 

Dr.  Miller  was  born  in  Palmyra, 
Mo.,  on  the  first  day  of  February, 
48  years  ago.  After  receiving  a 
public  and  high  school  education  in 
his  native  town,  young  Miller  en- 
tered the  Central  College  at  Fay- 
ette. Mo.,  which  he  left  to  enter  the 


Jefferson  Medical  College  of  Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 

Receiving  his  diploma  and  de- 
gree from  that  institution  in  1878, 
Dr.  Miller  returned  to  Missouri, 
where,  in  the  same  year,  he  began 
the  active  practice  of  medicine  in 
Shelbyville.  lour  years  later  he 
removed  his  office  to  Macon  City, 
where  he  has  ever  since  been. 

Dr.  Miller  earlv  identified  himself 


with  the  progressive,  earnest  men 
of  the  profession  by  his  election  to 
membership  in  both  the  Missouri 
Medical  Association  and  American 
Medical  Association.  He  was  chosen 
president  of  the  former  society  in 
1892,  serving  in  that  capacity  for 
the  ensuing  year.  He  is  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Northern  Missouri  Medi- 
cal Society  and  the  Macon  County 
Medical  and  Surgical  Society  as- 
well. 
"  In  1884  and  for  the  next  three 
years,  Dr.  Miller  lectured  on  gyne- 
cology in  the  Medical  Department  of 
the  Missouri  State  University.  For 
some  time  past  Dr.  Miller  has  been 
the  local  surgeon  for  the  Hannibal 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


305 


&  St.  Joseph  Eailroad  Company  at 
Maeon. 

Dr.  Miller  is  a  scholarly  gentle- 
man, well  versed  in  the  literature  of. 
the  profession  and  in  the  affairs  of 
the  day.  He  takes  a  keen  interest 
in  men  and  affairs,  and  has  always 
identified  himself  with  whatever 
was  for  advancement  in  his  profes- 
sion. 

ISAAC  K  MILLEE. 

Dr.  Isaac  1ST.  Miller  was  born  near 
Greenfield,  Hancock  County,  Tnd., 
September  18,  1857.  His  parents 
were  anions;  the  early  settlers  of  that 
then  "far  West"  State.  His  fath- 
er, Benjamin  Miller,  inherited  the 
sturdy  characteristics  of  his  German 
ancestry,  and  loyalty  was  an  innate 
principle  of  his  nature.  He  served 
in  the  Mexican  War  under  Taylor, 
and  when  there  was  a  call  for  volun- 
teers in  1861  he  was  among  the 
first  to  respond. 

His  mother,  whose  maiden  name 
was  Taylor,  was  a  cousin  of  Presi- 
dent Zachar}''  Taylor.  In  religion 
she  was  a  strict  Quaker,  having  de- 
scended from  the  William  Penn 
branch  of  the  Quaker  Church.  The 
simple  truths  she  taught  and  the 
noble  life  she  lived  made  a  deep  im- 
pression on  the  mind  of  her  youth- 
ful son. 

In  1866,  with  his  parents,  Dr. 
Miller,  then  9  years  old,  emigrated 
to  Nodaway  County,  Missouri,  and 
for  the  following  five  years  was  on  a 
farm,  attending  the  public  school  in 
the  winter  months  if  there  was  noth- 
ing else  to  do.  WTien  any  work  on 
the  farm  could  be  found,  school 
must  wait.  As  the  mind  of  the 
growing  boy  developed  it  was  evi- 
dent that  he  had  ambitions  beyond 
farm  life,  and  in  1871,  at  the  age 
of  14,  he  left  home  to  make  his  own 
way  in  the  world.  He  began  work 
.  in  a  drug  store  at  Mound  City,  Mo., 
receiving  his  board  and  clothes  for 
the  first  3rear's  wages.     He  soon  be- 


came a  trusted  prescriptionist,  and 
remained  in  the  business  for  six 
years,  thus  receiving  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  composition  of 
drugs  and  their  chemical,  physiolog- 
ical and  therapeutical  action.  When 
he  was  21  years  old  he  began  the 
study  of  medicine  with  Dr.  J.  P. 
Jackson,  a  prominent  physician  of 
Kansas  City,  Mo.,  but  at  that  time 
of  Mound  City,  and  in  1879  he  en- 
tered the  old  school  College  of  Phy- 


sicians  and  Surgeons  at  Keokuk,  la., 
which  then  was  the  best  school  west 
of  Eew  York  City. 

In  February,  1882,  Dr.  Miller, 
having  received  his  degree,  returned 
to  Mound  City,  where  he  successful- 
ly engaged  in  general  practice  for 
about  nine  years.  Beviewing  the 
vast  field  of  medical  science,  and  be- 
lieving that  one  man  could  not  suc- 
cessfully work  it  all,  he  decided  to 
prepare  himserf  for  practice  in  spe- 
cial lines,  and  took  private  instruc- 
tion from  such  men  as  Prof.  A.  M. 
Caroenter,  Prof.  J.  J.  K  Angear, 
H.  T.  Cleaver,  M.  D.,  and  Dr.  Jo- 
seph M.  Matthews.     After  locating 


20 


306 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


in  St.  Joseph  in  1890,  Dr.  Miller 
made  specialties  of  diseases  of  wo- 
men, diseases  of  the  rectum  and 
chronic  and  nervous  diseases  of  both 
sexes.  After  ten  years  of  hard  but 
successful  work  we  find  him  not 
only  one  of  the  leading  specialists  ol 
that  city,  but  of  the  State,  having  py 
his  work  and  professional  ethics 
gained  the  respect  of  the  general 
regular  practitioners,  who  now  send 
the  doctor  much  special  work. 

Dr.  Miller  has  kept  in  the  front, 
being  a  leader  rather  than  a  follow- 
er, and  much  of  his  success  in  hi? 
profession  is  due  to  his  original  in- 
ventions, chief  of  which  are  his  an- 
chor rectal  bougie  and  medicine  ap- 
plicator and  the  anchor  rectal  sup- 
pository, the  use  of  which  by  the 
medical  profession  lessens  bj*  90  per 
cent  the  necessity  for  surgical  ope- 
rations in  the  treatment  and  cure 
of  all  rectal  diseases. 


ARTHUR  E.  MINK. 

Dr.  Arthur  E.  Mink  was  born  in 
Lyons,  X.  Y.,  Dec.  25,  1863.  At  the 
age  of  7  his  parents  moved  to  Koch- 
ester,  and  his  earlier  education  was 
received  in  the  public  schools  of 
that  city.  From  1879  his  education 
was  pursued  under  the  direction  of 
his  father  and  private  tutors.  He 
early  developed  a  marked  aptitude 
for  scientific  studies  and  the  ac- 
quirement of  foreign  languages.  He 
became  proficient  in  the  principal 
European  languages,  as  well  as 
Greek  and  Latin,  and  was  thorough- 
ly trained  in  chemistry,  physics  and 
biology  in  a  laboratory  which  he  had 
equipped  by  his  own  exertions,  aided 
by  his  father. 

In  1884  he  matriculated  in  the 
College  of  Medicine,  University  of 
Syracuse,  graduating  from  this  in- 
stitution in  1887.  He  then  com- 
menced practice  in  Rochester.  In 
1889  he  moved  to  Hamlin,  X.  Y., 
and  there  engaged  in  country  prac- 


tice until  the  beginning  of  1891. 
He  then  accepted  a  position  as  as- 
sistant physician  in  the  Manhattan 
State  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  and 
later  on  was  assistant  physician  to 
the  Long  Island  State  Hospital  for 
the  Insane.  Resigning  the  latter  po- 
sition in  1893,  he  removed  to  St. 
Louis  in  1891  to  practice  as  a  spe- 
cialist in   mental  and  nervous   dis- 


eases. 
Dr. 


Mink    was    engaged  by  the 


State  as  an  expert  witness  in  the 
celebrated  Duestrow  case.  His  rep- 
utation  became  widespread  through 
this  case,  and  the  jury  that  con- 
victed Duestrow  said  tluTy  paid  most 
attention  to  Dr.  Mink's  testimony. 

The  doctor  has  been  and  is  fre- 
quently called  into  consultation  as 
an  expert  in  his  branch  of  medicine. 
He  has  been  a  liberal  contributor  to 
the  literature  cf  his  profession,  and 
has  been  widely  quoted  as  an  aiu 
thoritf.  He  has  been  for  the  last 
five  years  Professor  of  Mental  and 
N>rvous  Diseases  in  the  St.  Lotus 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
He  is  neurologist  to  the  St.  Louis 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


307 


City  Hospital  and  is  a  member  of 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  and 
of  the  American  Medico-Psychologi- 
cal Association. 


C.  COLUMBUS  MORRIS. 

C.  Cohmibus  Morris,  M.  D.,  was 
born  in  Putnam  County,  Indiana, 
December  2  7,  1858,  and  is  of  English 
descent.     He    attended    the    public 


schools  of  his  native  State  until  17 
years  of  age,  when  he  came  to  Mis- 
souri, where  he  finished  his  educa- 
tion in  the  Missouri  State  Univer- 
sity. In  June,  1881,  he  graduated 
with  the  first  honors  of  his  class 
.from  this  institution,  receiving  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  He 
immediatelv  entered  upon  the  prac- 
tice of  his  chosen  profession  in  Ma- 
rion County,  Missouri,  building  up 
in  a  few  years  a  large  and  lucrative 
practice.  In  1889  he  was  elected  to 
the  Professorship  of  Physiology  in 
Chaddoek  College,  Quincy,  111., 
which  position  he  filled  for  one  year. 
He  then  went  East,  taking  a  post- 
graduate course  in  the  Xew  York 


Polyclinic,  making  surgery  and  clin- 
ical microscopy  a  specialty. 

In  1891  he  located  in  St.  Louis, 
and  being  well  and  favorably  known, 
soon  accpiired  a  practice  that  in- 
creased with  great  rapidity.  In  1893 
he  assisted  in  the  organization  of  the 
St.  Louis  Baptist  Hospital,  and  was 
elected  superintendent,  which  posi- 
tion he  still  holds.  The  success  of 
this  institution  is  largely  due  to  his 
careful  and  judicious  administra- 
tion. 

From  1895  to  1898  he  held  the 
Chair  of  Gynecology  in  the  St.  Louis 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

In  1897  he  was  elected  surgeon-in- 
chief  of  the  St.  Louis  Baptist  Hos- 
pital, and  he  now  devotes  his  time 
almost  exclusively  to  surgery. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Society  and  honorary  mem- 
ber of  the  Adams  County  Medical 
Society,  Quincy,  111. 

YVALTEB  BROYVXIXO  MORBIS. 

AYalter  Browning  Morris  was  born 
in  Culpeper  County,  Virginia,  Feb- 
ruary 18,  1809.  After  receiving  the 
benefits  of  the  common  schools  of 
his  native  county  he  attended  the 
grammar  school  at  Castle  Mountain, 
Madison  County,  Ta.,  qualifying 
himself  as  a  teacher. 

When  about  21  he  went  to  Ohio 
and  settled  near  Steubenville.  He 
first  engaged  in  teaching  school,, 
then  entered  into  politics,  represent- 
ing his  county  in  the  Legislature 
for  four  years,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  Xational  Constitutional  Con- 
vention called  to  revise  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States,  repre- 
senting his  district  in  the  Xational 
Democratic  Convention  at  Balti- 
more^ which  nominated  James  K. 
Polk  for  President.  He  then  at- 
tended the  Cincinnati  College,  grad- 
uating in  law,  taking  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Laws,  March  2,  1843. 
After  this  he  attended  the  Transyl- 
vania University  at  Lexington,  Ky., 
where  he  graduated  in  medicine 
March     7,    1811,    such    well-known 


30S 


OXE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


names  as  those  of  Bishop  H.  B. 
Bascom,  Dr.  B.  W.  Dudley.  Dr. 
Elisha  Bartlett  and  Dr.  W.  H  Rich- 
ardson appearing  on  his  medical  dip- 
loma. 

Alter  graduating  in  medicine  he 
returned  to  his  native  State  and 
removed  with  his  family  to  Missouri 
in  1845.  where  he  devoted  himself  to 
the  practice  of  medicine.  In  1852 
he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate 
from  St.  Louis  County  and  city, 
which  honorable  post  he  held  for 
twelve  successive  years.  He  was 
chosen  Speaker  of  the  Senate  one 
term  and  he  was  also  three  years  in 
the  House.  Dr.  Morris  was  a  man 
of  varied  attainments.  His  library 
showed  him  to  he  a  student  of  no 
circumscribed  sphere,  and  in  conver- 
sation he  revealed  breadth  and  ex- 
actness of  information.  As  a  par- 
liamentarian he  had  few  equals.  As 
a  public  speaker  he  was  able  to  meas- 
ure swords  with  the  strongest  of  his 
time.  Dr.  Morris  was  a  patriot;  he 
loved  his  country,  as  was  shown  by 
"his  always  taking  a  deep  interest  in 
politics. 

As  a  physician,  however,  he  was 
hest  known  and  will  be  longest  re- 
membered, for  in  his  profession  he 
especially  excelled.  The  people  trust- 
ed him  for  his  broad  and  deep 
knowledge  of  medicine  and  for  his 
integrity.  They  loved  him  for  his 
untiring  devotion  to  their  welfare. 

He  was  never  too  weary,  the  roads 
were  never  too  bad  nor  the  nights 
too  dark  for  him  to  go  and  see  the 
liumblest  and  poorest.  Money 
seemed  to  have  been  entirely  over- 
shadowed by  the  higher  motives  of 
henevoience.  A  more  unselfish 
physician  was  never  known,  and  in 
his  honored  profession  many  noble 
examples  are  known.  Dr.  Morris 
was  never  married.  He  lived  in 
Bridgeton  and  practiced  there  42 
years ;  was  a  member  of  the  Method- 
ist Church  and  an  earnest  Christian. 
He  was  taken  to  St.  Louis  for  spe- 
cial treatment  and  died  in  that  city 


November  29,  1887,  at  the  age  of 
78.  The  only  surviving  member  of 
the  family  was  a  brother  three  years 
his  senior,  living  in  Yirginia,  but 
the  friends  who  loved  him  were 
numberless.  His  name  will  long  be 
remembered  and  honored.  He  was 
president  of  the  Missouri  State 
Medical  Association  in  1S68. 

HEXBY  H.  MUDD. 

Henrv  Hod  sen  Mudd  was  born  at 
Pittsfield,  HI.,  April  27,  1811.  Dr. 
Mudd  received  his  academic  educa- 
tion in  the  St.  Louis  public  schools 
and  "Washington  University  of  this 
city.  He  studied  medicine  under  his 
uncle,  John  T.  Hodgen,  and  at  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College,  receiv- 
ing his  degree  from  the  latter  insti- 
tution in  1866. 

After  graduating  he  devoted  some 
months  at  clinical  work  at  the  St. 
Louis  City  Hospital.  In  1867  he 
was  appointed  acting  Assistant  Sur- 
geon in  Gen.  Sherman's  old  regi- 
ment, the  Thirteenth  United  States 
Infantry,  and  went  to  Montana  with 
this  regiment. 

Beturning  to  St.  Lotus,  he  began 
on  January  1,  1869,  the  general 
practice  of  medicine  and  surgery 
with  his  uncle,  Dr.  Hodgen.  Like 
his  uncle,  however,  Dr.  Mudd's  in- 
clination was  all  for  surgery,  and  he 
soon  confined  himself  exclusively  to 
that  branch  of  the  work. 

Dr.  Mudd  was  Prosector  and 
Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  at  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College  from  1872 
to  1883.  He  was  made  Professor  of 
Anatomy  in  1880,  and  in  1883  was 
made  both  Professor  of  Anatomy 
and  Clinical  Surgery  at  the  institu- 
tion, and  continued  in  that  capacity 
until  1886.  He  was  then  made  Pro- 
fessor of  Surgical  Anatomy  and 
Clinical  Surgery,  remaining  as  such 
until  1890.  In  that  year  he  was 
made  dean  of  the  college,  and  con- 
tinued as  Professor  of  Clinical  Sur- 
gery. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


309 


Largely  through  his  efforts  the 
consolidation  was  effected  of  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  College,  which  for 
several  years  past  had  been  the  med- 
ical branch  of  Washington  Univer- 
sity, and  the  Missouri  Medical  Col- 
lege, the  two  oldest  schools  of  med- 
icine in  the  city.  They  were  com- 
bined under  the  title  of  the  Medical 
Department  of  "Washington  Lniver- 
sity,  and  Dr.  Mudd  was  made  dean 
of  the  new  college  and  also  Professor 
of  Clinical  Surgery,  which  positions 
he  held  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

As  a  surgeon  he  was  one  of  the 
best  known  men  in  America,  and 
was  called  into  consultation  in  sur- 
gical cases  throughout  the  entire 
West. 

At  the  death  of  his  uncle,  Dr. 
John  T.  Hodgen,  Dr.  Mudd  succeeds 
ed  him  as  surgeon-in-chief  of  St. 
Luke's  Hospital,  and  held  that  posi- 
tion continuously  up  to  his  death. 
He  was  ex-president  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Society,  and  has  contrib- 
uted numerous  articles  to  various 
medical  magazines.  He  was  the 
author  of  the  articles  on  Hernia  in 
Wood's  Eeference  Hand  Book  of 
Medical  Sciences,  and  on  Surgery 
of  Mouth  and  Tongue  in  Dennis' 
System  of  Surgery,  two  standard 
medical  works,  and  these  articles  hy 
Dr.  Mudd  are  his  most  noted  con- 
tributions to  medical  literature. 

Dr.  Mudd  was  also  a  member  of 
the  American  Surgical  Association, 
a  very  exclusive  organization  of  sur- 
geons. 

He  died  in  St.  Louis,  Xovember 
20,  1899, 

E.  BREXT  MURPHY. 

B.  Brent  Murphy  is  a  native  of 
Missouri,  having  been  born  at  Old 
Mines,  in  AYashington  County,  Feb- 
ruary 16,  1867.  He  is  a  son  of 
Judge  William  S.  Murphy  of  St. 
Louis  County,  and  the  late  Dr.  T. 
L.  Papin  of  St.  Louis  was  his  uncle 
by  marriage. 


Dr.  Murphy  is  a  graduate  of  the 
Christian  Brothers'  College  of  St. 
Louis — June,  1881. 

After  debating  with  himself  the 
question  of  his  future  occupation  in 
life,  he  finally  decided  to  follow  the 
profession  of  medicine,  and  pre- 
pared himself  to  that  end. 

He  took  a  course  in  medicine  in 
St.  Louis  Medical  College,  and  on 
March  11,  1889,  received  his  di- 
ploma from  that  institution. 


After  graduation  he  served  one 
year  as  assistant  physician  at  St. 
Louis  Female  Hospital.  In  May. 
1890,  he  commenced  private  prac- 
tice, with  an  office  at  his  present  lo- 
cation on  Manchester  avenue.  Dr. 
Murphy  is  a  member  of  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  Society,  and  was 
elected  to  fill  a  vacancy  caused  b)r 
the  resignation  of  its  corresponding 
secretary  in  1893,  and  was  re-elect- 
ed and  served  as  corresponding  sec- 
retary in  1894. 

He  is  one  of  St.  Louis'  successful 
-phvsicians. 


310 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


E.  J.  NEVILLE. 

Born  of  New  England  parents, 
in  the  metropolis  of  that  section 
of  the  country,  Dr.  E.  J.  Neville  ob- 
tained the  excellent  public  school 
and  classical  education  which  all 
New  Englanders  can  obtain,  espe- 
cially if  they  are  raised  in  Boston. 

Later  in  life  young  Neville  re- 
moved to  St.  Louis,  where  he  took 
up  the  study  of  medicine,  entering 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  College,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1892. 

For  the  two  succeeding  years  Dr. 
Neville  further  pursued  his  study  of 
medicine  in  the  famous  medical  de- 
partment of  the  University  of  Ber- 
lin, having  as  instructors  some  of 
the  most  noted  savants  of  medicine 
in  Germany. 

In  1894  he  returned  to  America 
and  located  himself  in  St.  Louis, 
where  he  entered  upon  an  active 
general  practice  of  medicine.  The 
thorough  knowledge  he  had  of  all 
the  branches  of  his  chosen  profes- 
sion made  him  well  fitted  to  take 
care  of  the  practice  which  has  since 
become  quite  large. 


L.   E.    NEWMAN. 

Louis  E.  Newman  was  born  Sep- 
tember 3,  1861,  in  South  St.  Louis 
(then  Carondelet).  His  early  edu- 
cation was  obtained  in  private 
schools.  He  afterwards  entered 
the  St.  Louis  University,  and 
graduated  therefrom  in  1880,  with 
the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts. 
Later  the  same  institution  con- 
ferred on  him  the  M.  A.  degree. 
Subsequently  he  studied  medicine 
under  the  preceptorship  of  the  late 
Dr.  A.  P.  Lankford  and  attended 
his  first  course  of  lectures  at  the 
Missouri  Medical  College.  He  took 
the  regular  course  at  the  famous 
Jefferson  Medical  College  of  Phila- 
delphia, graduating  in  1883. 

To  further  qualify  as  a  practition- 
er, Dr.  Newman  spent  the  two 
years  following  his  graduation  in 
Europe  aud  continued  his  studies  in 
the  medical  educational  centers  of 
the  continent. 

He  returned  to  this  country  in 
1885  and  established  himself  in 
practice  in  his  native  city.  In  1891 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGER5T. 


311 


he  moved  his  office  to  its  present 
location. 

Although  a  comparatively  young- 
practitioner,  Dr.  Newman  is  recog- 
nized by  the  profession  and  laity  as- 
a  physician  of  superior  education 
and  attainments.  He  is  engaged  in 
general  practice. 


Homeopathy  and  of  the  Kansas 
State  Homeopathic  Society.  He  is 
president  of  the  Hahnemannian 
Medical  Society  of  the  Kansas  City 
Homeopathic  Medical  College  and 
dean  of  the  college. 


C.  M.  NICHOLSON. 

Clarence  M.  Nicholson,  physician, 
was  horn  January  15,  1868,  in 
Kansas  City,  Mo.,  son  of  Judge  E.  P. 
and  Elizabeth  (Griffin)  Nicholson. 
His  paternal  grandfather  was  Isaac 
P.  Nicholson,  born  in  1789,  who, 
after  serving  on  the  bench  as  cir- 
cuit judge  in  Mississippi,  was  ele- 
vated to  the  Supreme  bench  of  that 
State,  and  acquired  enviable  dis- 
tinction as  a  jurist.  His  father 
served  in  the  'Civil  War  in  the  rank 
of  Colonel,  and  later  occupied  the 
circuit  bench. 

Dr.  Nicholson  obtained  his  acad- 
emic education  in  Kansas  City  and 
St.  Louis,  and  began  the  study  of 
medicine  at  the  Missouri  Medical 
College,  where  he  graduated  in  the 
class  of  1891. 


ANTON  E.  NEUMEISTER. 

Anton  E.  Neumeister  is  a  native 
of  Saxon-Germany,  the  date  of  his 
birth  being  November  22,   1842. 

In  1885  he  graduated  from  the 
Chicago  Homeopathic  College,  but 
had  previously  studied  medicine 
and  commenced  practice  in  1878.  In 
1886  he  located  in  Kansas  City,  and 
at  once  commenced  the  practice  of 
medicine  and  surgery.  I)r.  Neu- 
meister is  a  specialist  in  surgical  gy- 
necology, and  is  a  professor  of  and 
has  held  the  chair  of  gynecology  in 
the  Kansas  City  Homeopathic  Med- 
ical College  since  its  organization  in 
1888. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  American 
Institute  of  Homeopathy;  also  of 
the  Missouri  Institute  of  Homeop- 
athy,  Missouri  A7  alley  Institute   of 


312 


ONE    PIUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


Immediately  afterward  he  became 
a  teacher  in  that  institution.  While 
he  has  engaged  in  general  practice, 
his  strong  predilection  has  been 
toward  surgery,  and  his  practical 
experience  has  been  supplemented 
in  this  field  of  medical  science  by 
post-graduate  courses  of  study  in 
New  York  and  Philadelphia  and  at 
the  hospitals  and  clinics  of  London, 
Paris,  Vienna  and  Berlin.  In  1893 
he  was  appointed  junior  surgeon  to 
St.  John's  Hospital,  in  1895  sur- 
geon to  the  Emergency  Hospital,  in 
1896  secretary  of  the  State  Ana- 
tomical Board,  in  1897  director  of 
the  Beaumont  Dispensary  and  at  the 
present  time  (1900)  he  occupies  the 
Chair  of  General  Descriptive  Anat- 
omy and  Clinical  Surgery  at  the 
Beaumont  Hospital  Medical  College. 
As  indicated  in  the  foregoing,  Dr. 
Nicholson,  while  engaged  in  general 
practice,  is  best  known  as  a  surgeon. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  American 
Medical  Association,  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Society,  the  Missouri  State 
Medical  Association,  and  has  made 
many  contributions  to  medical  jour- 
nals, and-  is  a  department  editor  of 
The  Stylus,  a  medical  periodical 
published  in  St.  Louis. 

Dr.  Nicholson  married  in  June, 
1899,  Miss  Clara  Colman,  daughter 
of  ex-Gov.  Norman  J.  Colman,  and 
has  one  child,  a  son. 

H.  L.   NIETEBT. 

Dr.  H.  L.  Metert,  the  present  su- 
perintendent of  the  St.  Louis  City 
Hospital,  is  a  native  of  Illinois,  hav- 
ing been  born  at  Edwardsville,  in 
that  State,  February  22,  1866. 

The  doctor's  early  education  was 
received  in  the  public  and  high 
schools  of  his  boyhood  home,  after 
which  he  took  a  course  of  study  in 
Shurtleff  College  in  Northern  Illi- 
nois. 

In  1886  he  came  to  Missouri, where 
he  entered  the  old  St.  Louis  Med- 
ical  College,  from  which   he  grad- 


uated with  honors  in  the  class  of 
'89. 

Dr.  Nietert,  when  abroad  during 
the  summer  of  18S9,  further  pur- 
sued his  study  of  medicine  in  the 
universities  of  Heidelberg  and  Vien- 
na. He  remained  one  year  in  each 
university,  returning  to  this  country 
in  1892, 

Coming  to  St.  Louis  he  began  the 
general  practice  of  medicine.  He 
was  so  successful  with  his  private 
practice  that  he  was  chosen  super- 


intendent of  the  City  Hospital, 
which  position  he  accepted  January 
5,  1899. 

Dr.  Nietert  is  acknowledged  to 
be  one  of  the  best  superintendents 
the  City  Hospital  ever  had.  He  has 
brought  the  efficiency  of  the  staff 
up  to  a  high  standard,  and  is  at  the 
same  time  conducting  the  hospital 
on  a  most  economical  basis. 

The  doctor  is  a  member  of  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  Society  and  the 
Medical  Society  of  the  Alumni  of 
the  St.  Louis  City  Hospital. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


313 


THOMAS   O'EEILLY. 

Dr.  O'Eeilly  is  of  a  very  old  Irish 
family,  which  suffered  in  the 
Cromwellian  wars.  Thomas  O'Eeil- 
ly  was  born  in  Virginia,  County 
Cavan,  Ireland,  February  11,  1827. 

In  his  youth  he  evinced  great 
precocity  by  reading  and  translating 
Latin  literature. 

Before  the  age  of  13  he  had  begun 
the  study  of  medicine,  and  had 
passed  the  examination  of  the  court 
of  examiners  of  Apothecary's  Hall 


in  Dublin.  He  then  obtained  a  po- 
sition in  an  apothecary  shop,  where 
he  gained  a  thorough  and  practical 
knowledge  of  drugs. 

After  serving  some  time  in  this 
capacity  he  became  assistant  to  Dr. 
John  Francis  Purcell  of  Carrick-on- 
Suir,  a  celebrated  Irish  physician 
of  that  day. 

He  later  went  with  his  patron  to 
Dublin,  and  there  continued  his 
medical  studies  in  the  Meath  Hospi- 
tal, where  he  was  made  assistant  and 
afterward  chief  clinical  clerk,  under 
the  celebrated  Dr.  Stokes,  also 
serving  Sir  Pbilips  Crampton,  and 


while  in  this  service  was  a  student  in 
the  "Original  School  of  Medicine." 
His  hospital  work  lasted  four  years, 
and  during  this  time  occurred  the 
great  famine  in  Ireland,  which  be- 
gan in  1845.  Destitution  was  ev- 
erywhere, and  the  hospital  became 
a  veritable  charnel  house. 

At  about  this  time  the  French 
Government  sent  a  commission  of 
medical  men  to  Ireland  to  investi- 
gate typhus  and  typhoid  fever  con- 
ditions of  the  island  and  report  re- 
sults to  the  French  Academy  of 
Medicine.  Dr.  O'Eeilly  was  appoint- 
ed anatomist  to  this  commission, 
but  its  work  was  effectually  stopped 
by  the  sudden  prostration  of  all  the 
members  with  the  diseases  they 
were  investigating. 

At  this  period  of  his  life,  O'Eeil- 
ly's  studies  suffered  an  interruption, 
while  the  subject  of  this  sketch 
took  part  in  the  revolutionary  move- 
ment of  the  Young  Ireland  party. 
Later  they  were  resumed,  and  after 
a  finishing  course  in  the  College  of 
Surgeons  of  London,  graduated  with 
the  doctor's  degree  in  1849. 

Soon  after  he  came  to  America 
and  commenced  a  tour  westward  in 
a  search  for  relatives.  Arriving  at 
St.  Louis  he  decided  to  locate  there. 
Since  that  time  he  has  become  one 
of  Missouri's  most  famous  practi- 
tioners. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War 
Dr.  O'Eeilly  was  visiting  in  his 
native  land,  but  he  hurried  home 
and  offered  his  services  to  the  Fed- 
eral Government.  His  proffer  of 
services  was  gladly  accepted,  and  he 
was  employed  on  many  important 
missions.  While  loving  and  lending 
aid  to  Ireland,  Dr.  O'Eeilly  was 
none  the  less  an  American  patriot. 

In  the  literary  field  he  has  made 
many  valuable  contributions,  which 
have  received  publication  in  the 
medical  press  of  the  State  and  na- 
tion. Notable  among  those  which 
have  attracted  attention  are:  "Ben- 
eficial Influence  of  Tobacco  as  an 


314 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


Antidote  for  Strychnine  Poisoning" 
and  "The  Influence  of  Rest  and  Rec- 
reation as  a  Cure  for  Nervous  Pros- 
tration."" 

He  has  also  received  wide  com- 
mendation from  his  professional 
brethren  and  the  general  public  for 
a  paper  on  "Hygiene."' 

Dr.  O'Reilly's  practice  has  long 
been  one  of  the  largest  in  the  West. 


G.  W.  OVERALL. 

The  early  life  of  Dr.  G.  W.  Overall 
was  spent  in  Tennessee,  his  native 
State.  He  was  born  at  Murfrees- 
boro  on  the  last  day  of  the  year 
1849.  After  completing  a  course 
of  studies  at  the  Union  University 
lie  entered  Jefferson  Medical  College 
of  Philadelphia.  He  received  his 
diploma  in  18 To  and  began  practice 
in  the  same  year.  For  20  years  he 
occupied  a  place  in  the  front  rank 
of  Memphis  physicians,  and  for 
seven  years  of  that  time  held  a 
chair  in  one  of  the  medical  colleges 
of  Tennessee. 

In  1898  he  came  to  Missouri  and 


located  in  St.  Louis  about  October 
1  of  that  year. 

In  a  short  time  he  has  made  a 
place  for  himself  in  the  same  rela- 
tive position,  professionally,  that  he 
occupied  in  Tennessee. 

Dr.  Overall  is  a  close  student  and 
hard  worker  in  his  profession.  He 
is  well-known  particularl}'  as  the  au- 
thor of  a  work  on  "Practical  Elec- 
tricity in  Medicine  and  Surgery." 
and  several  other  literary  efforts  are 
the  products  of  his  pen. 

Dr.  Overall  makes  a  specialty  of 
treating  genito-urinary  diseases  by 
electrolysis  and  cataphoresis,  which 
is  attracting  much  attention  in  the 
progress  of  medical  science. 

CHARLES  0.  OZIAS. 

Charles  0.  Ozias,  a  leading  physi- 
cian and  surgeon  of  TTarrensburg, 
Mo.,  was  born  in  Lewisburg.  Preble 
Co.,  0.,  November  16,  1861.  His 
grandparents  were  pioneer  settlers 
of  the  Buckeye  State.  His  father's 
father  was  a  native  of  France,  and 
spent  some  time  in  North  Carolina 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


315 


before  settling  in  Ohio  in  the  year 
1805.  His  mother  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Dr.  J.  M.  Pretzinger,  a  promi- 
nent physician,  who  emigrated  to 
this  country  from  Germany  in  1836, 
and  settled  in  Eupheniia,  0.,  in 
whose  family  were  eight  physicians, 
and  from  them  it  is  probable  that 
Dr.  Ozias  inherited  the  desire  to 
follow  medicine. 

In  the  spring  of  1868  the  Ozias 
family  moved  to  Missouri,  and  set- 
tled near  Centerview  when  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  was  in  his  sev- 
enth year. 

Young  Ozias  received  the  usual 
schooling  which  fell  to  the  lot  of 
boys  reared  on  the  farm,  and  in 
1880-1-2  he  attended  the  State  Xor- 
mal  School  at  Warrensburg,  Mo.  He 
took  up  the  study  of  medicine  under 
Dr.  J.  H.  Kinyon,  a  prominent  phy- 
sician of  Centerview,  and  later  stud- 
ied in  the  office  of  Dr.  J.  D.  Grif- 
fith of  Kansas  City,  Mo.  In  March, 
1892,  he  graduated  from  the  Kan- 
sas City  Medical  College,  commenc- 
ing the  practice  of  medicine  the 
same  year  in  connection  with  his 
brother,  Dr.  X.  J.  Ozias,  at  Rose- 
bury,  Ore.  He  finally  settled  at 
Warrensburg,  near  his  old  home.  In 
the  spring  of  1898  he  spent  some 
time  in  Chicago  taking  a  post-grad- 
uate course  at  the  Chicago  Clinical 
College. 

Dr.  Ozias  enjoys  a  large  general 
practice  in  and  around  "Warrens- 
burg. He  makes  a  specialty  of 
treating  cancer  and  rectal  diseases. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  American 
Animal  Therapy  Association,  man- 
ager of  the  Roberts  Lymph  Insti- 
tute and  medical  examiner  of  a 
number  of  old  line  and  fraternal  in- 
surance companies.  He  is  also  an 
Odd  Fellow  and  a  member  of  sev- 
eral other  secret  orders. 

JOHN    PIXCKXEY    PARDEE. 

John    Pinckney    Pardue,  one   of 
the    prominent    physicians    of    the 


West  End.  was  born  in  Alabama, 
and  received  his  early  education  in 
that  State.  August  20,  1851,  is  the 
date  of  Dr.  Pardue*s  birth.  After 
receiving  his  education  he  en- 
tered the  Missouri  Medical  Col- 
lege, from  which  he  graduated  in 
1880.  He  began  the  practice  of 
medicine  in  his  Alabama  home  the 
same  year  and  was  health  officer 
there  when,  a  year  later,  he  decided 
to  return  to  St.  Louis  to  study  in 


the  St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons.  He  received  a  de- 
gree from  that  college  in  1882  and 
was  shortly  afterward  called  to  fill 
the  Chair  of  Materia  Medica  and 
Hygiene.  His  practice  soon  de- 
manding all  of  his  time,  he  resigned 
his  college  work  and  has  since  been 
engaged  in  general  practice  in  St. 
Louis.  He  has  been  quite  successful 
in  his  practice  and  stands  well  with 
his  co-practitioners. 

J.  G.  PARRISH,  SR. 

J.  G.  Parrish  comes  from  one  of 
the  "first  families"'  of  Virginia, 
and  he  was  born  at  Fredericksburg 


316 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


in  that  State  in  November,  1842.  He 
received  his  early  education  under 
a  tutor  fT  d  ^  the  famous  White 
Hall  Seminary,  from  which  he  grad- 
uated just  previous  to  the  breaking 
out  of  the  Civil  War. 

When  the  "rumors  of  war"'  rent 
the  TTnion  in  1861,  Dr.  Parrish, 
then  a  }roung  man  of  19  yearsy 
elected  to  '"'go  with  his  State,"  and 
enlisted  as  a  private  in  Company  B 
of  the  Ninth  Virginia  Cavalry.  All 
through  the  war  he  served  as  a 
scout  and  guide  to  Gen.  Eohert  E. 
Lee. 

After  the  close  of  the  war  Dr. 
Parrish  returned  to  his  early  home 
only  to  find  that  he,  like  the  ma- 
jority of  his  compatriots,  had  lost 
everything.  After  casting  about  in 
several  business  fields  Dr.  Parrish 
came  to  Missouri  and  located  in  St. 
Louis.  By  dint  of  hard  work  he 
was  enabled  to  make  sufficient  mon- 
ey to  enter  the  Missouri  Medical 
College,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
1872.  He  at  once  began  practicing 
in  St.  Louis,  and  has  remained  there 
ever  since. 


Dr.  Parrish  makes  a  specialty  of 
the  diseases  of  women  and  children. 


REINHOLD  PASSLER. 

Reinhold  Passler  is  a  native  of 
Germany.  He  was  born  in  Leip- 
zig, April  21,  I860,  and  his  early  ed- 
ucation was  received  in  the  gymna- 
sium there.  At  the  age  of  14  he 
removed  with  the  family  to  Dres- 
den, where  he  finished  the  gymna- 
sium course,  and  afterward  attended 
the  Veterinary  College  for  four 
3rears.  In  1882  he  became  a  sur- 
geon in  the  German  army,  and 
served  until  18S4. 

In  1886  he  emigrated  to  America, 
and  upon  landing  in  this  country 
came  at  once  to  Missouri  and  took 
up  his  residence  in  St.  Louis.  He 
employed  himself  profitably  for  a 
few  years  and  then  entered  the  Ma- 
rion-Sims College  of  Medicine,  from 
which  institution  he  graduated  in 
1892. 

He  began  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession at  once  in  St.  Louis,  where 
he  has  since  remained,  engaged  in 


c 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


317 


general  practice.  Dr.  Passler  has  a 
numerous  clientele,  drawn  from  the 
so-called  German  population. 


CAEL  PESOLD. 

Carl  Pesold  was  born  February 
1,  1858,  in  Eisfeld,  Germany. 
He  obtained  an  excellent  literary 
education  in  the  schools  of  his  na- 
tive country,  his  last  schooling 
there  being  an  attendance  at  a 
course  of  lectures  in  the  University 
at  Gena. 

Coming  to  this  country  at  the  age 
of  eighteen,  he  settled  in  St.  Louis 
and  secured  employment  as  a  chem- 
ist. La  this  capacity  Dr.  Pesold  has 
had  nearly  20  years'  experience.  By 
reason  of  this  experience  he  entered 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons much  better  equipped  than 
the  average  medical  student. 

Beceiving  Ms  doctor's  degree  in 
1890,  he  commenced  practice  fit 
once;  his  practice  is  general. 

Doctor  Pesold  is  a  member  of  the 
St.  Louis  Academy  of  Medical  and 
Surgical  Sciences,  and  has  been, 
elected  a  vice-president  of  that  body. 


He  is  also  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Society,  of  the  Tri-State 
Medical  Society  and  other  profes- 
sional bodies. 

The  doctor  takes  an  active  inter- 
est in  military  matters.  He  was  an 
examining  physician  for  Missouri 
volunteers  in  the  Spanish- American 
war,  and  is  the  present  Major  Sur- 
geon of  the  1st  Eegiment,  X.  G.  M. 

LOUIS  T.  PIM,  JE. 

Dr.  Louis  T.  Pirn  comes  by  his 
medical  predilections  honestly 
enough,  for  his  father  was  one  of 
the  best  known  of  the  physicians  of 
St.  Louis  a  generation  ago.  The 
younger  Pirn  was  born  in  St.  Louis 
on  the  20th  day  of  January,  1872. 

After  a  course  of  study  in  the 
public  schools  of  the  city  he  en- 
tered the  St.  Louis  University, 
from  which  he  graduated  in  1887. 
He  then  entered  Xotre  Dame  Uni- 
versity at  Xotre  Dame,  Ind.,  where 
he  remained  for  the  next  two  years. 
At  the  expiration  of  that  time  he 
entered    the    old    Missouri  Medical 


318 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OP 


College,  from  which  he  graduated 
in  1892. 

Immediately  upon  receiving  his 
diploma  Dr.  Pirn  entered  upon  the 
active  practice  of  medicine,  associat- 
ing himself  with  Dr.  A.  V.  L.  Bro- 
kaw  of  St.  Louis.  Four  years  later 
Dr.  Pirn  opened  an  office  for  him- 
self, and  has  built  up  in  the  interim 
a  large  and  lucrative  practice. 

Dr.  Pirn  has  been  connected  with 
the  surgical  clinics  at  the  St.  Louis 
Polyclinic  and  the  Missouri  Medical 
College;  the  ear,  nose  and  throat 
clinic  at  the  St.  Louis  Polyclinic, 
and  the  children's  clinic  of  the  Mis- 
souri Medical  College.  He  is  now 
connected  with  the  St.  John's  Hos- 
pital, and  during  the  last  few  years 
of  the  life  of  the  old  Missouri  Med- 
ical College  was  the  assistant  to  the 
Professor  of  Operative  Surgery  on 
Cadaver.  He  is  also  assistant  sur- 
geon, with  the  rank  of  First  Lieu- 
tenant, to  Battery  A  of  the  Mis- 
souri State  Guards. 

Dr.  Pirn  is  a  member  of  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  Society  and  the 
American  Medical  Association.  His 
work  speaks  for  itself,  and  he  occu- 
pies the  position  in  the  ranks  of 
the  present  day  profession  that  his 
father  held  during  his  lifetime. 

LOUIS  T.  PIM,  SE. 

Dr.  Louis  T.  Pirn,  Sr.,  was  born 
in  West  Chester,  Pa.,  on  the  9th 
day  of  March,  1828.  Shortly  after 
his  birth  his  parents  emigrated  to 
Louisiana  and  later  to  Missouri, 
where  he  was  reared  and  educated, 
graduating  from  the  Kemper  Col- 
lege in  St.  Louis  in  1846.  In  the 
meantime  he  had  begun  the  study 
of  medicine  under  the  preceptorship 
of  the  famous  Dr.  Joseph  N.  Mc- 
Dowell, and  after  being  admitted  to 
practice,  became  associated  with 
him. 

After  studying  under  Dr.  McDow- 
ell, Dr.  Pirn  entered  the  old  Mis- 
souri Medical  College,  from  which 


he  graduated  with  the  class  of  '47. 
He  then  went  to  Philadelphia, 
where  he  took  post-graduate  work 
in  the  Jefferson  Medical  College, 
and  when  through  there  made  a  spe- 
cial study  of  clinical  surgery  in  the 
hospitals  of  the  large  cities,  both  in 
the  East  and  the  West. 

After  a  term  of  service  in  United 
States  Marine  Hospitals,  Dr.  Pirn 
settled  in  St.  Louis  to  begin  a  pri- 
vate practice,  which  he  gave  up, 
however,  in  order  to  accept  an  ap- 
pointment from  the  President  of 
the  United  States  as  chief  physician 
to  the  Delaware  and  Shawnee  In- 
dians, who  were  quartered  on  a  res- 
ervation near  Westport,  Mo. 

In  1850  he  resumed  practice  in 
St.  Louis,  only  to  give  that  up  a  few 
years  later  in  order  to  be  with  his 
mother  during  her  declining  years 
at  her  home  in  Southern  Missouri. 
After  her  death  Dr.  Pirn  traveled 
through  this  country  and  South 
America,  and  in  1857  again  located 
in  St.  Louis.  In  1858  he  accepted 
the  assistant  professorship  of  the 
Chair  of  Surgery  in  the  Missouri 
Medical  College,  which  position  he 
held  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
War,  when  he  joined  the  forces  of 
the  Confederacy,  serving  as  Brigade 
Surgeon  in  the  army  under  Gen.  M. 
D.  Frost.  He,  with  the  rest  of  his 
command,  was  captured  in  1861  by 
Federal  troops,  and  confined  to  mil- 
itary prison  in  St.  Louis.  He  es- 
caped, however,  and  was  fortunate 
enough  to  make  his  way  South, 
where  he  joined  Gen.  Albert  Sidney 
Johnston's  army,  in  which  he  was 
made  Begimental  Surgeon.  Soon 
afterwards  he  was  appointed  medi- 
cal examiner  on  Gen.  S.  B.  Buck- 
ner's  staff.  While  acting  in  this  car 
pacify  Dr.  Pirn  established  and  had 
charge  of  the  Confederate  army 
hospital  service. 

After  the  war  Dr.  Pirn  settled  for 
the  third  and  last  time  in  St.  Louis, 
and  resumed  his  private  practice. 
He  continued  in  active  general  prac- 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


319 


tiee   until   a   few  years   before   his 
death,  when  he  retired. 
He  died  June  22,  1888. 


SIMON  POLLAK. 

The  oldest  physician  in  St.  Louis, 
and  in  many  respects  the  most 
prominent,  is  Simon  Pollak,  who 
was  born  at  Prague,  in  Bohemian 
Austria,  April  14,  1814. 

His  early  training  and  academic 
education  was  had  in  Prague  and 
Vienna,  his  parents  having  removed 
to  the  latter-named  city  when  he 
was  quite  young. 

He  adopted  medicine  as  his  pro- 
fession and  became  a  medical  grad- 
uate of  the  University  of  Vienna  in 
1835.  Following  his  graduation  he 
was  for  thirteen  months  an  interne 
in  the  Vienna  Hospital.  Eighteen 
months  more  were  spent  in  touring 
Europe,  visiting  hospitals  of  the  dif- 
ferent capitals  and  adding  to  his 
store  of  medical  knowledge. 

As  it  had  been  one  of  his  earliest 
ambitions  to  become  a  citizen  of  the 
greatest  republic,  he  took  the  first 
opportunity  offered  by  his  resources 
and  emigrated  to  this  country,  land- 
ing in  New  York  in  1837.    • 

After  spending  some  time  in  the 
nation's  metropolis  and  becoming 
discouraged  by  reason  of  financial 
reverses  met  with  there,  he  started 
on  a  tour  of  the  country  with  the 
view  of  seeking  a  favorable  location 
for  one  of  his  professional  attain- 
ments. He  first  visited  New  Or- 
leans, and  from  there  journeyed  up 
the  Mississippi  until  he  reached 
Tennessee,  in  which  State  he  took 
up  professional  work,  at  first  under 
the  patronage  of  a  planter  whose  ac- 
quaintance he  had  made  in  New  Or- 
leans, but  subsequently  locating  in 
Nashville  (1841),  and  remaining 
there  four  years. 

Again  the  spirit  of  travel  came 
upon  him,  and  he  returned  down 
the  river  and  bought  an  estate  in 
Louisiana.  He  had  been  living  there 


but  a  few  months  when  a  crevasse 
swept  away  his  all.  He  then  vis- 
ited New  Orleans,  and  while  there 
determined  upon  the  step  which  has 
resulted  in  his  permanent  residence 
in  St.  Louis. 

He  became  a  Missourian  in  1845, 
and  after  a  few  months  spent  in 
forming  acquaintances  and  associa- 
tions which  soon  evidenced  their 
value,  the  newcomer  began  to  ac- 
quire a  practice  which  had  the  pleas- 
ant attendant  feature  of  a  steadily 
increasing  income.  It  would  take 
up  a  considerable  space  in  the  av- 
erage volume  to  tell  in  detail  the 
story  of  Dr.  Pollak's  life  in  St. 
Louis,  but  a  few  of  the  notable  por- 
tions may  be  mentioned  here. 

In  association  with  Drs.  Pope, 
McPheeters,  J.  B.  Johnson,  S.  Gr. 
Moses  and  Joseph  Clark,  he  estab- 
lished St.  Louis'  first  private  dis- 
pensary. In  1850,  in  company  with 
James  E.  Yeatman,  Hudson  E. 
Bridge,  Joseph  Charless,  Eobert 
Holmes  and  the  Eev.  Dr.  Potts,  he 
founded  what  has  since  become  a 
State  institution  under  the  name  of 
the  Missouri  State  School  for  the 
Blind.  For  years  Dr.  Pollak  was 
its  chief  promoter  and  attending 
physician,  and  he  is  still  a  trustee 
(1900). 

It  was  while  engaged  in  this  work 
he  began  to  study  for  special  work 
as  an  oculist  and  aurist,  and  to  fur- 
ther perfection  in  these  studies  he 
in  1859  went  abroad  and  spent  22 
months  in  Europe. 

Eeturning  in  1861  he  opened  the 
first  eye  and  ear  clinic  to  be  estab- 
lished west  of  the  Mississippi.  This 
clinic  is  now  held  in  Mullanphy 
Hospital,  and  Dr.  Pollak  still  de- 
votes a  portion  of  his  time  to  ser- 
vice in  the  clinic.  Since  its  incep- 
tion, upwards  of  40,000  patients 
have  been  treated  in  the  clinic.  Dr. 
Pollak's  services  in  this  connection 
are,  and  always  have  been,  grat- 
uitous. 

During'  the  war  Dr.  Pollak  served 


320 


ONE    HUNDRED    TEARS    OF 


on  the  Sanitary  Commission.  He 
was  appointed  a  Government  hos- 
pital inspector,  and  so  great  was  the 
confidence  placed  in  him  by  the 
War  Department  that  he  had  carte 
blanche  in  the  ordering  of  snch  sup- 
plies for  the  sick  and  wounded  suf- 
ferers as  he  deemed  necessary  for 
their  comfort. 

Sixteen  years  of  Dr.  Pollak's  life 
in  St.  Louis  were  spent  as  a  resident 
in  the  Planters'  Hotel,  and  during 
that  time  his  office  was  in  the  im- 
mediate vicinity.  Excepting  some 
professional  work  of  a  charitable 
nature,  Dr.  Pollak  has  retired  from 
active  practice,  and  is  spending  the 
evening  of  a  well-lived  life  and  en- 
joying a  deserved  rest  in  his  com- 
fortable home  on  North  Grand  av- 
enue, St.  Louis.  He  was  early  mar- 
ried and  has  several  adult  children. 


WILLIAM  POPTEK. 

March  18,  1852,  was  the  date  of 
William  Porter's  birth,  which  oc- 
curred at  Beaver,  Pa.  Early  in  his 
boyhood  the  family  removed  to  El- 
derton,  Pa.,  where  he  received  his 
early  education  at  Elderton  Acade- 
my, afterwards  continuing  his  stud- 
ies and  graduating  from  the  West- 
minster "Literary  College.  Follow- 
ing the  bent  of  his  inclination  he  in 
1873  entered  the  Jefferson  Medical 
College,  taking  a  two-years'  course. 
He  spent  several  years  in  study  m 
Europe;  Avas  assistant  to  Sir  Andrew 
Clark  at  the  London  Hospital,  and 
for  two  vears  assistant  to  Sir  Mor- 
rell  -  Mackenzie  at  the  Golden 
Square  Throat  and  Chest  Hospital 
in  London,  afterwards  taking  a  spe- 
cial course  in  Berlin,  Paris  and 
Vienna.  Eeturning  to  America  in 
1878,  Dr.  Porter  at  once  located  in 
St.  Louis  and  began  the  practice  of 
medicine,  making  a  specialty  of 
throat  and  chest  diseases  and  phys- 
ical diagnosis,  and  has  built  up  a 
Wge  and  profitable  practice.     Dr. 


Porter  is  physician  in  charge  of  Mt. 
St.  Eose  Throat  and  Chest  Hospital, 
clinician  in  physical  diagnosis  St. 
Louis   City  Hospital,  physician  to 


the  Protestant  Hospital,  also  at  St. 
Joseph's  Hospital,  and  is  a  Fellow 
of  the  American  Laryngological  As- 
sociation. 

THOMPSON  E.  POTTER. 

Thompson  E.  Potter  was  born  in 
Clinton  County,  Missouri,  Dec. 
18, 1849.  Shortly  afterwards  his  par- 
ents removed  to  De  Kalb  County, 
Missouri,  where,  on  a  farm  near  the 
little  town  of  Maysville,  his  early 
life  was  spent.  He  attended  the 
common  schools  until  his  16th  year, 
when  he  entered  McGee  College, 
which  was  at  that  time  located  near 
Macon  City,  Mo.  There  he  com- 
pleted his  literary  course,  and  soon 
after  his  graduation  he  began  teach- 
ing, at  the  same  time  commencing 
the  study  of  medicine  under  a  pre- 
ceptor. Overcoming  many  obsta- 
cles, young  Potter  entered  the  Jef- 
ferson Medical  College  of  Philadel- 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


321 


phia  in  1873.  He  took  two  winter 
courses  and  one  summer  course  in 
ihat  institution  and  graduated  in 
March,  1875,  taking  a  $50  prize 
offered  for  the  best  thesis  on  "De- 
scriptive and  Eelative  Anatomy  of 
the  Gravid  Uterus.''" 

Directly  after  graduating  he  re- 
turned to  Missouri,  and  located  at 
Cameron,  where  he  remained  for  the 
next  eleven  years.  While  there  he 
was  called  to  the  Chair  of  the  Dis- 
eases of  the  Xervous  System  in  the 
Northwestern  Medical  College  of  St. 
Joseph,  Mo.  He  occupied  this  posi- 
tion until  1881:,  when  he  resigned  in 
order  that  he  might  give  his  entire 
attention  to  his  large  and  constantly 
growing  practice.  In  1882  Dr.  Pot- 
ter was  appointed  local  surgeon  to 
the  Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph  Railroad, 
which  position  he  held  until  he  re- 
signed some  four  years  later.  Upon 
the  creation  of  the  Pension  Exam- 
ining Board  for  the  Third  Missouri 
Congressional  District,  President 
Arthur  appointed  him  a  member. 
When  he  removed  from  Cameron  to 
St.  Joseph  in  the  year  1886  he  re- 
signed this  position. 


In  1894  he,  with  several  other 
gentlemen,  organized  the  Central 
Medical  College  of  St.  Joseph,  and 
in  1889  he  started  the  Western  Med- 
ical and  Surgical  Reporter,  of  which 
he  has  since  been  the  editor.  The 
doctor  is  now  the  Professor  of  Sur- 
gery in  the  Central  Medical  College, 
and  he  is  also  one  of  the  surgeons 
to  St.  Joseph  Hospital. 

He  has  always  been  a  member  of 
the  prominent  State  and  local  medi- 
cal organizations,  and  is  widely 
known  through  the  professional 
press,  to  which  he  has  always  been 
a  valued  contributor. 


C.  II.  POWELL. 

Charles  H.  Powell  is  a  native 
born  Missourian.  He  first  saw  the 
light  in  Normandy,  March  13,  1864. 

After  an  elementary  education  re- 
ceived from  private  tutors  he  en- 
tered St.  Louis  University,  was 
graduated  from  that  institution  in 
1881,  and  received  the  degree  of  A. 
M.  in  1886.  He  had  already  deter- 
mined    the     profession   he  was  to 


322 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


adopt,  and  in  line  with  this  deter- 
mination became  a  student  in  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College.  He  fin- 
ished the  medical  course  and  Avas 
handed  his  diploma  in  1887,  and 
commenced  the  practice  of  medicine 
in  St.  Louis  the  year  following. 

Dr.  Powell  served  as  interne  to 
the  St.  Louis  Female  Hospital  short- 
ly after  his  graduation  in  medicine. 
After  leaving  the  hospital  he  entered 
upon  active  professional  work.  He 
edits  the  North  American  Journal 
of  Diagnosis  and  Practice,  fills  the 
Chair  of  Physical  Diagnosis  and 
Clinical  Medicine  in  Barnes  Medical 
College,  which  position  he  has  oc- 
cupied for  eight  years  past;  is  al- 
ternate physician  to  the  St.  Louis 
City  Hospital,  obstetrician  to  St. 
Joseph's  Sanitarium,  visiting  physi- 
cian to  the  Carmelite  Convent  and 
to  Convent  of  Oblate  Sisters  of 
Providence  and  is  clinician  to 
Barnes  Medical  College  Dispensary. 

As  the  result  of  many  years  of 
,  hard  professional  work  Dr.  Powell 
has  a  large  general  practice.  He 
makes  a  special  study  of  diseases  of 
the  heart  and  lungs,  although  in 
general  practice. 


JOHN  PUNTON. 

It  was  in  the  year  1856  and  on  the 
12th  day  of  July  in  the  city  of 
London,  England,  that  John  Pun- 
ton  was  born.  He  received  his  early 
education  in  the  public  schools  of 
his  native  country.  At  the  age  of 
16  he  came  to  America  and  located 
in  Jacksonville,  111.,  in  1872,  where 
he  was  soon  employed  as  druggist 
to  the  Insane  Asylum,  and  remained 
there  a  number  of  years.  It  was 
while  filling  this  position  that  he 
commenced  the  study  of  medicine. 
After  taking  one  course  of  study  at 
Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  he  decided  to  en- 
ter the  Miami  Medical  College  of 
Cincinnati,  0.,  where  he  continued 
his  studies,  graduating  with  honors 


in  March,  1883.  He  at  once  began 
practice  in  Lawrence,  Kan.,  remain- 
ing there  one  and  a  half  years,  dur- 
ing which  time  he  Avas  appointed 
city  physician.  He  later  received 
an  invitation  from  the  State  Board 
of  Charities  of  the  State  to  take 
charge  of  a  new  building  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Insane  Asylum.  Ac- 
cepting the  offer,  he  removed  to  To- 
peka,    and    remained    there    three 


years.  In  1888  Dr.  Punton  decided 
upon  Kansas  City  as  his  future 
home,  and  during  the  tAA*elve  years 
he  has  ..been  in  Kansas  City  has 
built  up  a  large  practice.  For  eight 
years  he  limited  his  practice  to  ner- 
vous and  mental  diseases.  Since 
graduating  Dr.  Punton  has  taken 
special  courses  in  both  polyclinic 
and  post-graduate  in  the  medical 
schools  of  New  York,  and  has  made 
two  trips  to  Europe  in  pursuing  his 
studies,  the  entire  year  of  1892  be- 
ing spent  there.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion, American  Neurological  Associ- 
ation, Mississippi  Valley  Medical 
Association,  Missouri  State  Medical 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


323 


Association,  Jackson  County  Medi- 
cal Association.  Kansas  City  Acade- 
my of  Medicine  and  the  Kansas 
State  Medical  Association,  and  is 
an  ex-vice-president  of  the  Missouri 
State  Medical  Association,  ex-presi- 
dent of  Kansas  City  Academy  of 
Medicine  and  Professor  of  Nervous 
and  Mental  Diseases  of  the  Univer- 
sity Medical  College  and  editor  of 
the  Medical  Index-Lancet. 


ONEY  C.  PAIXES. 

The  town  of  Emerson  in  Marion 
Count}',  Missouri,  is  the  birthplace 
of  Dr.  Oney  C.  Eaines,  who  is  one  of 
the  most  promising  young  physi- 
cians and  surgeons  of  St.  Louis.  He 
was  born  on  the  13th  of  December. 
1876,  making  him  in  his  24th  year 
at  present.  His  boyhood  schooling 
was  obtained  in  La  Grange  College, 
La  Grange,  Mo.,  and  in  Poster's 
Academy,  St.  Louis,  until  1894, 
when  he  matriculated  in  the  St 
Louis  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons. His  talent  was  shown  first 
in  that  college,  where  his  thorough 
scholarship    made   him    as    popular 


with  his  fellow-students  as  he  was 
with  his  instructors. 

He  graduated  in  March,  1897,  and 
was  immediately  appointed  house 
physician  in  the  St.  Louis  Baptist 
Hospital,  where  he  had  been  an  as- 
sistant the  two  years  preceding.  Tht 
same  fall  he  was  appointed  Assist- 
ant Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  and 
Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Osteolo- 
gy in  his  Alma  Mater,  and  was  also 
appointed  assistant  superintendent 
of  the  St.  Louis  Baptist  Hospital. 
In  July.  1898,  he  bought  half  inter- 
est in  the  St.  Louis  Hospital  Asso- 
ciation, now  located  at  3035  Bell 
avenue,  which  is  the  largest  institu- 
tion of  its  kind  in  the  West. 

Dr.  Raines  is  devoting  his  whole 
time  to  surgery,  and  has  one  of  the 
finest  operating  rooms  in  the 
Lnited  States. 

Dr.  A.  M.  Paines,  the  father  of 
Dr.  Paines.  is  also  a  physician  of 
high  standing.  He  graduated  at 
the  old  McDowell  College,  now 
known  as  the  Missouri  Medical,  in 
1860,  at  the  age  of  33.  He  imme- 
diately took  charge  of  the  army  hos- 
pital at  La  Grange,  Mo.,  and  re- 
mained there  until  the  war  closed, 
when  he  removed  to  Emerson,  Mo., 
where  he  still  practices. 

Dr.  Paines  is  of  aristocratic  par- 
entage, being  an  offspring  of  the  old 
Paines  and  Johnson  families,  of  Vir- 
ginia and  of  the  Van  Cleve  and  Mo- 
Pike  families  of  Kentucky.  He  is 
a  relative  of  George  "Washington, 
his  great  grandmother  and  George 
Washington  being  first  cousins  and 
the  most  intimate  friends. 

His  great  grandfather  on  both  his 
father's  and  mothers  paternal  side 
fought  in  the  Revolution. 

CHAPLES  T.  PEMME. 

One  of  "The  Old  Guard"  of  St. 
Louis  deserving  of  especial  mention 
is  Dr.  Charles  T.  Pemme,  who  was 
born  in  that  city  Dec.  17,  1849. 
At  the  age  of  13  years  he  engaged 


524 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


as  clerk  in  an  apothecary  shop  lo- 
cated at  400  South  Fourteenth 
street,  and  on  the  second  floor  of 
the  same  building  is  his  first  and 
only  office  location. 

The  interval  from  1862,  the  date 
of  his  entrance  as  general  utility 
bo}-  in  the  drug  store,  and  his  grad- 
uation from  the  Missouri  Medical 
College  in  1S77,  is  doubtless  filled 
with  many  interesting  reminis- 
cences of  a  time  best  remembered 
for  the  "struggles  and  triumphs"  of 
the  average  young  seeker  after 
knowledge  of  that  period. 

Dr.  Rename,  upon  graduating,  at 
once  located  his  office  over  the  scene 
<>f  Ids  early  labors. 

In  IbSO  he  went  to  Germany  and 
took  post-graduate  courses  at 
S  trass  burg. 

Although  many  of  his  early 
neighbors  and  brother  physicians 
have  removed  to  the  more  aristo- 
cratic West  End,  Dr.  Eemme  still 
maintains  an  office  and  consulting 
rooms  at  the  old  location,  having 
a   sentimental   attachment   for   the 


place  which  will  be  readily  under- 
stood by  the  reader.  He  enjoys  a 
large  general  practice  in  St.  Louis, 
not  confined  to  any  one  locality. 


JOHX  M.  RICHMOND. 

In  speaking  of  the  life  of  Dr. 
John  M.  Richmond  of  St.  Joseph,  it 
is  but  just  to  him  to  repeat  what 
the  Medical  Mirror  said  of  him  in 
one  of  its  recent  issues.  It  said: 
"Dr.  Richmond  has  been  a  practi- 
tioner of  medicine  for  more  than 
thirty  years.  *  *  *  He  is  i 
charming,  cultivated  gentleman  of 
the  old  school;  the  soul  of  honor 
and  with  a  keen  pride  in  his  pro- 
fession."' 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  Dr 
Richmond  is  a  prophet  with  honor 
in  his  own  and  other  localities. 

The  doctor  is  a  Southerner  by 
birth  and  education.  Born  in  Fair- 
field, S.  C,  he  received  his  early 
education  in  that  State  and  later  en- 
tered the  Universitv  of  Xorth  Car- 
olina.     eTaduatins:     therefrom      in 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


325 


1858.  He  then  took  a  course  in  the 
medical  department  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  New  York  City,  obtaining 
its  diploma  in  the  spring  of  1861. 

At  the  breaking  out  of  the  Re- 
bellion young  Dr.  Richmond  en- 
tered the  field  in  the  medical  ser- 
vice of  the  Confederacy  and  served 
all  through  the  Rebellion  with  their 
armies. 

Soon  after  the  close  of  the  war 
Dr.  Richmond  went  abroad,  where 
for  the  next  few  years  he  studied  in 
European  countries. 

On  his  return  to  this  country  he 
located,  in  1872,  in  St.  Joseph, 
where  he  has  ever  since  been.  Dr. 
Richmond  has  always  allied  himself 
with  whatever  was  for  the  best  in- 
terests of  the  profession.  He  is  a 
contributor  to  many  of  the  leading 
medical  journals  of  the  country  and 
a  man  who  a] ways  has  been  an  orig- 
inal investigator  in  medical  work. 

In  1891  Dr.  Richmond  was  elect- 
ed president  of  the  Missouri  State 
Medical  Association,  and  served  in 
that  capacity  for  the  ensuing  year 
He  is  a  member  of  several  other 
medical  societies  as  well. 


E.  L.   C.  R1CHTER. 

Edward  L.  C.  Richter  was  born, 
reared,  educated  and  advanced  to 
citizenship  in  St.  Louis,  and  he  is 
now  practicing  medicine  in  a  part  of 
rhi  cit}^  nr*-~  far  from  the  scenes  of 
his  boyhood. 

He  easly  availed  himself  of  pub- 
lic school  advantages,  and  further 
pursued  a  course  of  studies  which 
prepared  him  for  entry  to  Beau- 
mont Hospital  Medical  College,  in 
which  institution  he  finally  matricu- 
lated. 

He  graduated  in  the  spring  of 
1897,  at  the  age  of  29  years,  and  at 
once  established  himself  in  private 
practice  in  his  present  location. 

Later  in  the  same  year  Dr.  Rich- 
ter was  appointed  plrysician  to  the 


St.  Louis  House  of  Refuge,  a  posi- 
tion which  he  still  holds  (1900). 

While  engaged  in  general  prac- 
tice and  having  no  intention  of  en- 
tering the  field  of  specialties,  Dr. 
Richter.  like  many  of  his  profes- 
sional brethren,  has  his  pet  branch 
of  the  science,  of  which  he  is  a  pro- 
fessor. He  makes  a  special  study 
and  has  shown  considerable  skill  in 


the  treatment  of  diseases   of  chil- 
dren. 

As  Dr.  Richter  is  a  thorough  St. 
Louisan,  and  a  well-known  figure 
in  social  circles  in  South  St.  Louis, 
he  has  had  no  trouble  in  already  se- 
curing the  foundation  of  a  practice 
which  shows  every  evidence  of  fut- 
ure steady  growth  with  attendant 
prosperous  features. 

A.  C.  ROBIXSOX. 

Although  christened  Anslem 
Clark,  the  subject  of  this  sketch  is 
best  known  to  Missourians,  particu- 
larly in  the  east  portion  of  the  State, 
as  Dr.  "Torn*'  Robinson,  "Tom"  be- 
ing a   nickname  received  in  child- 


326 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


hood  and  retained  through  life.  Dr. 
Robinson  is  the  son  of  Rev.  John 
AA  .  Robinsou,  a  clergyman  who  was 
formerly  a  prominent  member  of 
the  M.  E.  Conference  of  St.  Louis. 
He  was  born  November  13,  1851,  in 
St.  Cliarles,  and  received  his  pri- 
mary schooling  in  a  private  school 
in  bis  native  town.  Tbe  family  re- 
mo  ring-  to  St.  Louis  when  our  sub- 
ject was  14  years  old,  his  education 
was  continued  in  a  German  school 
known  as  Gim  bed's  Institute.  Here 
he  remained  for  a  period  of  three 
years  and  then  became  a  student  in 
Washing-ton   University. 

He  left  tbe  university  when  in  his 
sopbomore  year  and  be/an  tbe  study 
of  medicine  under  Dr.  Herman  Tn- 
holske. 

Later  he  entered  the  Missouri 
Medical  College  and  graduated 
therefrom  in  1874.  He  at  once  ob- 
tained employment  at  the  City  Dis- 
pensarv,  and  remained  there  until 
1881,  filling  all  tbe  positions  in  the 
Dispensary  during  this  neriod. 

Dr.   Robinson  began   his   private 


practice  in  1881,  and  has  been  re- 
markably successful  in  his  subse- 
quent professional  career.  He  makes 
a  special  study  of  the  diseases  of 
women  and  children.  He  served 
four  years  as  a  member  of  the  St. 
Louis  Board  of  Health.  He  was 
appointed  by  Mayor  Xoonan  and 
served  a  part  of  his  term  under 
Mayor  Y\"albridge's  administration. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Society,  of  the  Missouri 
State  Medical  Association  and  of  the 
American  Medical  Association. 

Dr.  Robinson  is  prominent  in  Ma- 
sonic circles,  being  a  Knight  Tem- 
plar and  a  Shriner.  His  immediate 
family  consists  of  wife  and  two 
daughters,  one  married. 

EDWARD  C.  RUXGE. 

Edward  C.  Runge.  superintendent 
of  the  St.  Louis  Insane  Asylum,  was 
born  in  the  land  of  the  "Great 
White  Czar,"  at  St.  Petersburg, 
Sept.  7,  1856.  He  is  of  German 
parentage.  He  acquired  his  early 
education  in  St.  Petersburg  schools. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


327 


He  emigrated  to  America  in  1883, 
coming  almost  direct  to  the  city  of 
St.  Louis.  There  he  obtained  em- 
ployment and  later  took  up  a  course 
of  reading  along  medical  lines,  final- 
ly matriculating  at  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  College,  from  which  institu- 
tion he  graduated  in  1891.  He 
commenced  practice  in  the  same 
year  in  which  he  received  his  doc- 
tor's degree  in  the  city  of  his  adop- 
tion, and  besides  starting  a  private 
practice,  served  as  assistant  physi- 
cian to  the  St.  Louis  Female  Hos- 
pital. He  was  instructor  in  physiol- 
ogy at  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Col- 
lege, 1892-95,  and  also  acted  as  as- 
sistant clinician  in  the  clinic  for  ner- 
vous diseases  in  the  same  institution 
and  during  the  same  period. 

On  May  10,  1895,  Dr.  Eunge  was 
appointed  to  the  superintendency  of 
the  St.  Louis  Insane  Asylum,  and 
holds  that  position  at  this  writing 
(1900).  This  in  itself  seems  a  suf- 
ficient guarantee  of  the  doctor's 
abilities  as  a  physician  and  qualities 
as  a  gentleman  to  need  further  no- 
tice here. 

Dr.  Eunge  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Medico-Psychological  As- 
sociation and  of  the  St.  Louis  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences.  He  is  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  "Verein  Deutscher 
Aerzte."  In  the  field  of  specialties 
he  is  a  neurologist  and  psychiatrist. 

J.  H.  SAMPSON. 

J.  H.  Sampson  is  a  native  of  Mis- 
souri. He  was  born  in  Buchanan 
County  on  the  29th  day  of  January, 
1857.  As  a  youth  Dr.  Sampson  re- 
ceived a  thorough  preliminary  edu- 
cation in  the  schools  of  the  county 
-of  his  birth.  He  decided  when 
hardly  out  of  his  "teens"  to  enter 
the  medical  profession.  After  the 
required  course  of  study  he  received 
the  diploma  of  the  Missouri  Medi- 
cal College  of  St.  Louis  on  March  2, 
1881.  In  April  of  the  same  year 
young  Dr.  Sampson    entered    upon 


the  practice  of  medicine  at  New 
Market,  Mo.,  where  he  remained  un- 
til March,  1885.  For  the  next  11 
years  Dr.  Sampson  pursued  his  work 
in  De  Kalb,  Mo.,  whither  he  had 
gone  after  leaving  New  Market. 

It  was  on  February  19,  1896,  that 
Dr.  Sampson  opened  his  office  in  the 
larger  city  of  St.  Joseph.  His  suc- 
cess there  was  assured  from  the 
start.  With  the  experience  he  had 
acquired  from  his  fifteen  years   of 


practice  elsewhere,  Dr.  Sampson 
made  rapid  strides  in  his  adopted 
city.  He  devoted  his  time  to  his 
general  practice  and  made  a  special- 
ty of  surgery. 

Dr.  Sampson's  personality  and 
success  won  for  him  the  Chair  of 
Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics 
in  the  Ensworth  Medical  College  of 
St.  Joseph,  which  professorship  he 
lias  held  with  credit  to  himself  and 
the  college  from  the  start, 

WILLIAM  J.  SAY. 

William  J.  Say  comes  of  New  En- 
gland stock.  He  was  born  in  Boston 


328 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OE 


in  1863.  In  his  youth  he  gained 
considerable  knowledge  of  the  world 
and  its  ways  through  the  medium  of 
globe-trotting. 

In  1886  he  came  West,  visiting 
the  large  cities  and  points  of  inter- 
est. Incidentally  he  took  a  course 
of  study  in  medicine  in  Cincinnati, 
0.,  and  in  1888  started  on  a  Euro- 
pean tour  which  lasted  nearly  a 
year.  A  few  years  later  he  became 
a  resident  of  St.  Louis,  after  grad- 
uating from  the  Missouri  Medical 
College.  He  began  the  practice  of 
medicine  in  St.  Louis  in  1895,  and 
since  that  time  has  been  resident 
physician  of  the  St.  Louis  Polyclinic 
and  Hospital,  besides  enjoying  a 
good  general  practice.  Dr.  Say  is  a 
member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  So- 
ciety and  of  the  Alumni  Association 
of  the  Medical  Department  of  Wash- 
ington University.  Dr.  Say  was  mar- 
ried November  5,  1895,  in  JSTew 
York  City,  to  a  daughter  of  Capt. 
W.  B.  Peirsol,  a  well-known  railroad 
man.  Two  children  are  a  result  of 
the  marriage. 


WILLIAM  F.  SCHMID. 

William  F.  Schmid  was  born  in 
the  thriving  little  citv  of  Belleville, 
III,  on  May  3,  1873.  His  father  was 
William  Schmid,  a  native  of  Berlin, 
Germany.  His  mother,  Marv 
(Hauft)  Schmid,  was  born  at  Frank- 
furt, Germany.  Some  time  after 
the  birth  of  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  the  family  moved  to  St. 
Louis,  and  remained  there  until 
1881.  Again  the  parents,  studying 
the  possibilities  of  the  West,  decided 
to  move  to  St.  Joseph,  young 
Schmid  then  being  16^vears  old  and 
had  received  his  early  education  in 
the  public  schools  of  St.  Louis. 

Immediately  after  the  family's 
settling  in  St.  Joseph  young  Schmid 
entered  the  public  schools  and  fin- 
ished that  portion  of  his  education. 
Afterwards  he  studied  medicine  in 
St.  Louis.  He  later  entered  the 
Ensworth  Medical  College  of  St. 
Joseph,  from  which  institution  he 
graduated  in  1894. 

As  both  physician  and  surgeon 
he  began  the  practice  of  his  profes- 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGEHY. 


329 


sion  in  St.  Joseph,  Jan.  15,  1896, 
and  on  March  1,  1898,  he  formed 
a  partnership  with  Dr.  J.  W.  Hed- 
dens.  Though  only  a  young  man, 
Dr.  Schmid  has  had  many  honors 
thrust  upon  him.  He  is  adjunct 
professor  in  the  Chair  of  Gynecology 
and  Operative  Surgery  and  also 
Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  at  Ens- 
worth  Medical  College,  and  has  a 
rapidly  growing  general  practice. 

AUGUSTUS  H.  SCHOTT. 

Augustus  H.  Schott  was  born  in 
Hanover,  Germany,  Jan.  29,  1850. 
The  following  year  his  father  re- 
moved the  family  to  America,  going 
first  to  Quebec  and  later  to  Musca- 
tine, la.     In  1854  the  elder  Schott 


moved  to  St.  Louis,  and  seven  years 
afterwards  went  to  Alton,  111. 

It  was  in  the  public  schools  of  the 
latter  place  that  young  Schott  ob- 
tained his  early  education,  after 
which  he  attended  Shurtleff  College 
at  Upper  Alton  until  1870.  In 
that  year  he  began  his  study  of 
medicine  in  the  office  of  Dr.  Perrv 


E.  Johnson  of  Alton,  and,  after  a 
year's  preparatory  work  under  his 
preceptorship,  entered  the  Homeo- 
pathic Medical  College  of  Missouri. 
He  received  his  degree  in  medicine 
from  that  college  in  the  spring  of 
1873,  and  immediately  began  prac- 
ticing in  Alton,  taking  the  practice 
of  Dr.  Johnson.  Dr.  Schott  re- 
mained in  Alton  until  1881,  when 
he  decided  to  locate  in  St.  Louis, 
which  he  did.  From  the  outset  of 
his  professional  career  there,  the 
doctor  has  been  ouite  successful.  He 
has  built  up  a  practice  both  large 
and  remunerative. 

Soon  after  locating  in  St.  Louis 
Dr.  Schott  was  chosen  as  a  member 
of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Ho- 
meopathic College  of  Medicine  of 
Missouri,  and  in  1883  was  elected 
Professor  of  the  Chair  of  Paedology 
in  the  same  institution,  which  posi- 
tion he  held  until  1889,  when  he  was 
assigned  to  the  Chair  of  Theory  and 
Practice.  Dr.  Schott  is  one  of  the 
most  prominent  of  the  homeopathic 
physicians  of  St.  Louis,  and  has 
done  much  for  the  profession  during 
his  career.  In  April  of  this  year 
(1900)  he  was  elected  president  of 
Missouri  Institution  of  Homeopa- 
thy. 

ERNST  SCHUCHARDT. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch,  Ernst 
Schuchardt,  is  a  native  of  Ger- 
many, having  been  born  in  Prussia, 
April  27,  1842, 

He  received  the  thorough  early 
schooling  that  the  German  youths 
obtain,  and  at  the  age  of  22  grad- 
uated from  the  University  of  Goet- 
tingen,  receiving  his  degree  of  Doc- 
tor of  Medicine. 

After  three  years  of  special  study 
in  various  colleges  in  his  Fatherland, 
Dr.  Schuchardt  in  1871  came  to 
America,  and  in  the  same  year  lo- 
cated himself  in  St.  Louis,  where  he 
has  practiced  saedicine  ever  since. 

Dr.  Schuchardt    has   built    up    a 


330 


ONE    HUNDRED    YE.\RS    OF 


large  and  lucrative  practice,  partial- 
ly as  a  result  of  his  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  his  specialty  of  female  dis- 
eases. His  work  along  that  special 
line  has  been  quite  successful. 

The  doctor  is  a  member  of  several 
of  the  leading  medical  societies  of 
the  city  and  the  State. 

EDGAR    MOORE    SEXSEYEY. 

Dr.  Edgar  Moore  Senseney  was 
born  iu  Winchester,  Ya.,  Decem- 
ber 29.  1855.  Eive  years  later  Dr. 
Senseney 's  parents  removed  to 
Brunswick,  Mo.,  where  he  received 
his  early  education  previous  to  the 
course  of  study  taken  at  Cen- 
tral College  at  Fayette,  Mo.  Young 
Senseney  quit  college  when  in  his 
senior  year  to  engage  in  the  live 
stock  business,  in  which  he  remained 
until  1SS3.  He  then  began  his 
study  of  medicine,  and  after  a  year's 
preparatory  work  under  a  tutor,  he 
entered  the  old  St.  Louis  Medical 
Coll/e^e,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
1887." 

After  completing  his  course  at  the 
St.    Louis     Medical,   Dr.     Sensenev 


went  abroad,  where,  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Vienna,  he  made  a  special 
study  of  diseases  of  the  nose,  throat 
and  chest.  On  his  return  to  this 
country  a  year  later  Dr.  Sensenej 
opened  up  an  office  in  St.  Louis, 
making  the  diseases  of  the  nose, 
throat  and  chest  his  specialty. 

Dr.  Senseney  was  Professor  of  the 
Chair  of  Therapeutics  in  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  College,  and  at  the 
inception  of  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the  \Yashington  University 
he  was  offered  and  accepted  the 
Chair  of  Diseases  of  the  Xose, 
Throat  and  Chest  in  that  institu- 
tion. 

Dr.  Senseney  is  the  medical  di- 
rector of  the  St.  Louis  Mullanphy 


Hospital.     He  is  also  a  member  of 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  Societv. 


ALFRED   L.    SHORTRIDGE. 

Alfr.ec!  L.  Shortridge  was  born 
in  Scott  County,  Kentucky,  June  2, 
1813,  where  he  received  the  educa- 
tion common  to  the  youth  of  that 
early  day.  In  1833,  when  only  20 
vears  of  age,  he  left  his  native  home 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


331 


and  went  to  Callaway  County,  Mis- 
souri. He  made  the  trip  from  Cal- 
laway County  to  Kentucky  back  and 
forth  several  times  to  attend  the 
Transylvania  University,  where  he 
studied  under  the  famous  Dr.  Dud- 
le3r,  and  from  which  institution  he 
graduated  in  1836.  He  immediate- 
ly returned  to  Missouri,  locating  in 
Portland,  later  removing  to  Boon- 
ville. 

In  1850  he  went  to  California,  re- 
turning later  to  Cooper  County.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  old 
Stephens  Bank  of  Boonville,  now 
called  the  Central  National  Bank. 
-In  1867  he  moved  to  Kirkwood,  Mo., 
remaining  there  until  1877.  While 
in  Kirkwood  he  was  interested  in  a 
number  of  business  ventures.  In 
1899  he  moved  to  Tipton,  Mo., 
where  he  died  April  7,  1900,  having 
practiced  medicine  in  Missouri  for 
fort}^  years. 

HIBAM  E.  SILVEESTONE. 

Hiram  E.  Silverstone  is  one  of 
the  young  physicians  and  surgeons 
of  St.  Louis  who  has  alreadv  won 


for  himself  the  praise  of  his  co- 
practitioners.  He  was  born  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  on  April  9,  1875,  but  re- 
ceived his  education  in  St.  Louis, 
whither  his  parents  had  removed 
when  he  was  but  a  youth. 

Dr.  Silverstone  is  a  graduate  of 
the  Missouri  Medical  College  and  a 
member  of  the  class  of  '97. 

He  began  practice  immediately 
upon  his  graduation,  and  devoted 
his  entire  attention  to  general 
work,  because  he  felt  that  he  could 
not,  in  justice  to  himself,  limit  his 
practice  to  any  specialty. 

The  doctor  is  a  member  of  several 
medical  societies,  and  has  written 
a  number  of  able  monographs  for 
various  medical  journals. 

J.  H.  SIMON. 

Dr.  J.  H.  Simon  is  a  graduate  both 
of  the  old  St.  Louis  University  and 
the  Missouri  Medical  College  of  St. 
Louis,  having  received  his  diploma 
from  the  former  in  1887  and  from 
the  latter  three  years  later. 

The  doctor  in  1890  began  to  prac- 
tice   in    the    Tower  Grove  district, 


332 


OXE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


where  he  has  been  ever  since,  mo  Ic- 
ing a  specialty  of  nervous  and  men- 
tal diseases  in  addition  to  Ins  large 
general  practice. 

Dr.  Simon  is  a  native  of  St.  Louis, 
and  was  horn  on  the  5th  day  of  De- 
cember. 1868. 

Previous  to  entering  the  medical 
profession  he  received  a  liberal  lit- 
erary and  classical  education  in  St. 
Louis,  taking  the  degree  of  Bachelor 
of  Arts  in  '81  and  Master  of  Arts 
in  '8S. 

Dr.  Simon,  although  compara- 
tively a  young  man.  lias,  ever  since 
he  has  been  practicing,  been  promi- 
nent in  the  profession,  and  his  past 
record  speaks  well  for  what  his  fut- 
ure will  be. 


BEBXAED  S.  SIMPSOX. 

One  of  the  most  prominent  of  the 
vounger  surgeons  of  St.  Louis  is  Dr. 
Bernard  S.  Simpson,  who  was  born 
in  Biga,  Bussia.  on  June  5,   1873. 

After  having  received  his  educa- 
tional course  at  the  gymnasium  he 
left  his  native  country,  owing  to  po- 
litical complications.  In  1893  he 
settled  in  this  city  and  graduated 
from  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College 
in  1S9T.  receiving  the  highest  hon- 
ors that  school  confers. 

Soon  after  his  'graduation  Dr. 
Simpson  successfully  passed  the 
competitive  examination  and  was 
appointed  junior  interne  in  the  St. 
Louis  City  Hospital,  from  which 
position  he  was  promoted  to  the 
senior  interneship  the  same  year, 
which  position  he  held  for  one  year. 

At  the  end  of  that  time  Dr. 
Simpson  retired  from  the  service  of 
[he  city  to  associate  himself  with 
the  noted  surgeon,  Dr.  A.  C.  Ber- 
navs,  acting  as  that  gentleman's 
first  assistant. 

The  doctor  makes  a  specialty  of 
surgery,  although  a  great  deal  of  his 
time  is  devoted  to  a  large  general 
practice. 


Dr.    Simpson   is   the  lecturer   on 
physical  diagnosis  at  the  St.  Louis 


College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
and  a  member  of  several  medical  so- 
cieties, and  has  written  several  pop- 
ular treatises  on  suraferv. 


A.  B.  SLOAX. 

Dr.  Alfred  Baxter  Sloan  was  born 
in  Cooper  County,  Missouri,  Sep- 
tember 24,  1827.  He  received  hi'; 
education  in  the  common  schools  of 
Missouri  and  at  the  classical  schools 
of  Prof.  William  Van  Doran  of  Lex- 
ington, Rev.  F.  E.  Allen  of  Inde- 
pendence and  Prof.  A.  W.  Eidings 
of  Chapel  Hill,  Mo.  He  practiced 
his  profession  in  Bates  and  Jackson 
Counties,  Missouri. 

In  1852  he  settled  at  Harrison- 
ville,  Cass  County,  where  he  prac- 
ticed until  the  spring  of  1861.  He 
then  went  to  the  Pike's  Peak  gold 
region  in  Colorado,  hauling  with  ox 
teams  the  machinery  for  a  quartz 
mill  across  the  plains  from  Leaven- 
worth, Kan.,  and  in  partnership 
with  his  father-in-law,  Tarlton  Eail- 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


333 


ey  of  Cass  County,  set  up  a  mill  at 
Idaho  Springs.  Colo. 

He  joined  the  Confederate  Army 
under  Gen.  Price,  then  at  Spring- 
field, Mo.,  in  1861,  and  was  with 
the  army  in  Arkansas  during  the 
spring  and  summer  of  1862,  but 
came  up  into  Missouri  in  1862  with 
Cols.  Cockrell,  Jackman,  Coffee  and 
other  Confederates  and  participated 
in  the  battle  of  Lone  Jack  and  in  the 
"Bebel  Baid."  He  was  commissioned 
surgeon  of  Col.  S.  D.  Jackman's 
Sixteenth  Missouri  Begiment  of  In- 
fantry in  the  fall  of  1 862. 

Over  300  of  his  men  were  down 
with  the  measles  at  one  time,  and 
the  facilities  for  treatment  were 
very  poor  and  inadequate.  He  was 
present  and  cared  for  the  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Prairie  Grove,  but 
was  compelled  in  the  spring  of  1863 
to  resign  his  commission  on  account 
of  ill-health.  He  again  entered  the 
service  after  a  long  leave  of  absence. 
He  was  with  Marmaduke's  Cavalry 
Division  in  Arkansas  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Helena,  and  after  the  fall  of 
Little  Eock,  the  next  autumn,  he 
was  assigned  to  post  duty  at  Wash- 
ington, Ark.,  and  was  afterwards 
stationed  at  various  posts  in  Texas. 
He  surrendered  in  June,  1865,  at 
Shreveport,  La.,  and  returned  to 
his  family  in  Johnson  County,  Mis- 
souri. 

Dr.  Sloan's  ancestry  can  be  read- 
ily traced  back  to  the  early  settle- 
ment of  America.  His  grandfather. 
Alexander  Sloan,  played  an  import- 
ant part  in  the  early  history  of  Xew 
England,  and  was  a  patriot  of  the 
Bevolution,  He  settled  in  the  Penn- 
sylvania colony  and  received  titles 
to  tracts  of  land  granted  by  William 
Penn.  Dr.  Sloan's  grandmother, 
Margaret  Ewing,  was  the  daughter 
•of  Gen.  William  Davidson,  who  was 
killed  in  the  Eevolutionary  War  at 
the  battle  of  Catawba,  N.  C.  Gen. 
Davidson  was  leading  the  Continen- 
tal forces  against  the  passage  of  the 
British  forces  under  Lord  Cornwal- 


lis  tbrough  the  Carolinas  when  he 
was  killed.  The  family  of  his  grand- 
mother were  distinguished  aristo- 
crats of  the  South,  and  many  mem- 
bers of  her  family  helped  make  the 
early  colonial  history  of  the  thirteen 
original  colonies 

Dr.  Sloan  was  the  oldest  physi- 
cian in  Kansas  City  and  familiarly 
known  as  the  father  of  Kansas  City 
doctors,  having  practiced  in  Kansas 
City  from  1865  to  1891,  when  he  re- 
tired from  active  practice. 

Dr.  Sloans  desire  in  early  life 
was  to  become  a  lawyer,  but  his 
father  insisted  and  almost  compelled 
him  to  study  medicine,  because  he 
Lad  such  excellent  opportunities  for 
the  study  of  that  profession.  He 
first  studied  with  Dr.  Joseph  0. 
Boggs  of  Independence,  a  brother 
of  Hon.  L.  W.  Boggs,  former  Gov- 
ernor of  Missouri.  Dr.  Sloan  occu- 
pied some  very  important  positions 
in  the  medical  profession.  He  was 
for  twelve  years  president  of  the 
Kansas  City  Medical  Society,  and 
was  also  one  of  its  founders.  He 
was  at  one  time  vice-president  and 
treasurer  of  the  Missouri  Medical 
Association.  He  was  for  six  years 
a  member  of  the  judicial  council  of 
the  American  Medical  Association 
and  a  member  of  the  International 
Medical  Congress  which  met  in 
Washington  in  1887. 

He  died  in  Kansas  City  April  17, 
1900. 


ELSWOETH  F.  SMITH. 

Elsworth  Fayssoux  Smith  was 
born  in  St.  Louis,  April  29,  1825. 
He  was  the  son  of  John  B.  and 
Louisa  (McDougal)  Smith. 

He  received  his  early  education 
in  the  St.  Louis  schools  and  his 
academic  education  at  St.  Charles 
College  and  the  St.  Louis  Univer- 
sity, graduating  from  the  classical 
department  of  the  last-named  insti- 
tution in  the  class  of  1815. 


334 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


He  then  entered  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  College  and  received  his  de- 
gree of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1848. 
Soon  after  graduating  he  entered 
the  City  Hospital  of  St.  Louis  as 
one  of  the  first  two  internes  at  that 
institution,  Dr.  John  T.  Hodgen 
being  the  other. 

From  1852  to  1851  he  continued 
his  scientific  studies  in  Paris, 
France,  and  again,  in  1861-5,  spent 
some  time  abroad,  adding  to  his 
professional  attainments  through 
his  intercourse  with  the  most  re- 
nowned physicians  of  that  day,  and 
the  superior  clinical  advantages  af- 
forded by  the  French  hospitals.  He 
soon  became  identified  as  an  educa- 
tor, and  in  1851  was  made  Dem- 
onstrator of  Anatomy  in  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  College,  and  in  1868, 
was  appointed  to  the  Chair  of  Phys- 
iology in  the  same  institution,  and 
two  years  later  was  made  Professor 
of  Clinical  Medicine  and  Pathologi- 
cal Anatomy.  After  serving  fifteen 
years  he  tendered  his  resignation. 
In  recognition  of  valuable  services 
rendered  his  Alma  Mater  made  him 
emeritus  professor,  after  his  resig- 
nation of  the  active  duties. 

As  an  educator  he  was  no  less  dis- 
tinguished than  as  a  physician.  He 
was  widely  and  favorably  known 
throughout  Missouri  and  the  ad- 
joining States,  as  both  educator  and 
consulting  physician.  The  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Laws  was  conferred 
upon  him  in  recognition  of  his  scliol- 
arly  attainments. 

Dr.  Smith  enjoyed  to  the  fullest 
extent  the  confidence  of  the  profes- 
sion and  the  general  public.  He  led 
an  active  life,  and  filled  many  im- 
portant positions,  and  rendered  val- 
uable service  -to  his  native  city. 
During  the  Civil  War  he  was  acting 
assistant  surgeon  in  the  United 
States  Army,  in  charge  of  the  Mil- 
itary Smallpox  Hospital  in  St. 
Louis.  He  also  served  as  surgeon 
to  Eliot  General  Hospital.  From 
1866    to    1869    he   was    surgeon   to 


the  United  States  Marine  Hospital, 
located  in  St.  Louis. 

He  was  the  first  health  officer  of 
St.  Louis,  serving  from  1857  to 
1863,  also  a  member  of  the  first  reg- 
ular  Board  of  Health  and  was  the 
third  president  of  that  board.  His 
high  courage  and  devotion  during 
the  epidemic  of  cholera  and  small- 
pox called  forth  the  highest  praise 
from  his  fellow-citizens. 

His  nature  was  philanthropic. 
For  many  years  he  gave  his  services 
free  to  the  public  and  charitable  in- 
stitutions as  a  consulting  physician. 


1 


ELSWOETH  S.  SMITH. 

Elsworth  Striker  Smith  is  a  native 
Missourian,  having  been  born  in 
St.  Louis  January  1,  1864.  Hie 
early  schooling  was  had  in  the  city 
of  his  birth,  commencing  with  the 
public  schools  and  ending  with  a 
literary  collegiate  course.  He  chose 
medicine  as  his  profession  and  grad- 
uated from  St.  Louis  Medical  Col- 
lege in  1887.  In  his  career  as  a 
physician  he  has  been  junior,  senior 
and  first  assistant  physician  in  the 


MEDICINE    AXD    SURGERY. 


335 


St.  Louis  City  Hospital  (1887-1890) 
and  is  now  (1900)  consulting  physi- 
cian to  the  hospital  and  to  St. 
Mary's  Infirmary.  He  is  also 
Clinical  Professor  of  Medicine  in 
the  medical  department  of  "Wash- 
ington University.  Since  1890  his 
private  practice  has  been  attended 
to  front  his  Grand  avenue  office. 

Dr.  Smith  is  a  specialist  on  Inter- 
nal Medicine  and  Medical  Diagno- 
sis. 

Thus  early  in  life  Dr.  Smith  is 
firmly  established  in  his  native 
State  as  a  popular  physician  and  a 
gentleman  of  many  social  qualities. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Society  and  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  City  Hospital  Alumni  and 
American  Medical  Association. 


J.  HEBBEET  SMITH. 

Although  a  comparatively  young 
man,  who  has  been  in  Kansas  City 
but  four  years,  Dr.  J.  Herbert  Smith 
has  risen  in  that  short  time  to  the 
top  rank  of  the  profession.  He  was 
born  in  Saline  County,  Missouri, 
January  6,   1864.     He  entered  the 


Missouri  Medical  College  of  St. 
Louis,  from  which  he  graduated 
with  honors  in  1887,  after  receiving 
a  public  school  education  in  his  na- 
tive county. 

Soon  after  receiving  his  diploma 
Dr.  Smith  began  the  practice  of 
medicine  at  his  home.  Eor  the 
next  nine  years  he  practiced  there. 
Eealizing  that  a  large  city  would 
be  a  better  field  for  his  talents  he 
moved  to  Kansas  City  in  1896. 
where  he  has  been  ever  since.  He 
has  devoted  his  time  to  his  general 
practice,  and  has  built  up  for  him- 
self a  handsome  clientele  during  his 
short  stay  in  Kansas  City. 

Dr.  Smith  occupies  the  Chair  of 
Diseases  of  Women  at  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  (medi- 
cal department  of  the  Kansas  City 
University)  of  Kansas  City,  Kan. 


JAMES  WALTEB  SMITH. 

Born  in  Johnson  County,  Missou- 
ri, on  the  1th  day  of  September, 
1860,  James  W.  Smith  received  the 
earlv  education  that  falls  to  the  lot 


336 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


of  the  bo}'  who  is  bom  and  bred  on 
the  farm. 

After  engaging  in  various  pursuits 
on  attaining  his  majority,  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch,  in  1887,  entered 
the  Missouri  Medical  College,  from 
which  he  graduated  three  years 
later. 

He  immediately  engaged  in  prac- 
tice in  St.  Louis  and  has  since  de- 
voted the  most  of  his  professional 
attention  to  surgery.  His  opera- 
tions have  been  uniformly  success- 
ful, and  much  of  his  success  is  due 
to  his  clever  work  with  the  sur- 
geons knife.  As  an  operator  he  is 
careful,  conservative  and  withal 
rapid  in  his  work,  and  these  con- 
scientious qualities  have  won  a  place 
for  him  from  the  beginning  of  his 
professional  career  as  a  successful 
surgeon  and  has  placed  him  in  the 
front  ranks  of  Missouri  physicians. 


JAMES  W.   SMITH. 

Ghent,  Ky.,  is  the  birthplace  of 
Dr.  James  W.  Smith,  who  is  now 
considered  one  of  the  most  promi- 
nent physicians  of  Pleasant  Hill. 
Mo.  He  was  born  on  the  10th  day 
of  August,  1851,  and  received  his 
early  education  in  the  schools  of 
his  birthplace.  When  hardly  20 
years  of  age  he  came  to  Missouri, 
and  in  the  Kansas  City  Medical  Col- 
lege he  received  his  professional 
training. 

He  graduated  from  that  college 
in  the  spring  of  1S77,  and  imme- 
diatelv  thereafter  beo-an  to  practice 
in  Pleasant  Hill. 

Dr.  Smith  has  made  no  specialty. 
preferring  to  attend  to  a  general 
practice,  which  is  both  large  and 
remunerative.  He  has  affiliated 
himself  with  several  medical  socie- 
ties, and  is  a  factor  in  their  pro- 
gression because  of  his  devotion  to 
their  interests  and  the  welfare  of 
the  profession. 


P.   M.   SMITH. 

R.  M.  Smith,  a  brother  and  asso- 
ciate in  practice  with  James  W. 
Smith,  was  born  in  Ghent,  Ky..  4<; 
years  ago. 

He  obtained  a  public  school,  clas- 
sical and  medical  education  in  his 
native  State,  graduating  from  the 
Medical  Department  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  the  University  of  Louisville 
in  1885. 

Soon  after  his  graduation  Dr. 
Smith  came  to  Missouri  and  asso- 
ciated himself  in  practice  with  his 
brother  at  Pleasant  Hill. 

Much  of  his  elder  brother's  Suc- 
re.-- has  been  due  to  the  untiring 
efforts  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch, 
and  his  devotion  to  his  brother's 
clientele,  as  well  as  his  own  prac- 
tice. 

Dr.  R.  M.  Smith  is  an  able,  con- 
scientious physician,  a  man  who  is 
well  content  to  be  a  modest  coun- 
try practitioner. 

0.  E.  SMITH. 

Oric  Eads  Smith  was  born  on  a 
farm  near  Kirkwood,  St.  Louis  Co., 
Missouri,  December  4,  1865.  His 
early  schooling  was  had  in  the  local 
schools.  He  attended  the  St.  Louis 
College  of  Pharmac}',  graduating 
from  that  institution  in  1887,  and 
later,  in  1890,  he  graduated  from 
Marion-Sims  College  and  began  the 
practice  of  medicine  at  once,  remov- 
ing to  his  present  location  in  Sep- 
tember, 1896. 

Dr.  Smith,  besides  being  engaged 
in  general  practice,  makes  a  special 
studv  of  diseases  of  children. 

As  a  surgeon,  he  is  retained  regu- 
larly by  several  business  establish- 
ments employing  a  large  number  of 
men,  notably  the  St.  Louis  Dressed 
Beef  and  Provision  Company. 

He  is  a  young  man  of  brilliant  at- 
tainments and  well  liked  in  his  na- 
tive citv  by  both  profession  and 
laity. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


337 


Dr.  Smith's  literary  tastes  have 
.led  him  to  acquire  a  tine  library  thus 
early  in  life,  and  that,  together 
with  the  general  appearance  of  his 
offices,  is  a  correct  index  of  the 
man  and  physician.  He  is  spoken 
of  by  brother  professionals  as  a 
"born  physician." 

E.  LEE  STANDLEE. 

Dr.  E.  Lee  Standlee  is  regarded  as 
one  of  the  most  prominent  of  the 
eclectic  physicians  and  surgeons  of 
the  'city  of  St.  Louis.  In  the  choice 
of  his  profession  Dr.  Standlee  was 
probably  influenced  by  the  fact  that 
his  father  was  a  physician,  he  hav- 
ing been  at  one  time  a  surgeon  in 
the  Confederate  Army,  afterwards 
locating  in  Arkansas  where  he  prac- 
ticed more  than.  25  years:  then  in 
Texas  for  about  10  years,  and  in 
1897  located  in  Oregon,  where  he 
is  now  a  practicing  physician. 

E.  Lee  Standlee  was  born  at  Cen- 
ter Point,  Ark.,  November  9,  1864. 
He  received  an  early  education  in 
the  schools  of  his  native  State,  and 


afterwards,  when  but  17  years  of 
age,  was  first  assistant  in  and  later 
principal  of  the  Amity  High  School. 

While  he  was  yet  pursuing  his 
literary  studies,  Dr.  Standlee  began 
the  study  of  medicine  with  his  fath- 
er as  preceptor,  and  afterwards  at- 
tended the  American  Medical  Col- 
lege, from  which  institution  he  grad- 
uated in  1886.  In  the  following 
year  young  Standlee  was  chosen  as 
a  member  of  the  faculty  of  his 
Alma  Mater  to  succeed  that  famous 
surgeon,  Dr.  George  A.  Eowe,  who 
occupied  the  Chair  of  Anatomy.  He 
has  held  this  position  ever  since. 

As  Demonstrator  of  Clinical  Sur- 
gery, Dr.  Standlee  alternates  at  the 
City  Hospital  of  St.  Louis,  where  he 
has  done  some  splendid  work  before 
the  classes  of  the  American  Medi- 
cal College  and  others. 

Gov.  W.  J.  Stone  in  1895  ap- 
pointed Dr.  Standlee  as  a  member 
of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  and 
he  has  filled  all  of  the  offices  in  that 
board  during  the  ensuing  time.  Gov. 
Stephens  reappointed  the  doctor  to 
the  Board  of  Health  during  the  past 
year,  1S99.     The  doctor  is  an  ex- 


'.'2 


538 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


president  of  the  State  Eclectic  Med- 
ical Association,  is  corresponding 
secretary  of  the  National  Eclectic 
Medical  Association  and  a  member 
of  several  of  the  other  prominent 
medical  societies. 

Dr.  Standlee  devotes  most  of  his 
attention  in  private  practice  to  sur- 
gery, and  in  this  specialty  he  has 
been  eminently  successful.  As  a 
diagnostician,  his  opinions  are 
sought  in  consultation  and  valued 
much  by  the  profession.  As  an  op- 
erator, he  is  careful,  conservative, 
neat  and  clean,  and  withal  Yery 
•rapid  with  his  work.  As  a  teacher 
in  his  chosen  branch  he  has  long 
been  recognized  as  among  the  best. 
He  is  clear,  concise,  forceful,  thor- 
oughly demonstrative  and  succeeds 
in  keeping  his  class  fully  interested 
in  the  subject.  As  a  man  Dr.  Stand- 
lee is  honored  and  respected  by  all 
who  know  him. 

JOSEPH  SPIEGELHALTEE. 

Dr.  Joseph  Spiegelhalter  was  born 
August  6,  1834,  in  Oberndorf, 
Znekar,  Wurtemberg,  Germany.  In 
1854,  when  the  Crimean  war  threat- 
ened to  involve  all  Europe  in  a  gen- 
eral war,  he  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  in  order  to  escape  military 
service.  Not  being  able  to  find  any 
suitable  employment  in  Philadelphia 
he  went  to  Eeading,  passed  his  ex- 
amination as  school  teacher  and 
taught  school  in  P>erks  County  dur- 
ing the  season  1854-5.  Eeturning 
to  Philadelphia,  he  found  employ- 
ment in  the  drug  store  of  Dr.  W.  P. 
Vasey,  where  he  used  his  spare  time 
and  the  doctor's  library  to  study 
medicine.  Later  he  went  West, 
working  as  prescription  clerk  in  Chi- 
cago, St.  Louis  and  New  Orleans. 
In  1858  he  returned  to  St.  Louis, 
where  he  again  worked  as  apothe- 
cary, studying  medicine  at  the  same 
time.  When  the  war  broke  out  all 
of  the  .students  and  most  of  the  pro- 
fessors of  the  Humboldt  Medical  In- 


stitute, where  he  had  been  studying, 
enlisted  in  the  army,  some  as  sur- 
geons, others  as  hospital  stewards 
or  combatants.  Dr.  Spiegelhalter 
was  among  the  latter,  and  served 
during  the  three  months'  service  as 
lieutenant  of  the  Eifth  Missouri  In- 
fantry. After  he  was  mustered  out 
he  resumed  the  study  of  medicine 
and  graduated  in  April,  1862.  As 
soon  as  he  had  his  diploma  Dr.  Spie- 


gelhalter went  before  the  Military 
Board  'of  Medical  Examiners,  of 
which  Dr.  J.  T.  Hodgen  was  presi- 
dent, and  passed  his  examination  as 
army  surgeon.  He  was  offered  the 
position  as  surgeon  of  the  Thir- 
teenth Missouri  Infantry,  but  pre- 
ferred to  take  the  position  as  as- 
sistant surgeon  of  the  Twelfth  Mis- 
souri Infantry  (Osterhaus'  regi- 
ment), the  surgeon  of  which  was  his 
friend  and  fellow-student  of  the 
Humboldt  Medical  College. 

He  joined  the  regiment  shortly 
after  the  battle  of  Pea  Eidge;  was 
at  once  detached  to  take  charge  of 
some  wounded  men  of  the  Seven- 
teenth Missouri:  escorted  them  to 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


339 


Batesville,  Ark.,  and  was  then  or- 
dered by  Gen.  Curtis  to  take  charge 
of  one  of  the  hospitals  there.  On 
the  march  through  the  swamps  to 
Helena  he  was  put  in  charge  of  the 
hospital  train  of  the  Osterhaus  di- 
vision. Upon  his  arrival  at  Helena, 
Ark.,  he  was  commanded  to  take 
charge  of  the  Seventeenth  Missouri 
Infantry,  and  later  also  of  the  Fifth 
Missouri  Cavalry,  both  being  with- 
out medical  officers.  Being  the  only 
available  assistant  surgeon,  he  was 
alternately  commanded  to  take 
charge  of  the  different  regiments  of 
the  Osterhaus  division  whenever  a 
medical  officer  was  needed,  and  to  a 
number  of  flying  expeditions  on  land 
and  by  boat.  TThen  the  division  was 
sent  up  to  Missouri  in  the  fall  of 
1862  he  was  ordered  to  go  with  the 
Seventeenth  Missouri  Infantry,  and 
as  soon  as  the  boat  landed  at  Ste. 
Genevieve  there  was  an  order  for 
him  to  take  charge  of  the  Fifty- 
eighth  Ohio  Eegiment.  During  early 
attacks  on  Vicksburg  in  the  winter 
1862-3  Dr.  Spiegelhalter  was  taken 
sick  with  inflammatory  rheumatism 
and  was  later  sent  to  the  officers' 
hospital  at  Memphis,  Tenn.  From 
there  he  returned  in  May  in  time  to 
participate  in  the  advance  upon 
Vicksburg  and  the  different  engage- 
ments and  battles.  During  the  at- 
tack of  May  22,  in  which  his  regi- 
ment lost  120  men  killed  and 
wounded,  Dr.  Spiegelhalter  was  the 
only  surgeon  who  followed  the  men 
through  the  different  enfilades  upon 
the  battlefield,  where  he  worked  till 
early  next  morning,  dressing  the 
wounded.  During  the  march  to 
Chattanooga  he  received  the  com- 
mission as  surgeon  of  his  regiment, 
the  Twelfth  Missouri  Infantry. 

He  participated  in  the  storming 
of  Lookout  Mountain  and  the  battle 
of  Missionary  Eidge  and  Einggold, 
where  his  command  lost  severely. 
After  the  battle  of  Einggold  Gen. 
Osterhaus  obtained  an  order  from 
Gen.  Grant,  authorizing  Dr.  Joseph 


Spiegelhalter  to  seize  any  suitable 
house  in  Chattanooga  for  a  hospital 
for  the  wounded  officers  of  the  Os- 
terhaus division,  as  the  field  hospi- 
tals in  Chattanooga  were  over- 
crowded and  infested  with  hospital 
gangrene. 

During  the  Atlanta  campaign  Dr. 
Spiegelhalter  was  appointed  one  of 
the  operating  corps  of  the  field  hos- 
pital, First  Division,  Fifteenth 
Army  Corps,  with  permission  to  re- 
main with  his  regiment  while  the 
same  was  under  fire,  and  to  report 
for  duty  at  the  field  hospital  when 
his  command  was  not  engaged.  Dr. 
Spiegelhalter  always  made  it  a  point 
to  be  with  his  boys  while  they  were 
under  fire,  ready  to  assist  them, 
and  this  was  the  reason  of  his  great 
popularity  among  bis  comrades.  He 
was  a  bold  and  successful  operator, 
and  the  many  bloody  engagements 
in  which  his  command  participated 
gave  him  ample  opportunity  for  sur- 
gical operations. 

After  he  was  mustered  out  of  the 
service  Dr.  Spiegelhalter  engaged  in 
the  practice  of  his  profession  in  St. 
Louis.  In  1865  he  was  appointed 
Health  Officer  by  Mayor  Thomas. 
The  Board  of  Health  then  consisted 
of  five  Councilmen  and  the  Health 
Officer  as  ex-officio  member  and  ex- 
ecutive officer.  TThen  cholera  ap- 
peared in  European  ports  in  the 
winter  of  1865  Dr.  Spiegelhalter 
warned  the  Board  of  Health  of  the 
coming  danger  and  insisted  that 
they  should  secure  an  appropriation 
from  the  Council  to  prepare  for  the 
coming  epidemic.  But  his  warning 
was  not  heeded,  and  when  the 
scourge  came  it  found  the  city  total- 
ly unprepared  and  without  funds  to 
tight  it.  Through  the  efforts  of 
Hon.  Erastus  Wells  a  fund  was 
raised  later  and  the  cleaning  of  the 
city  commenced.  Dr.  Spiegelhalter 
went  to  work  to  organize  auxiliary 
sanitary  committees  in  the  different 
wards  and  got  them  to  start  an  in- 
spection from  house  to  house.     He 


340 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


also  had  a  number  of  physicians  ap- 
pointed all  over  the  city  to  give  im- 
mediate attendance  to  the  poor  and 
to  assist  in  the  sanitary  work  of  the 
ward  committees.     The   burden   of 
all  this  work,  the  abatement  of  nui- 
sances, the    removal    of    the    poor 
cholera  patients  to  the  hospital  and 
the   disinfection    of    their    homes, 
rested  upon  Dr.  Spiegelhalter,  and 
kept  him  busy  day  and  night.  The 
first  cases  of  cholera  were  reported 
in  the  latter  part  of  July,  1866,  and 
although  the  city  was  totally  unpre- 
pared for  the  epidemic  and  in  a  very 
filthy  condition,  the  effective  work 
done  all  over  the  city  enabled  the 
•  Board  of  Health  to  declare  in  their 
meeting,  September  13,  1866,  that 
cholera  no  longer    existed    in    St. 
Louis    in    an    epidemic  form.     In 
recognition  of  his  efficient  work  for 
the  health  of  the  city,  Dr.  Spiegel- 
halter was  nominated   and   elected 
Coroner  of  St.  Louis  County  in  the 
fall  of  1866  and  re-elected  in  1868. 
-After  the  expiration  of  his  second 
term  as  Coroner  Dr.  Spiegelhalter 
went  to   Europe   and   devoted   ten 
months   to   medical   study   and   re- 
search in  the  universities  of  Trebin- 
gen,    Vienna    and    Wurzburg.     Re- 
turning to  St.  Louis  in  the  fall  of 
1871,    Dr.    Spiegelhalter    resumed 
ihe  practice  of  his  profession. 

In  1876  Dr.  Spiegelhalter  was 
again  called  into  public  service,  ■ 
when  Mayor  Overstolz  appointed 
Mm  medical  member  of  the  Board 
•of  Health.  He  was  reappointed  by 
Mayor  Overstolz  in  1877  and  1879, 
and  by  Mayor  Ewing  in  1883,  serv- 
ing in  all  eleven  years  in  that  im- 
portant position.  His  knowledge  of 
sanitary  science  and  his  acquaint- 
ance with  the  condition  and  needs 
of  the  city  in  sanitary  matters, 
gained  by  his  former  experience  as 
health  officer,  were  of  great  value 
to  the  city  during  the  term  of  his 
service  as  a  member  of  the  Board 
of  Health.  Dr.  Spiegelhalter  has 
been  in  public  service  for  twenty 


years — three  years  in  the  army,  two 
years  as  Health  Officer,  four"  years 
as  Coroner  and  eleven  years  as  a 
medical  member  of  the  Board  of 
Health. 

He  has  been  a  member  of  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  Society  since  1864; 
is  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Ger- 
man Physicians,  of  the  St.  Louis 
Microscopical  Society,  the  Mississip- 
pi Valley  Medical  Society,  the  St. 
Louis  Academy  of  Science,  the 
American  Medical  Association,  the 
American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science  and  the  Amer- 
ican Public  Health  Association;  is 
also  one  of  the  charter  members  of 
the  Missouri  Crematory  Associa- 
tion, the  St.  Louis  Swimming 
School,  the  St.  Louis  Ethical  So- 
ciety and  the  Union  Club.  He  is 
a  member  of  Frank  P.  Blair  Post, 
No.  1,  0.  A.  E.,  the  Military  Order 
of  the  Loyal  Legion,  and  the  Society 
of  the  Army  of  Tennessee,  also  of 
the  St.  Louis  Turnverein  and  the 
Liederkranz. 


FLOYD  STEWART. 

Thomaston,  Ga.,  is  the  birthplace 
of  Dr.  Floyd  Stewart,  now  of  St. 
Louis,  the  date  being  October  20, 
1873.  He  graduated  from  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  College  in  1896,  and 
commenced  practice  in  the  same 
year,  choosing  for  his  field  the  Char- 
ity Hospital  in  New  Orleans,  La.  In 
this  hospital  Dr.  Stewart  did  stood 
work  as  chief  of  clinic  in  the  der- 
matological  department.  He  also 
carried  the  active  title  of  Clinical 
Assistant,  Chair  of  Dermatology,  in 
the  New  Orleans  Polyclinic.  Al- 
though a  young  man,  Dr.  Stewart 
is  already  a  war  veteran.  The  call 
for  volunteers,  following  the  out- 
break of  the  Spanish-American 
War,  obtained  a  ready  response 
from  the  subject  of  this  sketch.  Dr. 
Stewart  was  appointed  surgeon  and 
commissioned  Major  in  the  Second 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


341 


United  States  Volunteer  Infantry, 
and  in  these  capacities  served  his 
country  until  the  end  of  the  war 
with  considerable  credit  to  himself. 
Upon  being  mustered  out  of  service, 
Dr.  Stewart  located  himself  in  St. 
Louis  in  October,  1899. 

He  is  a  specialist  in  dermatology 
and  genito-urinary  surgery. 

EEMY  J.  STOFFEL. 

Eemy  J.  Stoffel  was  born  in  Paris, 
France,  December  1,  1851,  his  fath- 
er being  a  Swiss  and  his  mother  a 
Frenchwoman. 


His  parents  came  to  Ameri- 
ca when  their  son  was  5  years  old, 
leaving  him  in  charge  of  a  grand- 
parent. Four  years  later  young 
Stoffel  rejoined  the  family  in  Si. 
Louis,  where  his  father  was  by  this 
time  well  established  in  the  carpet 
and  wall  paper  business  on  South 
Biroadway.  The  greater  part  of 
Dr.  Stoffel's  early  education  was  ac- 
quired in  St.  Louis  schools.  After 
some  time  as  a  pupil  in  the  public 
schools   of  that    city    he    attended 


Rice's  Commercial  College.  After 
arriving  at  majority  he  took  a  course 
in  St.  Vincent's  College  at  Cape 
Girardeau. 

Finishing  his  college  course,  the 
next  three  years  were  spent  in 
teaching. 

He  began  the  study  of  medicine 
at  Sparta,  111.,  under  the  direction 
of  Dr.  David  S.  Booth,  Sr.,  then  a 
prominent  physician  and  surgeon  in 
Southern  Illinois.  Later  he  en- 
tered the  St.  Louis  Medical  College, 
and  graduated  from  that  institution 
in  March,  1880.  Two  clays  after 
Dr.  Stoffel  received  his  diploma  he 
established  his  office  in  its  present 
location  in  St.  Louis  and  com- 
menced practice. 

As  a  physician  he  grew  rapidly  in 
public  favor  and  became  well  known. 
In  1896  he  was  chosen  Professor  of 
Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics 
of  Beaumont  Hospital  Medical  Col- 
lege and  later  held  the  Chair  of 
Diseases  of  Children  in  the  same 
college. 

Dr.  Stoffel  is  a  member  of  the 
national,  State  and  local  medical  so- 
cieties and  is  prominent  in  benevo- 
lent circles. 

He  bears  the  reputation  of  a  suc- 
cessful educator  and  conscientious 
and  skillful  physician. 

LEON  STRAUS. 

Dr.  Leon  Straus,  one  of  the  lead- 
ing physicians  and  surgeons  of  St. 
Louis,  was  born  and  raised  in  the 
State  of  Kentucky.  He  received  his 
early  education  there,  and  is  a  grad- 
uate of  the  Kentucky  State  Univer- 
sity of  Lexington. 

After  his  graduation  there  he 
went  to  Louisville,  Ky.,  where  he 
was  educated  in  medicine  in  the 
medical  department  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Louisville. 

Dr.  Straus  immediately  entered 
upon  an  active  general  practice  of 
medicine,  which,  after  a  few  years, 


542 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


he  gave  up  in  order  that  he  might 
begin  the  study  of  diseases  of  the 
rectum  under  Dr.  Joseph  Mathews 
of  Louisville,  whose  assistant  Dr. 
Straus  was  for  a  number  of  years. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  then 
went  abroad,  where  he  studied  un- 
der the  masters  of  Europe,  such  men 
as  AHingham  and  Billroth  being  his 
preceptors. 

He  returned  to  this  country  after 
that  course  of  study  abroad,  and  in 
1893  located  in  St.  Louis,  where  he 
has  been  ever  since. 

All  of  Dr.  Straus'  attention  as  a 
practitioner  is  devoted  to  his  spe- 
cialty, but  he  finds  time  to  actively 
identify  himself  with  various  medi- 
cal societies.  His  work  along  the 
lines  of  his  specialty  has  made  him 
a  member  of  the  British  Gynecolog- 
ical Society  and  the  American  Proc- 
tologic Association.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  So- 
ciety. 

BELXO  L.  SULZBACHER. 

Bruno  L.  Sulzbacher  was  born  at 
Las  Yegas,  in  the  Territory  of  Xew 


Mexico.  The  railroad  had  then  not 
yet  entered  that  country,  and  the 
Spanish  language  virtually  predom- 
inated there.  He  received  his  ele- 
mentary education  in  a  Presbyterian 
mission  school,  which  shortly  before 
had  been  established.  Thereafter 
he  entered  the  Jesuit  College  of  that 
place  where  he  obtained  a  thorough 
educational  training. 

Id  1887  he  visited  for  one  year 
Swarthmore  College  in  Pennsylva- 
nia. He  continued  his  collegiate 
course  in  that  State  in  Eugby  Acad- 
emy in  Philadelphia  until  his  grad- 
uation. 

His  parents  in  the  meantime  hav- 
ing removed  to  Kansas  City,  Mo., 
he  returned  to  the  West  and  under- 
took, for  one  semestra,  a  prelimi- 
nary medical  course  in  the  State 
Lmiversity  of  Kansas,  in  the  city  of 
Lawrence.  Thereafter  he  entered 
the  University  Medical  College  at 
Kansas  City,  from  which  institu- 
tion he  graduated  in  1894,  receiving 
second  prize  in  his  class.  During 
the  succeeding  year  he  practiced  his 
profession   in   that   city,   his   Alma 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


343 


Mater  honoring  him  with  the  post 
of  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anat- 
omy. 

Becoming,  however,  convinced 
that  to  obtain  a  higher  and  more 
perfect  education  and  experience, 
other  and  wider  fields  had  to  he 
sought,  he  crossed  the  ocean,  and 
during  the  years  1896  and  1897, 
took  several  regular  and  post-grad- 
uate courses  in  the  universities  of 
Berlin,  Goettingen  and  Vienna. 

Beturning  to  Kansas  City  he  re- 
newed his  practice,  and  during  the 
years  1898  and  1899  occupied  the 
Chair  of  Demonstrator  of  Pathology 
and  that  of  Professor  of  Histology 
in  his  former  college,  the  University 
Medical— 1899-1900. 

He  has  now  a  lucrative  practice 
and  enjoys  the  regard,  confidence 
and  friendship  of  those  of  his  fel- 
low colleagues  who  command  the  re- 
spect of  the  community. 

Dr.  Sulzbacher  is  a  member  of  the 
Western  Surgical  and  Gynecological 
Association,  the  Aesculapian  Society 
f»nd  of  the  Medical  Association  of 
the  Territory  of  Kew  Mexico.  He 
was  assistant  surgeon  of  Battery  B, 
X.  G.  M.,  a  thirty-second  degree 
Mason  and  a  noble  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine.  The  doctor  was  a  Demon- 
strator of  Clinical  Gynecology  from 
1895  to  1898  and  Professor  of  Path- 
ology and  Bacteriology  in  the  Wo- 
men's Medical  College  of  Kansas 
City  from  1899  to  1900. 

OTTO  SUTTEE.       . 

Otto  Sutter  is  of  German  descent. 
His  parents,  John  and  Catherine 
Sutter,  came  to  this  country  at  an 
early  age,  and  spent  the  greater  por- 
tion of  their  lives  in  St.  Louis  Coun- 
ty, where  Otto  was  born,  January 
24,  1863. 

He  attended  the  public  schools  at 
the  age  of  5  years,  and  at  11  en- 
tered the  St.  Louis  grammar 
schools.  Later  he  served  an  ap- 
prenticeship  in  the   drug  business, 


and  in  1884  graduated  from  the  >>t. 
Louis  College  of  Pharmacy.  In 
the  same  year  he  became  chief  drug- 
gist in  the  St.  Louis  City  Hospital, 
and  a  few  months  later  bought  a 
located  drug  business,  which  he  con- 
ducted  successfully  until   1887. 

Meanwhile  he  was  reading  medi- 
cine and  attending  lectures  at  the 
Missouri  Medical  College.  He  aft- 
erwards attended  Beaumont  Hos- 
pital Medical  College  and  received 


his  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine 
from  that  institution  in  1892. 

He  commenced  practicing  in  St. 
Louis  in  the  same  year,  and  contin- 
ued in  private  general  practice  until 
June,  1895,  when  he  was  appointed 
Superintendent  of  the  City  Hospi- 
tal. He  served  in  the  latter-named 
capacity  until  1898,  when  he  re- 
signed to  establish  a  private  hos- 
pital. 

Dr.  Sutter  is  a  conscientious,  pro- 
gressive and  capable  physician,  and 
peculiarly  well  qualified  for  hospital 
management.  In  practice  his  spe- 
cialty is  gynecology. 


544 


ONE    HUNDRED    TEARS    OF 


HUDSON  TALBOTT. 

Feb.  10,  1874,  is  the  date  of  the 
birth  of  Hudson  Talbott,  now  one  of 
the  prominent  men  in  the  younger 
generation  of  the  physicians  and 
surgeons  of  St.  Louis.  He  made 
his  bow  upon  life's  stage  in  the  lit- 
tle town  of  Fairville.  Saline  Co., 
Mo. 

Desirinsr  to  follow  the  example  of 
his  father".  Dr.  Edward  M.  Talbott, 
to  whose  success  he  points  with 
much  pride,  also  that  of  his  brother, 
Dr.  Albert  S.  Talbott.  he  came  to 
St.  Louis  in  the  fall  of '  1895,  and 
matriculated  in  the  Marion-Sims 
College  of  Medicine,  for  which  he 
had  been  fitted  by  preliminary  edu- 
cation at  Jiome  and  in  the  Missouri 
State  University.  While  in  college 
he  won,  by  competitive  examination 
in  the  literary  branches,  a  scholar- 
ship offered  by  the  facility.  It  was 
on  April  9,  1898,  that  he  received  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  from 
that  college. 

His  conscientious  application  to 
his  studies,  and  his  general  good 
work  in  the  college,  won  for  him 
first  place  in  his  graduating  class, 


an  3  for  which  rank  he  received 
fr^m  the  faculty  a  handsome  gold 
medal.  With  a  large  number  of 
competitors  the  doctor  took  the  ex- 
amination for  interneship  in  the 
City  Hospital  of  St.  Louis.  He  was 
again  successful,  and  served  for  one 
year,  then  located  at  his  present  ad- 
dress, 3148  Laclede  avenue,  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  to  do  private  practice, 
in  which  he  has  been  quite  success- 
ful. 

One  year  after  graduating  Dr. 
Talbott  was  given  the  Chair  of  Em- 
bryology in  the  college  from  which 
he  graduated,  and  at  the  same  time 
made  Assistant  Demonstrator  of 
Anatomy.  He  is  an  active  member 
of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  St. 
Louis  City  Hospital  Alumni  and  of 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society. 

Dr.  Talbott  has  won  his  way  thus 
far  by  dint  of  perseverance  and 
hard  work,  and  his  success  seems 
to  make  his  future  in  the  profession 
assured. 

J.   H.   TAXQEAKY. 
James  Hiram  Tanquary  is  of  En- 
glish and  Scotch  parentage,  and  was 
born  m  Belmont,  111.,  April  2,  1856. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


345 


He  had  his  early  education  in  the 
public  schools  of  his  native  State 
and  at  the  Southern  Illinois  Nor- 
mal School  at  Carbondale.  Later 
he  graduated  from  the  National 
Normal  University  at  Lebanon,  0., 
which  institution  conferred  upon 
him  the  B.  S.  degree.  He  was  a 
teacher  during  five  years  of  his 
school  life. 

He  took  his  medical  course  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
of  Chicago,  graduating  in  1883.  Ee- 
turning  to  his  boyhood  home  of  Bel- 
mont, he  commenced  his  profession- 
al work  there  and  soon  built  up  a 
large  and  lucrative  practice. 

In  1892  Dr.  Tanquary  located  in. 
St.  Louis,  and  has  continued  in 
general  practice  and  surgery  in  that 
city  up  to  the  present  time  (1900). 

He  has  held  the  Chair  of  Clinical 
Surgery  in  Barnes  Medical  College, 
and  has  done  some  very  clever  pro- 
fessional work. 

He  is  an  active  member  of  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  Society  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity. 
Dr.  Tanquary  is  popular  with  the 
profession  and  laity  of  his  adopted 
citv. 


C.  W.  TAYLOE,  JE. 

Dr.  C,  W.  Taylor,  Jr.,  although  a 
native  St.  Louisan,  received  his  boy- 
hood education  in  the  public  schools 
of  Cincinnati.  After  graduating 
from  High  School  there  young  Tay- 
lor entered  the  Pulte  Medical  Col- 
lege of  the  same  city,  from  which 
he  graduated  in  1897. 

Although  he  has  been  practicing 
in  St.  Louis  for  but  little  over  a 
year,  Dr.  Taylor  has  already  estab- 
lished himself  as  one  of  the  most 
promising  of  the  young  homeopathic 
physicians  and  surgeons  of  Missou- 
ri's metropolis. 

He  has  made  a  specialty  of  gyne- 
cology and  surgery,  and  his  work 
along'  these  lines  bids  fair  to  greatly 


surpass  the  success  he  has  had  with 
his  general  practice. 

Dr.  Taylor  is  lecturer  on  histol- 
ogy  at   the   Homeopathic    Medical 


College  of  Missouri,  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Institute  of 
Homeopathy,  the  Missouri  State  In- 
stitute of  Homeopathy  and  the  St. 
Louis  Homeopathic  Medical  Society. 

G.   H.   THOMPSON. 

George  Howard  Thompson  was 
born  Feb.  5,  1866.  At  the  time 
of  his  birth  his  parents  were  resi- 
dents of  Memphis,  Tenn.,  but  re- 
moved to  St.  Louis  when  the  boy 
was  about  5  years  old.  Young 
Thompson  attended  the  city  public 
schools  and  afterwards  at  the  State 
University,  Columbia,  Mo.  Fol- 
lowing the  bent  of  his  mind  toward 
the  science  of  medicine,  he  entered 
Missouri  Medical  College,  and  grad- 
uated from  that  institution  in  1888. 
He  then  went  to  Yew  York  City  and 
graduated  from  Bellevue  Hospital 
Medical  College  in  1889.       Subse- 


316 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


sons.  He  began  the  study  of  med- 
icine in  March,  1891,  in  the  office  of 
Dr.  W.  B.  Elter,  the  leading  phy- 
sician of  Callaway  County.  Later 
he  entered  the  Homeopathic  Medical 
College  of  Missouri,  from  which  in- 
stitution he  graduated  in  the  spring 
of  1895. 

Soon  after  receiving  his  diploma 
he  located  in  Mexico,  where  he  was 
actively  engaged  in  general  practice 
until  early  in  the  year  1900,  when  he 
went  to  Chicago  and  took  a  post 
graduate  course  in  Hahnemann  Col- 
lege. April  10,  1900,  Dr.  Tincher 
was  appointed  assistant  physician  to 
the  State  Lunatic  Asvlum  at  Ful- 


quently  he  spent  two  and  a  half 
years  in  hospitals  in  Germany.  In 
LS91  he  returned  to  St.  Louis,  and 
in  November  of  that  year  com- 
menced the  practice  of  medicine. 

Since  1891  he  has  been  Professor 
of  Materia  Medica  in  the  St.  Louis 
College  of  Phvsicians  and  Surgeons. 
He  is  a  "Fellow  of  the  St.  Louis 
Academy  of  Medical  and  Surgical 
Sciences,"  a  member  of  the  Tri- 
State  Medical  Society  of  Illinois, 
Iowa  and  Missouri,  and  a  member 
of  Bose  Hill  Lod^e.  550.  A.  F.  and 
A.  M. 

Dr.  Thompson  is  the  editor  of 
"The  Eegular  Medical  Visitor.-'' 
which  he  founded  in  January,  1900. 

E.  H.  TIXCHER. 

Dr.  E.  H.  Tincher  is  one  of  Lhe 
younger  practitioners  of  Audrain 
County  who  has  risen  rapidly  since 
he  began  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession in  Mexico,  Mo.  He  was 
born  in  Callaway  County  and  re- 
ceived the  usual  early  schooling 
which  fell  to  the  lot    of    farmers'" 


ton,  and  as  a  consequence  has  re- 
signed his  private  practice  and  re- 
moved from  Mexico  to  the  location 
of  his  public  office. 

HEBMAX   TUHOLSKE. 

Herman  Tuholske  was  born  in 
Berlin.  Prussia,  March  27,  1848, 
where  he  spent  the  early  years  of  his 
life,  receiving  the  best  classical  edu- 
cation that  could  be  obtained  at  the 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


347 


Berlin  Gymnasium,  and  shortly  after 
his  graduation  came  to  the  United 
States  and  at  once  to  St.  Lonis.  He 
entered  the  Missouri  Medical  Col- 
lege and  graduated  in  1869.  Some, 
years  later  he  went  to  Europe  and 
attended  the  post-graduate  courses 
of  lectures  in  Vienna,  Berlin,  Lon- 
don and  Paris,  returning  to  St. 
Louis.  Thoroughly  equipped  as 
he  was,  lie  began  the  practice  of 
medicine  and  surgery. 


In  1870  Dr.  Tuholske  was  elected 
physician  to  the  St.  Louis  City  Dis- 
pensary, and  under  his  manage- 
ment it  was  enlarged  and  an  am- 
bulance system  organized.  He  was 
also  at  one  time  in  charge  of  the 
Quarantine  Hospital,  and  for  sev- 
eral years  examining  surgeon  to  the 
police  force  and  physician  to  the 
jail.  Resigning  in  1875,  he  de- 
voted himself  to  general  practice, 
which  soon  became  a  lucrative  one. 
In  1873  the  Missouri  Medical  Col- 
lege elected  him  Professor  and  Dem- 
onstrator of  Anatomy,  which  he 
held  for  ten  years,  and  was  then 
elected  Professor  of  Surgery. 


In  1882,  in  conjunction  with 
Drs.  Engelmann,  Spencer,  Glasgow, 
Robinson,  Hardaway,  Michel  and 
Steele,  he  founded  the  St.  Louis 
Post-Graduate  School  of  Medicine 
and  erected  the  Post-Gracluate  Col- 
lege building  and  hospital,  the  first 
in  this  country.  From  that  time 
Dr.  Tuholske  devoted  all  his  ener- 
gies to  the  teaching  and  practice  of 
surgery,  and  it  is  in  abdominal  sur- 
gery that  he  has  been  an  ardent  and 
successful  worker. 

Dr.  Tuholske  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Medical  Association,  the 
Southern  Surgical  and  Gynecologi- 
cal Society,  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
Society,  the  St.  Louis  Medico-Chir- 
urgical  Society,  the  St.  Louis  Sur- 
gical Society,  honorary  member  of 
Southwest  Missouri  State  Medical 
Association,  member  of  the  Interna- 
tional Gjmecological  Society  and  of 
the  Congress  of  German  Surgery. 
He  was  Professor  of  Anatomy,  of 
Surgical  Pathology  and  Clinical 
Surgery  in  the  Missouri  Medical  Col- 
lege, and  occupies  at  present  the 
Chair  of  the  Practice  of  Surgery 
and  Clinical  Surgery  in  the  Medical 
Department  of  Washington  Univer- 
sity. He  is  consulting  surgeon  to 
the  St.  Louis  City  and  Female  Hos- 
pitals, and  has  been  actively  con- 
nected, with  the  South  Side  Dispen- 
sary, the  Martha  Parsons  Free  Hos- 
pital for  Children,  the  St.  Louis 
Surgical  and  Gynecological  Hospi- 
tal and  surgeon  to  the  First  Regi- 
ment of  Missouri,  with  rank  of  Ma- 
jor. He  is  the  author  of  a  number 
of  essays  and  papers,  and  is  a  fre- 
quent contributor  to  medical  jour- 
nals and  author  of  valuable  articles 
in  some  of  the  best  known  surgical 
text  books. 

PAUL  Y.  TUPPER. 

Paul  Y.  Tupper  is  a  native  of 
the  Empire  State  of  the  South, 
having  been  born  at  Washington, 
Ga.,  March  1,  1858.     He  obtained 


348 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


his  boyhood  education  in  that  town, 
later  attending  Eichmond  College 
of  Eichmond,  Va. 

In  1878  he  matriculated  in  the 
Hospital  College  of  Medicine  at 
Louisville,  Ky.,  from  which  he  grad- 
uated in  March,  1880.  During  the 
following  year  he  served  as  an  in- 
terne in  the  Louisville  City  Hospital 
and  the  Forest  Hill  Lying-in  Hos- 
pital. 

He  resigned  the  latter  position  in 
1S81  to  come  to  Missouri.  He  lo- 
cated in  St.  Louis,  and  has  been 
there  ever  since. 


During  the  nineteen  years  of  his 
professional  career  in  St.  Louis,  Dr. 
Tupper  has  made  for  himself  a  place 
in  the  ranks  of  the  medical  frater- 
nity that  is  second  to  but  few. 

In  addition  to  building  up  a  pri- 
vate practice  Loth  large  and  remu- 
nerative, the  doctor  has  been  hon- 
ored by  many  positions  of  trust  and 
special  confidence  in  his  ability.  He 
is  surgeon  to  the  Missouri  Baptist 
Sanitarium,  the  Protestant  Hospi- 
tal, the  Martha  Parsons  Free  Hos- 
pital for  Children,  the  St.  Louis  & 


Suburban  Street  Eailway  Company 
and  the  Burlington  Bailroad  Corn- 
pan  v. 

From  1887  to  1890  Dr.  Tupper 
was  Instructor  in  Practical  Anat- 
omy at  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Col- 
lege, and  for  the  next  nine  years 
occupied  the  Chair  of  Descriptive 
Anatomy  in  the  same  college. 

Upon  the  consolidation  of  the  St. 
Louis  and  Missouri  Medical  Col- 
leges and  its  affiliation  with  the 
Wasington  University,  Dr.  Tupper 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Applied 
Anatomy  and  Operative  Surgery. 
This  chair  he  still  fills. 

The  doctor  is  a  member  of  all 
the  prominent  medical  societies.  In 
1896  he  was  chosen  president  of  the 
St.  Louis  Anatomical  Board  and 
still  holds  the  position.  In  1897 
he  was  elected  president  of  the  Mis- 
souri State  Anatomical  Board,  a  po- 
sition he  now  (1900)  holds.  Dr. 
Tupper  has  ever  been  identified 
with  the  progressive  element  of  the 
profession,  where  his  originality  of 
thought  and  action  has  secured  for 
him  the  position  he  now  maintains 
in  the  profession. 

LOUIS   ALLAN  TUENBULL. 

Dr.  Louis  A.  Turnbull  made  his 
first  appearance  in  the  world  on  Es- 
piranza  Plantation  in  Issaquena 
County,  Mississippi,  36  years  ago. 

He  received  a  thorough  education 
under  a  tutor,  which  thoroughly 
fitted  him  for  entrance  of  the  Mis- 
souri Medical  College  in  1885.  Three 
years  later  he  graduated  with  hon- 
ors from  the  college  and  immediate- 
ly began  practicing  in  St.  Louis. 

Dr.  TurnbulPs  attention  has  been 
devoted  entirely  to  his  general  prac- 
tice, which  has  ever  been  a  large  and 
lucrative  one.  With  the  profession 
Dr.  Turnbull  is  accounted  as  one  of 
its  solid  men — one  who  ever  gives 
his  best  efforts  to  the  progress  of 
scientific  matters.  His  patients  have 
the  highest  confidence  in  him,  re- 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


349 


garding  him  as  a  thorough  gentle- 
man as  well  as  clever  practitioner. 

THOMAS  BENTON"  THEUSH. 

A  very  well-known  physician  of 
Kansas  City  died  February  11  last. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  Dr.  Thom- 
as B.  Thrush  was  house  surgeon  at 
the  Kansas  City  Hospital. 

He  was  born  in  Zanesville,  0.,  in 
1862.  When  he  was  6  years  old 
his  parents  removed  to  Cameron, 
Mo.,  and  he  was  reared,  schooled  and 
graduated  in  the  study  of  his  chosen 
profession  in  this  State.  Prior  to 
his  last  illness  he  filled  the  Chair  of, 
Surgery  in  the  Medico-Chirurgical 
College.  He  was  one  of  the  best- 
known  physicians  and  considered 
one  of  the  best  surgeons  in  Kansas 
City. 

Dr.  Thrush  was  a  Knight  Tem- 
plar, and  prominent  in  the  Masonic 
fraternity,  and  his  funeral  was  con- 
ducted under  Masonic  auspices  in 
Kansas  City,  and  at  his  old  home 
in  Cameron,  where  the  burial  took 
place. 

As  an  evidence  of  the  high  es- 
teem in  which  he  was  held  in  the 
city  of  his  residence  we  append  an 
editorial  clipped  from  a  Kansas 
City  paper  on  February  12,  1900: 

DK.  THBTTSH'S  DEATH. 

The  many  noble  attributes 
of  Dr.  Thomas  Benton  Thrush, 
who  died  yesterday  at  the  City 
Hospital,  make  his  loss  an  ir- 
reparable one.  In  addition  to 
Dr.  Thrush's  ability  as  a  phy- 
sician, he  was  possessed  of  an 
unusually  tender  heart.  His 
sympathy  for  the  poor  and 
friendless,  and  especially  for 
children,  fitted  him  pre-emi- 
nently for  the  position  which  he 
held.  He  was  a  self-made  man, 
but  with  consciousness  of  su- 
periority. He  was  charitable 
to  a  degree  unknown  to  the 
world.     But  above  all,  he  was 


the  "children's  friend/'  and 
that  would  be  the  most  appro- 
priate inscription  for  his  tomb. 
The  City  Hospital  will  be  for- 
tunate if  it  secures  a  successor 
who  can  in  a  measure  fill  the 
position  of  Dr.  Thrush. 

E.  B.  TYLEE. 

Eobert  Blake  Tyler  is  of  "Old 
Dominion"  stock.  He  was  born  at 
Hague,  in  Westmoreland  Co.,  Ya., 
March     12,     1854.       Men   are   of- 


ten heard  to  prate  of  being  self- 
made,  in  the  sense  of  having  accum- 
ulated wealth,  but  it  is  to  the  self- 
educated  man  that  the  greater  hon- 
or is  due.  Dr.  Tyler  belongs  in  the 
latter-named  class,  although  at  the 
hither  side  of  life's  prime  he  finds 
himself  in  the  possession  of  a 
competency  sufficient  to  supply  all 
human  necessaries  and  many  luxu- 
ries. 

By  dint  of  great  personal  effort 
and  many  sacrifices  especially  hard 
to  3^outh,  young  Tyler  acquired  a 
good  common  school  and  academic 


350 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


education.  He  read  medicine  and 
received  practical  instruction  in  the 
science,  under  competent  tutelage, 
and  at  the  age  of  25  commenced 
practice  in  New  York  State. 

In  1879  he  bethought  himself  of 
Horace  Greeley's  advice,  and  moved 
accordingly.  He  came  to  Missouri 
and  located  in  Joplin,  the  commer- 
cial center  of  the  State's  great  zinc 
and  lead  ore  mining  district.  In 
1880  he  graduated  from  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of 
Joplin.  Since  then  Dr.  Tyler's 
practice  has  steadily  grown,  and  he 
has  prospered  generally.  He  has 
served  three  terms  of  two  years 
each  as  Mayor  of  Joplin— 1883-88 
— and  his  personal  popularity  is 
best  attested  in  the  fact  that  he 
was  the  first  Eepublican  to  be  elect- 
ed in  that  Democratic  stronghold. 

As  a  physician  he  is  one  of  the 
oldest  in  practice  in  Joplin.  He  de- 
votes his  entire  time  to  a  large  gen- 
eral practice,  but  gives  particular 
attention  to  obstetrics.  As  a  citi- 
zen, Dr.  Tyler  is  widely  and  favor- 
ably known  in  Jasper  County  and 
throughout  the  mining  belt  of 
Southwest  Missouri  and  adjoining 
section  of  Kansas. 


JULES  P.  VALLE. 

Jules  Felix  Yalle,  son  of  Jules 
and  Isabella  Sargent  Yalle,  was 
born  in  St.  Louis,  Dec.  28,  1859. 
He  is  a  descendant  of  the  original 
French  settlers  of  Missouri.  His 
great-grandfather  was  commandant 
of  the  post  of  Ste.  Genevieve  under 
both  French  and  Spanish  regimes. 
His  father  was  born  at  Ste.  Gene- 
vieve and  was  for  years  president 
of  the  Iron  Mountain  Company  and 
of  the  Chouteau,  Harrison  &  Yall& 
Iron  Company.     He  died  in  1872. 

Jules  F.  Yalle  was  educated  in 
the  public  schools  and  at  Washing- 
ton university.  He  also  attended 
the     Virginia     Military     Institute. 


Later  he  began  the  study  of  medi- 
cine, and  after  graduating  from 
St,  Louis  Medical  College  in  1885, 
continued  to  prepare  himself  by  a 
course  of  study  and  practice,  cov- 
ering a  period  of  three  years,  in  the 
hospitals  of  this  country  and  Eu- 
rope. Thus  when  he  settled  down 
to  practice  in  his  native  city  he  was 
splendidly  equipped  for  his  life 
work. 

Dr.   Yalle   is   a  member   of   the 


medical  staff  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital, 
an  instructor  in  obstetrics  in  St. 
Louis  Medical  College  and  chief  of 
the  obstetrical  clinic  of  that  college. 
He  is  physician  to  the  Missouri 
School  for  the  Blind  and  served  of- 
ficially four  years  as  member  of  the 
board  of  managers  of  that  institu- 
tion. 

Dr.  Yalle  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  and 
of  the  State  and  local  medical  so- 
cieties, also  of  the  St.  Louis  Ob- 
stetrical and  Gynecological  Society 
and  of  the  St.  Louis  Hospital  Alum- 
ni.    He  was  married  in  1881  to  Miss 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


351 


Mary  M.,  daughter  of  Judge  Henry 
A.  Clover,  of  St.  Louis.  Although 
still  many  years  this  side  of  the 
prime  of  life's  goal,  Dr.  Talle  has 
already  achieved  high  rank  in  his 
profession. 

JOHN  W.  VATTGHAK 

Born  in  St.  Louis  County,  Mis- 
souri,  Dr.  John  YV.  Yaughan  has 
lived  nearly  the  whole  span  of  his 
very  useful  life  in  the  Missouri  me- 


tropolis, and  won  whatever  honors 
he  wears  within  a  few  miles  of  the 
home  of  his  "boyhood. 

Having  attended  the  public 
schools  he  afterwards  completed  his 
literary  schooling  at  Central  Col- 
lege of  Fayette,  Mo.,  graduating 
therefrom  in  1880: 

During  two  years  succeeding  his 
graduation,  and  while  studying 
preparatory  to  his  medical  educa- 
tion, he  was  principal  of  the  for- 
mal School  at  Lineville,  la. 

He  received  his  diploma  from  the 
St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons   in   1881.     Shortly   after- 


wards he  went  to  Europe  and  spent 
a  year  at  Yienna,  where  he  took  a 
post-graduate  course.  Before  re- 
turning to  America,  Dr.  Yaughan 
toured  the  continent  and  wrote  for 
a  St.  Louis  journal  a  series  of  arti- 
cles of  high  literary  merit,  based  on 
the  observations  of  his  travels. 

On  his  return  to  St.  Louis  he  at 
once  began  practice,  and  has  con- 
tinued in  active  professional  work 
ever  since. 

During  five  years  of  his  profes- 
sional career  Dr.  Yaughan  was  Pro- 
fessor of  Physio] ogy  and  Demonstra- 
tor of  Anatomy  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons.  From 
1888  to  1890  he  was  secretary  of  the 
Missouri  State  Board  of  Anatomy. 
He  fills  the  Chair  of  Professor  of 
Clinical  and  Orthopedic  Surgery  in 
Barnes'  Medical  College,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  American  and  In- 
ternational Medical  Societies.  Close 
application  and  hard  work  have 
won  for  Dr.  Yaughan,  while  yet  a 
comparatively  young  man,  a  place 
among  the  foremost  of  the  profes- 
sion in  Missouri. 


WILLIAM  HOOKEE  YALL. 

vVilliam  Hooker  Yail,  M.  D.,  was 
born  in  South  Manchester,  Conn.,  on 
the  1st  day  of  September,  1865.  As 
a  boy  he  was  very  bright  and  ex- 
ceedingly fond  of  study,  and  he  re- 
ceived a  thorough  fundamental  edu- 
cation in  the  public  schools  of  his 
native  town,  completing  his  first 
course  of  study  later  at  Cheney's 
High  School  there.  His  uncle, 
James  B.  Olcutt,  Horticulturist  for 
the  State  of  Connecticut,  and  one  of 
the  trustees  of  Storr's  Agricultural 
College,  urged  him  to  take  the  ex- 
amination to  enter  that  institution, 
which  he  did,  and  was  successful, 
where  he  diligently  studied  for  some 
time.  Four  years  later  he  took  up 
the  profession  of  pedagogy  in  one  of 
the  country  villages  of  Connecticut, 


352 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


gradually  rising  to  more  prominent 
and  lucrative  positions,  owing  to  his 
fine  disciplinary  and  instructive  abil- 
ity, by  reason  of  which  he  was  of- 
fered the  position  as  Professor  of 
Chemistry,  General  History  and 
Physiology  in  the  Duluth  High 
School  of  Duluth,  Minn.,  where  he 
taught  for  some  time,  when  he  re- 
signed to  further  pursue  his  medical 
studies,  which  was  the  main  object 
in  view.  Just  previous  to  his  con- 
nection with  the  Duluth  High 
School  he  entered  the  Connecticut 
Literary  Institution  of  Suffield, 
Conn.,  where  he  prosecuted  the 
scientific  course. 

Dr.  "William  Hooker  Vail's  aim  in 
life  from  boyhood  was  to  become 
a  physician  and  surgeon  like  his 
father,  Dr.  E.  J.  Vail,  who  gradu- 
ated in  New  York,  and  for  about 
half  a  century  has  been  one  of  the 
most  prominent  physicians  and  sur- 
geons of  that  section  of  Connecticut. 
From  early  boyhood  Dr.  William 
Hooker  Vail  was  earnestly  interest- 
ed in  his  father's  profession,  and 
nearly  all  his  spare  time  was  spent 
in  his  father's  company  and  study, 


four  years  of  which  were  spent  in 
active  practice  with  him. 

During  the  progress  of  his  medi- 
cal studies  he  took  a  course  in  Belle- 
vue  Hospital,  New  York  City.  Dr. 
Vail  came  to  Missouri  and  entered 
the  St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  where  he  pursued  the 
course  of  medicine  for  several  years, 
after  which  he  entered  upon  an  act- 
ive practice  of  medicine  in  this  city, 
and  has  built  up  for  himself  a  large 
and  lucrative  clientele. 

Dr.  Vail  is  now  house  physician 
for  William  Barr's  Dry  Goods  Com- 
pany, visiting  surgeon  to  the  May- 
field  Sanitarium,  associate  editor  to 
the  St.  Louis  Hospital  Bulletin  and 
is  medical  examiner  for  several  life 
insurance  companies  and  benevolent 
associations. 

G.  W.  VOGT. 

G.  W.  Vogt,  one  of  the  prominent 
physicians  and  surgeons  of  North 
St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Germany  on 
the  20th  of  May,  1853. 

Soon  after  his  birth  his  parents 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


353 


came  to  America  and  settled  in  St. 
Louis,  in  the  public  schools  of  which 
city  young  Vogt  received  that  early 
training  which  has  since  heen  so 
■valuable  to  him. 

A  classical  education  fitted  him 
for  entrance  to  the  Missouri  Medical 
College,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
j  877. 

Dr.  Vogt  immediately  began  the 
practice  of  medicine  in  Xorth  St. 
Louis,  and  the  large  and  lucrative 
practice  he  now  enjoys  tells  how 
successful  he  has  been.  The  doc- 
tor is  a  member  of  several  promi- 
nent State  and  city  medical  socie- 
ties, twenty-three  years  of  hard 
work  as  physician  and  surgeon  is 
placed  to  the  credit  of  Dr.  Vogt, 
the  careful,  conscientious  work  per- 
formed during  that  time  has  long 
since  placed  him  in  the  front  ranks 
of  Missouri  physicians. 


E.  J.- WASHINGTON. 

Dr.  E.  J.  "Washington  is  a  native  of 
St.  Louis,  having  been  born  there 
on  the  19th  day  of  January,  1875; 

He  obtained  his  early  education  in 
the   public    schools    of   the   Mound 


City  previous  to  his  entrance  of  the 
Marion-Sims  Medical  College.  He 
graduated  from  Marion-Sims  in  the 
spring  of  '96. 

Soon  after  obtaining  his  degree 
he  was  installed  as  an  interne  in  the 
St.  Louis  Female  Hospital,  which 
position  he  held  for  the  year  that 
ensued. 

After  Dr.  Washington  began  his 
general  practice  he  turned  his  at- 
tention to  genito-urinary  diseases, 
which  he  now  makes  a  specialty. 

Dr.  "Washington  has  been  more 
than  ordinarily  successful.  He  has 
done  remarkably  well  for  one  so 
young  in  the  actual  practice  of 
medicine,  being  a  close  student, 
untiring  in  his  efforts  to  advance 
his  knowledge  not  only  in  genito- 
urinary diseases,  but  in  the  general 
practice  of  medicine  as  well,  is  rap- 
idly placing  Dr.  Washington  in  the 
advance  guard  of  younger  genera- 
tions of  rising  Missouri  physicians. 

JOHX  MAXWELL  WATSOX. 

Vienna.  Scott  County.  Indiana, 
was  the  birthplace  of  Dr.  John  M. 


23 


?54 


ONE    HUNDRED    TEARS    OF 


Watson,  one  of  the  more  prominent 
of  the  young  physicians  and  sur- 
geons of  the  city  of  St.  Louis. 

He  was  born  on  the  13th  day  of 
May.,  1873,  and  received  his  early 
education  in  the  public  schools  of 
Scottsburgh,  Ind.,  his  boyhood 
home,  and  later  at  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  the  University  of  Louis- 
ville, Ky.  He  is  the  son  of  Dr. 
John  M.  Watson,  a  prominent  phy- 
sician of  Scott  County,  Indiana. 

Coming  to  St.  Louis  in  the  fall  of 
1896,  young  Watson  entered  the  old 
St.  Louis  Medical  College,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  the  spring  of 
1897. 

One  year  later  he  began  the  gen- 
eral practice  of  medicine  in  St. 
Louis,  and  has  remained  there  ever 
since,  rapidly  advancing  in  his  chos- 
en profession  and  building  up  a 
large  practice. 


J.  H.  WEINSBERG. 

Julius  H.  Weinsberg  was  born 
April  7,  1861,  in  Germany,  where 
he    spent    his    bo}rhood    days.     His 


early  education  was  received  in  his 
native  country,  noted  for  its  educa- 
tional advantages,  it  is  not  surpris- 
ing that  at  the  age  of  17  young 
Weinsberg  was  much  further  ad- 
vanced in  his  studies  than  the  aver- 
age American  youth  is  at  that  age. 

In  1881,  when  in  his  seventeenth 
vear,  he  decided  to  come  to  x\merica. 
He  at  once,  upon  his  arrival  in  this 
country,  settled  in  Missouri.  He 
soon  obtained  employment  as  a  drug 
clerk  in  St.  Louis.  Being  deeply 
interested  in  medicine  soon  caused 
him  to  adopt  it  as  his  profession. 
In  1888  he  entered  the  Marion-Sims 
College  of  Medicine,  graduating 
from  that  institution  in  1891. 

Dr.  Weinsberg  commenced  prac- 
tice in  St.  Louis  in  the  same  year 
and  has  continued  there  ever  since, 
engaged  in  a  general  practice. 

H.  M.  WHELPLEY. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  has  been 
engaged  in  literary  and  editorial 
work  along  medical  science  lines 
since  he  was  16  years  old.  Henry  M. 
Whelpley  was  born  in  Battle  Creek, 
Mich.,  May  24,  1861,  and  his  early 
education  was  received  in  the  ex- 
cellent common  and  high  schools  of 
his  native  State.  Coming  to  Mis- 
souri in  his  youth,  he  became  a  stu- 
dent in  the  St.  Louis  College  of 
Pharmacy,  and  graduated  therefrom 
in  1883/  Since  1884  he  has  filled 
the  position  of  Professor  of  Micro- 
scopy in  this  institution.  In  1891 
he  graduated  from  the  Missouri 
Medical  College,  after  the  regular 
course  of  study  had  been  completed. 
As  a  physician,  Dr.  Whelpley  has 
never  engaged  in  active  practice,  his 
literary  Avork  taking  up  all  of  his 
time.  From  1886  to  1890  he  was  a 
lecturer  in  his  Alma  Mater  on  Mate- 
ria Medica  and  Pharmacy,  and  in 
1891  became  Professor  of  Physiol- 
ogy, Histology  and  Microscopy.  This 
latter  position  he  held  until  the  Mis- 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


351 


souri  Medical  was  merged  in  the 
Medical  Department  of  Washing- 
ton University.  During  the  same 
years  he  was  director  of  the  bicolog- 
ical  laboratory  and  served  as  secre- 
tary of  the  faculty. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Society,  of  the  Missouri 
State  Medical  Association  and  of 
the  American  Medical  Association. 
Also  a  member  of  the  Eoyal  Micro- 
scopical Society  of  London,  of 
the  American  Microscopical  Society 
and  of  the  St.  Louis  Microscopical 
Society.  He  is  at  this  writing  edi- 
tor and  manager  of  "Meyer  Broth- 
ers' Druggist." 

Dr.  Whelpley  is  the  author  of 
"Whelpley's  Therapeutic  Terms,"' 
and  of  "Curtman's  Chemical  Lect- 
ure Xotes." 

A  notable  fact  in  connection  with 
Dr.  Whelpley's  choice  of  a  profes- 
sion is  that  he  is  the  fourth  "eldest 
son"  in  the  direct  paternal  line  to 
become  a  professor  of  medicine. 
Several  of  his  mother's  male  rela- 
tives were  also  physicians. 


ALLIE  BANKS  WILBURN. 

On  a  farm  in  Audrain  County, 
Missouri,  14  miles  southeast  of  Mex- 
ico, on  February  19,  1874,  the 
first  gleam  of  light  was  given  Allie 
Banks  Wilburn.  Up  to  the  age  of 
16  he  received  such  schooling  as  & 
lad  generally  receives  engaged  in 
farm  life.  In  1890  he  went  to  Mex- 
ico and  attended  the  public  schools, 
and  in  1891  attended  the  Missouri 
Military  Academy,  remaining  there 
until  the  fall  of  1892,  when  he  en- 
tered the  Missouri  Dental  College  at 
St.  Louis,  taking  the  usual  course 
of  studies,  and  in  1895  entered  the 
Hospital  College  of  Central  Univer- 
sity at  Louisville,  Ky.,  graduating 
from  this  noted  college  of  medicine 
and  dentistry  as  a  dental  surgeon. 
In  1896  he  passed  the  State  Board 
of  medicine  of  Texas  and  began  the, 
practice  of  medicine  in  that  State. 
Returning  to  St.  Louis  in  1897  he 
began  the  practice  of  dentistry, 
which  he  followed  successfully  for 
one  year,  when  he  entered  the 
Barnes  Medical  College  of  St.  Louis 


356 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


and  received  his  degree  as  a  Doctor 
of  Medicine  in  1900. 

Dr.  Wilburn,  from  the  beginning 
of  his  studies,  gave  special  attention 
to  surgery  and  medicine.  He  is  as- 
sistant surgeon  to  the  Chair  of  the 
Surgical  and  Medical  Dispensary  of 
the  Barnes  College. 


WILLIAM  A.  WILCOX. 

William  A.   Wilcox  was  born  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  Nov.   18,   1838.  He 


came  of  old  New  England  stock, 
dating  bis  ancestors  back  to  John 
Wilcox,  who  emigrated  from  En- 
gland in  1630  and  settled  in  New- 
ton. Mass.,  and  with  the  church  col- 
ony founded  Hartford,  Conn.,  in 
1635.  His  parents  removed  to  St. 
Louis  in  1839,  remaining  there  un- 
til 1815.  when  they  removed  to 
Richwood,  Washington  County.  His 
early  education  was  obtained  in  the 
district  schools  and  the  High  School 
at  Arcadia,  Mo.,  until  1854,  then  in 
charge  of  the  Rev.  J.  C.  Berryman. 
He  then  entered  the  St.  Louis  Med- 
ical College,  takino-  the  usual  course 


of  studies,  and  graduated  March  5, 
1858,  when  only  19  years  of  age. 
Soon  after  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Civil  War  he  returned  to  St.  Louis, 
was  examined  and  appointed  assist- 
ant surgeon  in  First  LT.  S.  R.  C, 
Missouri  Volunteers,  for  three  years' 
service,  April  22,  1862,  going  with 
the  detachment  from  Rolla,  Mo., 
in  June,  to  Bates ville,  Ark.,  guard- 
ing wagon  train  of  supplies  and  am- 
munition for  Gen.  Curtis'  army; 
then  to  Helena,  Ark.,  arriving  in 
July,  remaining  there  in  camp  until 
ordered  to  St.  Louis  to  be  mustered 
out;  was  then  offered  position  as 
surgeon  in  the  Thirty-second  Mis- 
souri Infantry,  but  was  unable  to 
accept  on  account  of  illness;  two 
months  later  was  commissioned  as- 
sistant surgeon,  M.  S.  M.,  First  In- 
fantry, the  regiment  being  on  con- 
tinuous guard  duty,  and  wishing 
to  again  see  active  service,  he  ap- 
plied, and  October  16,  1863,  was 
commissioned  -surgeon  of  the  Fourth 
Missouri  Cavalry  Volunteers,  and 
joined  his  regiment  at  Union  City, 
Tenn.,  Col.  George  E.  Waring,  Jr., 
being  in  command,  remaining 
there  until  January,  1864,  doing 
scout  duty.  Seven  thousand  caval- 
ry was  ordered  to  join  Gen.  Sher- 
man, but  when  within  100  miles  of 
Gen.  Sherman's  army,  Gen.  Smith 
ordered  a  retreat  to  Memphis.  Again 
resigning  and  returning  to  St. 
Louis  on  account  of  sickness,  he  in 
two  months  was  again  appointed 
surgeon  in  charge  of  the  post  hos- 
pital at  Cape  Girardeau,  where  he 
served  until  May,  1865,  when  he 
was  commissioned  surgeon  in  the 
Fiftieth  Missouri  Infantry. 

After  the  close  of  the  war  Dr. 
Wilcox  located  at  Independence,  re- 
maining there  two  years.  He  re- 
moved to  St.  Louis  in  1868,  where 
he  has  lived  ever  since. 

Dr.  Wilcox  served  several  years 
as  Professor  of  Mental  and  Nervous 
Diseases  in  the  Missouri  Homeo- 
pathic   Medical    College.     He  was 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


357 


married  in  1863  in  Boston  while  on 
leave  of  absence.  He  has  a  daugh- 
ter, Dr.  Emma  D.  Wilcox,  practicing 
in  New  York  City,  and  a  son,  Dr. 
J.  Hurry  Wilcox,  who  served  two 
and  a  half  years  as  assistant  physi- 
cian at  the  Fulton  Insane  Asylum, 
dow  practicing  at  Spokane,  Wash. 
Dr.  Wilcox  at  this  writing  (1900)  is 
still  in  the  harness,  having  prac- 
ticed medicine  for  forty-three  years, 
five  years  of  this  time  having  served 
as  an  armv  surgeon. 


At  the  expiration  of  that  time 
Dr.  Witherspoon  resigned  from  the 
City  Hospital  staff  and  went  to 
Butte,  Mont.,  where  he  engaged  in 
general  practice  until  November, 
1893.  He  then  returned  to  St. 
Louis,  and  has  been  there  ever  since. 
He  has  been  quite  successful  with 
his  work  ever  since  the  start. 

The  doctor  is  a  member  of  sev- 
eral medical  societies  and  a  hard 
student  as  well  as  a  painstaking  and 
careful  physician. 


THOMAS   C.   WITHERSPOON. 

Natchez,  Miss.,  is  the  birthplace  of 
Thomas  C.  Witherspoon,  who  was 
born  on  the  25th  day  of  May,  1868. 
The  early  schooJing  which  so  well 
fitted  him  for  his  professional  ca- 
reer was  obtained  in  the  schools  of 
his  native  city.  He  afterwards 
took  a  course  in  medicine  in  the 
Missouri  Medical  College,  graduat- 
ing with  the  class  of  '89. 

Dr.  Witherspoon  was  appointed 
in  the  same  year  an  interne  in  the 
St.  Louis  City  Hospital,  serving  in 
that  capacity  for  the  ensuing  year. 


HENRY  L.   WOLFXER. 

Dr.  Henry  L.  Wolfner  was  born 
in  Chicago,  November  1,  1860.  His 
early  education  was  received  in  the 
public  schools  of  Chicago  and  St. 
Louis  and  in  the  High  School  at 
Springfield,  Hi. 

Early  in  life  he  took  up  the  study 
sitv:  oculist  to  Bethesda  Home 
the  Missouri  Medical  College  in 
1881,  several  months  before  attain- 
ing majoritv.  He  commenced  the 
practice  of  his  profession  in  St. 
Lou.is,  where  he  has  remained  ever 
since. 


358 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


Dr.  Wolfner's  especial  study  in 
the  healing  art  since  he  received  his 
degree  has  been  that  of  diseases  of 
the  eve.  In  1S92  he  went  abroad 
and  took  post-graduate  courses  in 
the  leading  European  clinics.  As  an 
oculist  Dr.  Wolfner  has  taken  high 
rank  among  his  professional  breth- 
ren, and  is  popular  with  a  large 
clientele.  He  is  clinical  lecturer  on 
diseases  of  the  eve  in  the  Medical 
Department  of  Washington  Univer- 
sity; oculist  to  Bethesda  Home 
and  to  the  Episcopal  Orphans' 
Home,  consulting  ophthalmologist 
to  St.  Vincent's  Institution  for  the 
Insane  and  consulting  ophthalmolo- 
gist to  Passovant  Hospital  at  Jack- 
sonville. 111. 

Dr.  Wolfner  is  a  member  of  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  the  St. 
Louis  Microscopical  Society  and  oth- 
er  professional  bodies. 

W.  H.  WOODSON. 

A  relative  of  Silas  H.  Woodson, 
one  time  Governor  of  the  State, 
grandson  of  ex-Congressman  S.  H. 
Woodson  of  Jackson  County,  and 
son  of  William  H.  Woodson,  a  veil- 
known  attorney  of  Clay  County.  Dr. 
Woodson  can  easily  lay  claim  to  the 
title  of  ■''Missourian."  William  Ham- 
ilton Woodson  was  born  at  Liberty. 
February  21,  1874. 

He  had  an  excellent  early  school- 
ing and  entered  University  Medical 
College  of  Kansas  City  with  a  good 
literary  education.  He  graduated 
in  medicine  in  March,  1897,  having 
taken  the  classical  course.  He  was 
secretary  of  his  graduation  class. 

He  commenced  practice  at  Kosh- 
koning,  in  Oregon  County,  but  in 
1898  became  house  surgeon  to  the 
German  Hospital  in  Kansas  City.  In 
the  same  vear  he  acted  as  assistant 
to  Dr.  Flavel  E.  Tiffany,  the  eye 
specialist  of  Kansas  City. 

In  1899  Dr.  Woodson  located  in 
Joplin,  where  he  at  once  took  a 
high  position  in  popular  f  a<vor.  Since 


becoming  a  resident  of  the  city  of 
mineral  wealth  he  has  received  so 
much  encouragement,  both  in  a 
professional  and  social  way,  that  he 
has  decided  to  make  his  last  location 
permanent.  Dr.  Woodson  is  engaged 
in  general  practice,  but  is  quite  ex- 
pert in  surgery. 

U.  S.  WEIGHT. 

Fayette,  Mo.,  February  1,  1847, 
was  the  place  and  date  of  birth  of 
Dr.  U.  S.  Wright,  whose  father  was 
Leland  Wright,  a  Virginian  by  birth 


and  a  lawyer  by  profession.  His 
academic  education  was  received  at 
Central  College,  Fayette.  He  then 
entered  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Col- 
lege, graduating  from  that  institu- 
tion in  1871. 

He  at  once  began  his  professional 
work  in  P'ayette,  where  for  almost 
thirty  years  he  has  continued  in  act- 
ive practice. 

In  1896  Dr.  Wright  took  a  post- 
graduate course  at  the  Eost-Grad- 
uate  Hospital  College,  Chicago,  111. 

He  is  an  ex-president  of  the  Mo- 
berly  District  Medical  Society,  and 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


359 


for  the  second  time  is  now  president 
of  the  Howard  County  Medical  So- 
ciety, vice-president  of  the  North 
Missouri  Medical  Society,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Washington  University 
Association  and  at  this  writing 
(May,  1900,)  has  just  been  elected 
President  of  the  Missouri  State 
Medical  Association. 


fc 


EDWIN  YOUNKIN. 

Dr.  Edwin  Younkin  is  the  son  of  a 
physician.  He  was  horn  in  Somerset 
Co..  Pa..  March  19,  1838.  His  early 
education  was  acquired  in  the  com- 
mon schools  of  Pennsylvania  and 
Illinois,  to  which  latter  named 
State  his  parents  had  removed  when 
the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  12 
years  old.  He  attended  Kewanee 
(111.)  Academy  and  later  finished  a 
literary  course  in  Abingdon  Col- 
lege. 

He  studied  medicine  in  his  fath- 
er's office,  and  later,  having  re- 
moved with  the  family  to  Iowa,  be- 
gan practice  in  that  State  at  West 
Liberty. 

In  1866  he  graduated  from  the  Ec- 
lectic Medical  Institute  of  Cincin- 
nati, and  recommenced  the  practice 


of  his  profession  at  Abingdon,  his 
former  Illinois  home,  where  he  re- 
mained for  a  number  of  years,  re- 
moving in  1873  to  Leavenworth, 
Kan. 

Dr.  Younkin  settled  in  St.  Louis 
in  1875,  and  has  remained  in  that 
city  ever  since.  He  became  a  Mis- 
sourian  through  his  acceptance  of 
the  Chair  of  Surgery  in  the  Ameri- 
can Medical  College  of  St.  Louis. 
In  1887  he  was  elected  clean  of  the 
college,  and  at  present  writing 
(1900)  still  fills  these  positions.  He 
is  renowned  as  an  expert  surgeon, 
having  performed  all  the  operations 
known  in  surgical  science. 

Dr.  Younkin  is  an  ex-president  of 
the  National  Eclectic  Medical  Asso- 
ciation and  an  honored  member  of 
the  State  Eclectic  Medical  Society 
of  Missouri.  He  was  married  in 
1861  to  Matilda  Hart  of  Rochester, 
111.,  and  has  two  daughters,  both 
married.  Mrs.  Younkin  died  in  the 
fall  of  1899. 

WALTER  B.  YOST. 

Dr.  Walter  Burt  Yost  was  born 

among  the  mountains  of  West  Vir- 

-*       ginia,    at    Mannington,    in    Marion 


!60 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


County,  on  Jan.  29,  1873.  His 
father,  the  late  Dr.  P.  D.  Yost,  re- 
moved to  St.  Louis  the  same  year, 
where  he  continued  to  live  until  his 
deatli  in  1883.  After  his  father's 
demise  Dr.  Yost  went  back  to  his 
native  State,  where  he  attended  a 
military  school  until  1887.  He  then 
went  to  Western  Montana,  and 
spent  two  years  on  a  cattle  ranch, 
leading  the  life  of  a  cowboy.  After 
his  return  to  West  Virginia  in  1889 
he  entered  the  university  at  Mor- 
gantown,  remaining  two  years.  He 
then  determined  to  fit  himself  for 
the  medical  profession,  and,  after 
a  few  months'  reading,  entered  the 
Baltimore  Medical  College  of  Balti- 
more, Md.,  from  which  he  grad- 
uated in  1894.     Immediately  after 


he  went  to  Xew  York,  where  he 
took  post-graduate  courses  at  the 
Polyclinic  and  Bellevue  Hospital 
Medical  Colleges.  After  completing 
his  studies  in  the  metropolis,  Dr. 
Yost  returned  to  his  native  State, 
where  he  soon  took  high  rank  in  his 
profession,  being  appointed  secre- 
tary of  the  Board  of  Pension  Ex- 
aminers, president  County  Board  of 
Health  and  surgeon  to  the  B.  &  0. 
B.  E.  and  South  Penn.  Oil  Co.,  be- 
sides a  lucrative  private  practice.  In 
1896  he  retvirned  to  the  home  of 
his  boyhood — St.  Louis — where  he 
engaged  in  a  successful  general 
practice.  In  January,  1900,  he  re- 
ceived the  appointment  of  surgeon 
to  the  St.  Louis  &  Suburban  Bail- 
way  Company. 


J.     H.     MONAHAN,    M.    D.,    KANSAS 
CITY. 


J.  W.  ADAMS,  M.  D.,  ST.  LOUIS. 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY.  3Q-± 


INDEX  TO  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


St.  Louis  Insane  Asylum Opp.  154 

State  Insane  Asylum,  No.  1,  Fulton  Opp.  148 

State  Insane  Asylum,  No.  2,  St.  Joseph  Opp.  146 

State  Insane  Asylum,  No.  3,  Nevada  Opp.  150 

St.  Mary's  Hospital,  St.   Louis   Opp.  72 

Female  Hospital,   St.   Louis Opp.  156 

St.  Mary's  Hospital,    Chillicothe   Opp.  171 

St.  Joseph  Hospital,    St.    Charles Opp.  51 

St.  Louis  Children's  Hospital,  St.  Louis   Opp.  169 

St.  Luke's  Hospital,   St.   Louis   Opp.  159 

University  Hospital,   Kansas  City   Opp.  107 

St.  Ann's  Asylum,   St.  Louis    Opp.  166 

St.  Louis  Baptist  Hospital,  St.  Louis  Opp.  174 

Martha  Parsons  Hospital,    St.   Louis    Opp.  163 

Alexian  Brothers'   Hospital,    St.   Louis   ' Opp.  160 

City  Hospital,   Sedalia Opp.  109 

Deaconess  Home  Hospital,  St.  Louis  Opp.  194 

Missouri  Baptist  Sanitarium,  St.  Louis  Opp.  164 

First  Missouri  Medical  College,  1840,  St.  Louis   Opp.  176 

Missouri  Medical   College,    St.   Louis    Opp.  179 

St.  Louis  Medical  College,  Original  Building,  St.  Louis   Opp.  184 

Lecture  Hall,  St.  Louis  Medical  College,  St.  Louis  Opp.  186 

McDowell's  Letter  Opp.  182 

Army  Surgeons'    Commission    Opp.  115 

Army  Surgeons'  Parole   Opp.  113 

Army  Surgeons'  Form  of  Oath  Opp.  126 

Missouri  Medical  College  Commencement   Opp.  180 


362 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


INDEX  TO  BIOGRAPHIES  AND  PORTRAITS. 


PAGE. 

Adams,  J.  W   360 

Allan,  J.  M Opp.  264 

Alexander,   J.   B Opp.  216 

Ambrose,   Olney  A 208 

Amyx,    Robert    Fleming-    208 

ApLynne,  Guy  Elmont 209 

Atwood,  Le  Grand  209 

Auler,   Hugo  A 211 

Badger,    William     211 

Baerens,    Oscar    F 212 

Bainbridge,   Priestly  A 212 

Bansbach,  J.   J 213 

Barnes,  Algernon  S 213 

Baron,  Jules   214 

Bartlett,  James  R 215 

Bauduy,  Keating  215 

Beach,  Prof.  Wooster Opp.  142 

Beaumont,    William Opp.     55 

Benson,    Benjamin    G 217 

Bewig,   Henry  W    217 

Bird,    Isaac    H 217 

Blair,  Vilray  Papin  218 

Bock,   Armenius  F 21S 

Boisliniere,  Louis  Charles   ..Opp.  90-219 

Booth,  David  S.,  Sr Opp.  296 

Booth,    David    S 221 

Briggs,  Waldo   222 

Brinkman,    Edward 222 

Brokaw,  A.  V.  L 223 

Brown,  John  Young  Jr 223 

Brownlee,   J.   C 224 

Bryan,  R.  Shepard  225 

Bryson,   John  P 225 

Burnett,    Edwin   Clark    226 

Cadwallader,    I.    H 227 

Campbell,    William    M 228 

Caplan,    L 22S 

Carter,  Charles  L 229 

Catlett,  George  Calmese  230 

Chase,    F.    E 231 

Clayton,    C.    F Opp.    232 

Coffin,     Georere    0 231 

Comstock,-  T.   G 232 

Crandall,    George   Clinton    233 

Curtis,    Arthur   N 234 

Curtmen,  Charles  Otto  Opp.  38-234 

Dalton,  H.  C 235 

De  Groat,  Charles  B 235 

Derevaux,   Armand    235 

Deutsch,  William  S 236 

Dixon,   Charles  H 236 

Dooley ,  John    237 


PAGE. 

Dorsett,   Walter  Blackburn    238 

Doyle,   Thomas   H 239 

Drescher,   F.   B 239 

Dudley,  Clifton  Rogers  240 

Duncan,  John  Harris 241 

Elston,  Addison   242 

Engelman,   George   Opp.  296 

Evans,    Edwin    G 242 

Evans,   W.  H Opp.  280 

Ewing,    Fayette    C 243 

Farrar,  Bernard  G Opp.  12 

Ferguson,  Wilson  J 244 

Fisch,     C 244 

Fleming,  A.  W 245 

Foreman,   C.    0 245 

Forster,   Otto   E 246 

Frank,  Charles  A 246 

French,  John  Andrew 247 

Friedman,  Jacob 248 

Fry,   Frank  R 248 

Fulkerson,  P.  P 249 

Funkhouser,    Robert    M 250 

Gehrung,  E.  C 251 

Geiger,    Jacob    251 

Gerould,   Martin  L 252 

Gibson,   D.   M 253 

Goldstein,   Max  A 254 

Gore,   Abner   E 255 

Gowans,  Charles  W 255 

Grant,  John  M 256 

Graves,    Spencer    256 

Gregory,    E.    H Opp.    257 

Griffith,    J.    D 257 

Griveaud,    E.    A 259 

Grundman,   F.   William    260 

Guhman,  John  O 260 

Gunman,   Matthew  George 261 

Guhman,  Nicholas  261 

Hall,  C.  Lester  Opp.  296 

Hall,  Edward  P 262 

Hall,  W.  Antoine   263 

Hall,  William  G 263 

Halley,   George    264 

Hammer,  Adam Opp.  99 

Hanpeter,   Henry  W 264 

Hardy,    Joseph    265 

Harrington,  James  L 265 

Harris,   John  J 266 

Harris,    W.    John    267 

Haverstick,  George  W 267 

Hayes,  William  Harrison  268 


MEDICINE    AND    SURGERY. 


363 


Henderson,  Frank  L 268 

Highsmith,  George  R 269 

Hodgen,  John  T Frontispiece 

Holt,  Elmer  Ellsworth  270 

Hueyette,  Hurel  Perrie s 270 

Hughes,  Charles  H 271 

Hulbert,    George  Frederick    272 

Humf reville,  Daniel  D . 273 

Hunter,   Edwin  E '. 273 

Hypes,   Benjamin  Murray 274 

Jackson,  John  Wesley 274 

James,  Jno.  A.  James   275 

Johnson,    Charles   M 276 

Johnson,  E.  Horace  277 

Johnson,    F.    M Opp.   248 

Johnson,  J.  B Opp.  29-277 

Johnston,  "William    Opp.  46-278 

Keith,   William   F 279 

Kennard,  Thomas Opp.  95 

Kershaw,    J.    Martine 279 

Kier,    William   F 280 

King,  Willis  P Opp.   261 

Krebs,  George  A 281 

Kress,  William  J 281 

Dane,   William  Carr Opp.   22 

Latimore,  Alfred  W 282 

Debrecht,   John   C 283 

Demen.  Joseph  R 283 

Deonard,   P.    J 284 

Dewis,  Bransf ord  284 

Dester,  T.  B Opp.  232 

Dinton,  M.   D Opp.     96 

Lippman,  Gustave 285 

Ditton,  Abram   Opp.   198-286 

Dloyd,  Henry  287 

Doeb,   H.  W 288 

Dogan,    James  E 288 

Dong,    John    S 289 

Dove,    I.    N 290 

Dowery,  W.  N 291 

Dutz,  Frank  Joseph  291 

Dyon,    H.    N 292 

McAlester,    A.    W Opp.   280 

McCulbers,  E.  H 293 

McDonald,  Calvin  Davis    293 

McDonald,  Chett    294 

McDonald,  Park  D 295 

McDowell,  Joseph  Nash Opp.  49 

McGrath,   Edward  J 295 

McKee,    Joseph   W 296 

McPheeters,  William  M Opp.  63-296 

Mack,   Hugh  P 277 

Mackey,   Albert  S 29S 

Manahan,  J.  H 360 

Maughs,   G.   M.  B Opp.   264 

Marks,  Heine  298 

Martin,    Solomon    C 299 

Matthews,  D.  I Opp.  280 

Mayfleld,  E.     B 299 

Mayfield,  W.  H 300 

Middelkamp,   Henry   H 301 

Miesenbach,  Albert  H 302 

Meridith,  C.  A 303 

Merrell,  Albert   303 

Miller,  A.    B 304 

Miller,  Isaac  N 305 

Mink,  Arthur  E 306 

Montgomery,  Ei Opp.  232 

Moore,   John  S Opp.   86 


Morris  C.    Columbus 307 

Morris,  Walter  Browning   307 

Moses,    S.    Gratz    Opp.    26 

Mudd,   Henry  H Opp.   206-30S 

Murphy,   R.   Brent   309 

Neville,  E.  J 310 

Newman,  D.   E 310 

Neumeister,  Anton  E 311 

Nicholson,  C.  M 311 

Nietert,    H.    D 312 

O'Reilly,    Thomas    313 

Overall,    G.  W 314 

Ozias,   Charles   O 314 

Papin,    T.    D Opp.    296 

Pardue,  John  Pinckney  315 

Parrish,   J.   G.    Sr 315 

Passler,   Reinhold    316 

Pesold,   Carl   317 

Pim,   Louis   T.    Jr 317 

Pim,  Louis  T.  Sr Opp.  111-318 

Pollak,    Simon    Opp.    41-319 

Pope,    Charles    A Opp.    93 

Porter,    William    320 

Potter,  Thomas  E 320 

Powell,    C.    H 321 

Prewitt,   T.   F Opp.   280 

Punton,  John  322 

Raine,  Olney  C 323 

Remme,  Charles  323 

Richmond,   John   M 324 

Richter,   E.   Z.    C 325 

Robinson,    A.    C 325 

Runge,    Edward    C 326 

Sampson.   J.    H 327 

Say,    William    J 327 

Schmid,  William  F 328 

Schott,   Augustus   H 329 

Schauffler,  E.  W Opp.  264 

Schuchardt,   Ernst   329 

Senseney,   Edgar  Moore   330 

Shortridge,  Alfred  D 330 

Silverstone,  Hiram  Edward 331 

Simon,  J.  H 331 

Simpson,   Barnard  S 332 

Sloan,  A.   B Opp.  102-332 

Smith,  Elsworth  F 333 

Smith,  Elsworth   S 334 

Smith,  J.  Herbert   335 

Smith,  James  Walter 335 

Smith,  James   W 336 

Smith,  R.    M 336 

Smith,  O.    E °36 

Standlee,  E.  Lee  337 

Spie'gelhalter,   Joseph    338 

Stewart,  Floyd    340 

Stoffell,    Remy  J 341 

Straus,  Leon  34- 

Sulzbacher ,    Bruno   L «2 

Sutter,    Otto    343 

Talbot,    Hudson    344 

Tanquary,   J.   H 344 

Taylor,  C.  W.  Jr 34o 

Tefft,   J.    E Opp.  232 

Thomas,  W.  G Opp.  216 

Thompson,   G.    H 345 

Tincher,  E.  H 346 


364 


ONE    HUNDRED    YEARS    OF 


Todd,    S.    S Opp.    248 

Trader,  J.  W Opp.  248 

Torry,    W.    C Opp.    248 

Tuholske,    Herman    346 

Tupper,   Paul  T 347 

Turnbull.  Louis  Allan   348 

Thrush,  Thomas  Benton Opp.  104-349 

Tyler,  R.  B 349 

Valle,  Jules  F 350 

Vaughn.  J.  P Opp.  216 

Vaughan,  John  W 351 

Vail,  William  Hooker    351 

Vogt,    G.    W 352 


Washington,    E.    P 353 

Watson,    John   Maxwell    353 

Weinberg,   J.   H 354 

Whelpley,    H.    M 354 

Wilbourn,   Allie  Banks    355 

Williams,    G.   A Opp.    216 

Wilcox,    William   A 356 

Witherspoon,  Thomas  C 357 

Wolfner,   Henry  L 357 

Woodson,   W.   H 358 

Wright,    U.    S .• 358 

Yonkin,  Edwin  359 

Yost,  Walter  B 359 


V\eAso\r^e-    <xi\6,     Oovvat-nr'^ 


■■  ■■■:■     -       ■■ 
■ 

:.       ■    ■ 

■   'i    :■■■ 


